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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE. 
Vol. II., 1895. 


NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE. 


H Journal of ZooioQ^^ 

IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRING MUSEUM. 


EDITED BY 


The Hon. WALTEE ROTHSCHILD, 
ERNST HARTERT, and Db. K. JORDAN 


Vol. II., 1895. 


Issued at the Zoological Museim, Tring. 


PRINTED Ijy HAZEI.I,, WATSON, ic VINEY. I.D., LONDON AND AYLESBURY. 

1895. 


COIN^TENTS OF VOLUME II. 


MAMMALIA. 

PAGE 

1. Revised Determinations of Three of the Natuna Rodents. Oldfield Thomas . 26 
"2. On Two New Species of Antelopes. Walter Rothschild. Plate IV. . . oi 

3. On some Aberrations of ,'^orex valr/aris and iS'. pijgnaeiis in the Tring Museum. 

Charles Rothschild 6G 

4. On some Mammals collected by Mr. Albert Meek on Fergusson Island, 

D'Entrecasteau.x Group. Oldfield Thomas . . . . . .103 

5. On a Second Collection of Mammals from the Natuna Islands. Oldfield Thomas 

and Ernst Hartert . 489 


AVES. 

1. On Birds collected in Peru by Mr. 0. T. Baron. Osbert Salvin. Plates I., II. . 1 

2. On SdlrailoriiKi traiijiuens-is Rothsch. A- Hartert. Walter Rothschild. 

Plate III 22 

3. Note on the Loxops of (Jahu. Walter Rothschild .... . . 04 

4. Further Notes on the Iloubara Bustard. Walter Rothschild and Ernst 

Hartert ............ 01 

5. On some Birds from the Congo Region. Ernst Hartert ..... 55 
0. On Mio'opus ajfinis (Gray & Hardw.). Ernst Hartert ..... 57 
7. A New Bird of Paradise. Walter Rothschild. Plate V. ... 59 
<S. Eine neue Xenoclchla. Anton Reichenow ....■■ OH 
9. Some New and other Rare Birds from Fergusson Island. Ernst Hartert . . Gl 

10. A New Prioiiochilus from the Philippines and Note on an Anthreptes. Ernst 

Hartert ............. G4 

11. < )n a Supposed New Species and .some Varieties of 6'o",m. Ernst Hartert G7 

12. Notes on Humming Birds. Ernst IIaktert ....... GS 

1:5. Description of Two New Species of the Genera Phoe.nicophxiesi and Spilornis, with 

a Note on Oriolus cotmobrlmis Rams. Graf Berlepsch .... 70 


1 


( vi ) 

PAGE 

14. Note on tLe Stephens Island RockWien Tntversia l>/aUi RothscL. Wai/ier 

KOTHSCIULD ............. 81 

15. Neue nfrikanische Vogelformen im Tiing Museum. Anton Reicheno'.v 159 

16. List of a Second Collection of Biitls from the Natuna Island-;. Ernst Harteut . 466 

17. A New Species and Genus of Kollei-s. Walter Rothschild .... 479 

18. A New Specie-s of Bower Bird. W'altkr Rothschild 480 

19. A New Species of Rail. Walter Rothschild 481 

20. A New Species of Tanager. Walter Eothschild ...... 481 

•21. The Wliitc Swallows of Aylesburj'. Walter Rothschild 484 

22. Description of a New Humming Bird. Ernst Uartert ..... 484 

23. Description of a New Flycatcher from the Solomon Islands. Ernst Uartert . 48o 

24. On a Small Collection of Birds from Mindoro. Ernst Hartert .... 486 

25. On a New PaiTOt. Walter Rothschild ........ 492 


KEPTILIA ET AMPHIBIA. 

1. Further Notes on Gigantic Land Tortoises. Walter Rothschild . . . 483 

2. The Reptiles and Batrachians of the Natnna Islands. A. GcNTnEK 499 


COLEOPTERA. 

1. Descriptions de Nouvelles Especes de Lampyrides du Mnsee de Tring. Ernest 

Olivier 29 


LEPIDOPTERA. 


28 
35 


(0 

505 
82 


1. On a New Species of the Family of Spldngidae. Walter Rothschild . 

2. Notes on Salurnidae. Walter Rothschild 

3. Descriptions of New Species of Bulterfiios, captuied by Blr. Doherty in the Islancii 

of the Eastern Arcliipelago. Grose Smith. Part I 

Part II. . . 

4. New Species and Genera of 6eoi»etrida« in tlie Tring Museum. W. Warkex 

5. Two New Species of Rhopalocera from tlie Solomon Island-. Walter Rothschild 101 

6. A New Species of Thcrelm from the D'Entreciusteaux Islands. Walter 

Rothschild 162 

7. A Revision of the Pa/nlios of the Eastern Hemisphere, exclusive of Africa. 

Walter Rothschild. Plate VI .167 

8. Some New Forms of the Genera Bizarda and Milioniii. Karl Jordan and 

Walter Rothschild ........... 404 

9. On Two New Moths and an Aberration. Walter Roiuschilu .... 482 

10. On Afilionia and some Allied Genera of Geometridae. Walter Rothschild. 

Plate VII 493 

1 1 . Some Notes on my Revision of the Papilios of the Eastern Hemisphere, exclusive 

of Africa. Walter Rothschild 503 

1 2. Note on Copaxa mnllifeneslrala. Walter Rothschild ..... 504 


( "i ) 

SIPHONAPTERA. 

p. 
66 


n 1 >T r,, PAGE 

(visual Notes on Fleas. Charles Kothsc'Iiili) 


PALAEONTOLOGIA. 

I. On some Remains of Ae/u/ornls in the Museum at Tring. On. \V. Andrews 23 


LIST OF PLATES 

IN VOLUME II. 

Plate I. Buarremon Inroni Salvin, B. riifyentu Salviu. 

II. C 'i/anohsbia (jriseiventris Tacz., Psithmda xanthops Sahiu. 

III. Salmdorina vjaiymensis Piothsch. & Hartert. 

I V. Cobus penricei Eothsch. 
v. Aslmpia spkndkUssima Rothsch. 

VI. Sexual Organs of Papilios. 
VII. Some Specie.s of Milionia and ('allhialia. (See explanation of Plate VII ) 
VIII. ^ 

j^ [ i^cme Species of Lepidopiera describeil by Walter Rutliscliil.l. (See 
„ I explanation.) 


I -AN 


.-, Zooi.oc!C«- Vol 11.1895 


Pi : 


1 BUARREMON BARON I Salvin. 

2 „ RUFIGENIS Salvir. 


MitiLem Bros- imp 


NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE. 


Vol. n. FEBRUAitV, 1S95. Ko. 1. 


ON BIEDS COLLECTED IN PEEU BY ME. 0. T. BAEON. 

Bv OSBERT SALVIN, M.A., F.R.S., Etc. 

(Plates I. and II.) 

DURIXCi the past sninmer Mr. Bavou, who is now travelling in Pern, sent to 
Mr. Godman and myself his first collection of birds made duriuj; the first 
half of the year 1S94 in Northern Peru. Shortly afterwards Mr. Rothschild 
received a series of birds from the same collection, and the present paper is intended 
to give some account of the two sets of skins. 

Mr. Baron has not yet sent us any account of the jjlaccs he visited, but as 
every specimen is carefully labelled with the place, altitude, and date where aud 
when it was secured, we can trace the route he followed. 

He lauded at the port of Trujillo. In December 189:3 he was at Tcml)ladera 
(altitude 1,200 feet), aud at .San Pablo (7,500 feet). 

January 1894 he spent at Cajabamba and its vicinity (8,()t»0 to 9,000 feet) 
Huamachuco (10,400 feet), and Cajamarca (9,300 to 11,000 feet). During February 
he remained at Huamachuco and its vicinity (.5,.500 to 10,400 feet). In March he 
was at Huamachuco ; in April at Huamachuco, and again at Cajabamba ; iu May 
at Cajamarca, and again at Tembladera on his way to the coast. 

It will thus be seen that most of the time was spent in the western range of 
the Andes at various elevations ranging from about 5,500 feet to 11,000 feet above 
the sea. The principal places mentioned are on the eastern slope of the western 
range, the river drainage running into the Maranon. 

The collection itself is of great interest, containing as it does many novelties. 
This is the more surprising as the district liunted over immediately adjoins that so 
successfully investigated by Stolzmann. The result shdws that the wonderful 
ornithological fauna of Peru is by no means e.\hansted, and that every range of 
hills and every valley of that varied country is likely to reward the enterprising 
naturalist with strange and unexpected novelties. 

In preparing this pajier I have been most kindly aided by Count Berlepsch. 
who has of late years industriously studied the ornitlKilogy of Peru. My questions 
he has answered with his usual care, and he has examined a number of specimens 
njion which I asked bis judgment. 

The species described as uew are as follows : — 


1. Basileuterus nigrivertex. 

2. Buarrenion baroni, 

3. ,, rufigenis. 

4. Poospiza alticola. 

5. „ nibecula. 

6. Haemophila laeta. 

7. „ pcrsonata. 
H. Pachyrhaniphus .similis. 


9. Siptornis baroni. 

10. ,, hypochondi'iaciis. 

11. Phacclodomiis dorsalis. 

12. ,Si;yt;iIopus uiiicoloi'. 

13. Oreotrochilus stolzmaniii. 
!4. Psittacula x:inthoiw. 

15. Coliimiia oeiiops. 

10. Leptiiptila decolor. 


( 2 ) 

Besides these a few others remain to be determined more satisfoctorily on 
another occasion. 

Specimens of all the species are in onr collection. The species to which the 
imiuber has an asterisk prefixed are also represented in Mr. Rothschild's JInseum. 

1. Catharus fuscater (LalV.). 

Tacz., Ortu Per., i., p. 483. 
cf. Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 
(J. Snecha, Ilnamachuco (9,000 feet), Fi^brnary. 

These specimens agree with the pale-breasted l]ird of Eeuudor. Thi' lulls are 
all dull coral-red. 

2. Turdus maranouicus Tacz. 
Orn. Per., i., p. 488. 

cJ, ?, ? juv. Vina, Huamachuco (.5,.500 feet), February, ]\ran:li. 

3. Turdus chiguanco d'Orb. 

Morula cku/uanco Tacz., Orn. Per., l, p. 494. 
S- ('ajamarca (9,000 feet), January. 
A specimen in abraded plumage. 

4. Mimus longicaudatus Tseli. 

Tacz., On. Per., i., p. 41)8; Berl. & >StoIzm., /'. /. S., Is92, p. 373. 
? . Vina, Huamachuco (;j,oOO feet), Marcli. 

5. Cinclus leucocephalus Tsch. 
Tacz., Orn. Per., i., p. 501. 

?. Huamachuco (10,400 feet), February. 

*<i. Campylorhynclius fasciatus (f^w.). 
Tacz., Orn. P/r., i., p. yOu. 
(S ?. Vina, Huamachuco (5,500 feet), March. 
J ? . Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), '-'Tth April. 

These specimens are heavily marked on the under surface, and belong to this 
species rather than to the allied C. halteattis. 

7. Troglodytes musculus Nanm. 
Berl. k Stolzm., P. Z. S., 1892, j). 37:5. 
Troylodyte.i auila.c Tsch.; Tacz., Orn. Pe'r., i., p. 525 (?). 

— Cajamarca (9,250 feet). 

S ? . Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

S. Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), l.kh April. 

*8. Polioptila biliueata (Hii.). 
Sharpe, Cat. BinU B. M., x., ]>. 452. 
Poliiyptila alUloris Tacz., Orn. Per., i., p. 452. 

— (Jajabamba (i),000 feet), January. 

S (but marked ? ). Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

These specimens are rather darker on the back than others from more nurniorn 
localities, but do not appear to difier in other respects. 


( ^' ) 

•9. Polioptila nigriceps T'ainl 

Tacii., Orn. Pi'r., i., p. 433 ; Sharpc, ('a'. Iliid^ B. .1/.. x., ji. 447. 

c?. Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

Also diflers from tlip trne P. pii/rici'j>.^ in having the bade of a (hirkcr shade of 
grey. 

It is somewhat significant tliat these two supposed species of Polioptila sliouhl 
lie found together at tlie same time of year in tlie same place, and that both sh(]uld 
differ from their respective types in the same way. 

*]o. Anthus bogotensis Scl. 

Taci;., Orn. Per., L, p. 457. 

<?. Cajamarca (11,000 feet), January. 

(J. Huamachucn (10,400 feet), 24tli and SOth March. 

11. Geothlypis peruviana. 

Geothbjpis acquinodialis permiana Tacz., Orn. Per., i., p. 471. 

3. Suecha, Huamachuco (9,000 feet), February. 

(J. (jhusgon, Huamachuco (8,500 feet), February. 

Mr. Sharpe {Gat. Birds B. M., x., p. 361) placed this bird with G. aiirimlari.s 
Salv., but there are several points of difference. These have been indicated by 
Berlepsch and Stolzmann (P. Z. S., 1892, p. 374) in comjjaring sj)eciniens from Lima 
(G. auricidaris) with others from Callacate (fr. ae. perufia/ia). Mr. Baron's 
specimens seem to agree with the latter. 

*12. Basileuterus nigrivertex sp. nov. 

Ji. niyricrislato affinis scd supra clare olivaceus oleagiueo vix tiuctus, corpore 
subtus pallidiore flavo, mento albido, mandibula nigricante, pedibus obscnrioribus, 
Cauda loiigiore differt. Long, tota circa 5-75, alae 2/3, caudae 2-0, tarsi 0-9. 

S ? . Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

cJ. Suecha, Huamachuco (9,000 feet), February. 

?. Huamachuco (10,000 feet), February. 

Several small points of difference seiwrate tliis bird from tlie true B. iiiijricris- 
tati/s of Colombia and Ecuador, rendering a distinct name necessary. 

*r3. Cyclorhis contrerasi Tacz. 

Tacz., Orn. Pro:, l, p. 450. 

cJ ?. Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January, February, Ajjril. 

c? ? . Suecha, Huamachuco (9,000 feet), February. 

'' Eyes orange." 

These sjiecimens agree with one of Stolzmaun's in the British Museum from 
N. Peru. All of them have the feathers of the middle of the crown green at the 
base and edged with chestnut, producing an occipital patch contrasting with the line 
of pure chestnut which runs round from the forehead over the eyes and meets on the 
nape. The true C. contrerasi is described and figured as having the whole summit 
of the head dark chestnut. The middle of tlie abdomen is strongly snft'used with 
fulvous. Count Berlepsch, who lias seen one of tliese specimens, thinks it not 
separable from C. contrcra.'ii. 


C 4 ) 
14. Atticora cyanoleuca (Vioill.). 

Tacz., Orn. P<>r., i., p. 244 ; Sbarpe, Cut. Birds B. M., x., p. ISC). 
<?. C'ajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

15. Atticora cinerea (Gm.). 

Tacz., Orn. Per., i., p. 243 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M., x., p. 184. 

cj. Cajabainba (9,000 feet), January. 

?. Near (/ajamarca (10,000 feet), Oth May. 

*l'i. Diglossa brunneiventris T-afr. 

Tacz., Urn. Per., i., p. 420. 

<J. Cajamarca (11,000 feet), January. 

(?. S juv., ?. ('ajabamba (0,000 feet), .January, Ajiril. 

S juv. Huamachuco (10,400 feet), March. 

" E3-es brown." 

*1T. Diglossa sittoides ((rorb. iV LatV.). 

Tacz., Orn. Prr., i., ji. 417. 

S ?. Cajal>aniba (»,<>( III feet), January. 

?. Sueclia, Huamachuco (9,000 feet), February. 

18. Conirostrnm cinereum (iFOib. & Tjafr.). 

Tacz., On>. Petr., i., p. 425. 

(? ? . Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

?. Chusgon, Hiiamachnc.o (8,500 feet), February. 

S. Huamachuco (10,400 feet), February, March. 

*10. Certhiola mexicana Scl. 

Cat. Birds B. AL, xi., p. 38. 

Certhiola peruviana Tacz., Orn. Per., i., p. 430. 

?. Cajamarca (9,200 feet). 

S ?. Cajabamba (8,000 ami U,ooo icut), Aiu'il. 

3. Vina, Huamachuco (5,500 feet), February, March. 

Mr. Sclater unites C.permiana with C. mexicana. The only difference between 
them tliat I can trace is the smallness of the white wing-spot in the Peruvian birds, 
but this cliaracter is somewhat variable even in tlie specimens before me. 

20. Euphonia taczanowskii. 

Eupkonia ckloroticu snbsp. taczanoivskii Scl., Cat. BirdK II. .][., xi., ]i. 04. 

Euphonia serrirostris Tacz., Or«. Prr., ii., ]>. 440. 

S ? . Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), April. 

This bird seems fairly sej)arablo from tlie tyjiical E. chlorotica of Guiana, 
for not only does the male differ in the jiali! Hut of tlie yellow portion of the 
plumage and in the shade of the |)urple of tlu^ back and thniaf, Imt \\\q female has 
the whole of fiie central jiortion nl' th<' under siirl'aee pale j^rey iMiiiilerrupted by an 
olive-green jiectoral baud. 


( -^ ) 

21. Tanagra caelestis Spix. 
Tiicz., Oin. Per., ii., p. 4K5. 
6 ? . Vina, HnamaoLuco (r),5<)i) feet), Marcb. 

*2:.'. Tanagra darwini Bp. 
Tacz., Orn. Per., ii., p. 4SS. 

6 ?. Cajamarca (9,300 feet, 10,000 feet), Decemljer, Jainiaiy. 
S . ( 'ajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

c?, ?, (? jnv. Huamaclnico (10,400 feet), FebriiaiT, March. 
" Eyes red." 

*2;i. Pyrauga tschudii. 

Pi/raiK/a fntarrn tsrhuilit ]?crl. & 8tol/,ni., P. Z. S., 1892, p. 375. 

Pi/raii(/a (iznrd.c Tac,/.., l>rn. Pi'r., ii., p. 496. 

c? 9 . Cajabaml)a (9,000 feet), January. 

(? S . Cliusgon, Huamachuco (8,500), February. 

cJ S . Sueclia, Huamachuco (9,000 feet), February. 

<S  Vina, Huamachuco (5,500 feet), March. 

This Peruvian form of P. testacea is readily distinguished from the typical bird by 
the brighter red of the male and the clearer yellow of the female. Count Berlejisch, 
to whom I submitted a male specimen, says that it is rather more rosy in tint than 
examjiles from Chirimoto and the wing longer, but he had no specimens at hand 
from Lima, whence his types of P. t. tschudii were sent. 

*24. Buarremon baroni sp. nov. 
(Plate I., fig. 1.) 

yiilirafusco-schistacens, alis et cauda nigricantibus extrorsum schistacoo limbatis, 
ca]iite medio supra pallide castaneo (ad frontem saturatiore ad nucham inxllidiore) 
ca]iitis laterilius nigris, loris flavis ; corpore toto subtus flavido, liy]iochondrii8 
olivaceis, stria angusta mystacali nigra ; rostro nigro, pedibus cor^linis. Long, tola 
circa 6'5, alae 3'0, caudae 3'2, rostri a rictu n-fi, tarsi PIS. 

? mari similis. 

6 ?. Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January, March. 

(?. Huamachuco (10,400 feet), 25th March. 

Allied to B. comptus and B. tricolor, but differs from both, inter alia, in the 
colour of the to]) of the head, which is pale chestnut on the forehead and gradually 
passes into jjale drab on the nape of the neck. There is also a black line from 
either side of the mouth, which jjasses down the sides of the throat. 

Mr. Baron obtained several specimens of this tlistinct species at Cajabamba and 
elsewhere. 

*25. Buarremon rufigenis sji. nov. 

(Plate I., fig. 2.) 

Supra schistaceus, alis et cauda nigricantibus schistaceo limbatis, pileo toto 
nucha et capitis lateribus rufis, loris albidis ; subtus albus, pectoris lateribus, 
hypocbondriis et tectricibns subcaudalibns schistaceo lavatis, stria mystacali utrimpie 
uigricante ; rostro nigro, pedibus corylinis. Long, tota circa 7'3, alae 3-3, caudae 
3-4, rostri a rictu o-(;, tarsi PI. 


( (i ) 

? muri siiiiilis. 

(?, c? juv., ¥. Huamachuco (1U,40U feet), February, JIarcli. 

c?. Cajabaniba (11,000 feet), 2nd April. 

This bird has no near allies in the genus Buarremon, nor does it fall into any 
of the sections suggested by Mr. Sclater {Cat. Birds B. .lA, xi., p. 255), for though 
the sides of the head as well as the crown are rufous or chestnut as in B. semirufus 
(Section E), the general appearance of the bird with its whitish under surface and 
other characters at once indicate that there can be no real ailiiiity with that bird. 

Mr. Baron obtained several specimens of this interesting bird at a high 
elevation near Huamachuco. 

:.'0. Saltator laticlavius Scl. & Salv. 
Tiicz., Orn. Per., ii., p. 545. 
iS ?. Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

•27. Saltator albicollis Vieill. 

Tacz., Oni. Per., ii., p. .542 (pt.). 

c? ? . Vina, Huamachuco (5,500 feet), February, March. 

S juv. Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), 15th April. 

All these specimens are heavily spotted on the under surface, and must 
therefore be quite distinct from the bird from Lima recently describt'il by Berlepsch 
and Stolzmann as S. iinmacuhiUis [P. Z. S., 1S02, p. 375). 

*28. Pheucticus chrysogaster Less. 

Tacz., Orn. Per., iii., p. 3. 

<J ? . Cajabamba (V),000 feet), January. 

3. Chusgou, Huamachuco (8,500 feet), February. 

cJ. Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), 15th AprU. 

20. Spermophila obscura Tacz. 

Orn. Per., iii., ]>. 17 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M., .xii., p. lOJ. 
cJ. Vina, Huamachuco (5,500 feet), February, March. 

30. Spermophila gutturalis (Licht.). 

Tacz., Orn. Per., iii., p. 13 ; Sharpe, Cat. BinU B. }L, xii., p. 128. 
6. Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), April. 

•31. Spermophila luctuosa I-afr. 
Tacz., Orn. Per., iii., p. ID ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. .1/., xii., p. 135. 
c?. Suecha, Huamachuco (9,000 feet), Jlarcli. 
S. Vina, Huamachuco (5,500 feet), March, 
cj. Cajabamba (9,000 feet), April. 

32. Catamenia analoides n.ufr.). 
Tacz., Orn. Per., iii., p. 20. 

Sjiermophila analoides iSharjie, ('at. Birds B. M., xii., p. 107. 
J ? . Cajamarca (9,300 feet), 
c? ? . Cajabamba (9,500 feet), Aj.ril. 
c?. No label. 


( 7 ) 

33. Catamenia inornata (Lafr.). 
Catamcnia j-ufirostiis (Lamlli.j T;icz., Oni. I'iir., iii., p. 1^1. 
Spcnnopkila inornata Sharpe, Cat. BirJs B. J/., xii., p. 104. 
S . Hnamachnco (10,400 feet), February. 

*34. Volatinia jacarina (I-.). 
Tacz., Orn. Per., iii., p. 25. 
6 ¥. Malea, CajaLamba (8,000 feet), April, 
d". Vina, Huamachuco (."),. 500 feet), Marcb. 
— Tembladera (1,200 feet), December. 

35. Chrysomitris columbiana (Lafr.). 
Tacz., Orn. P,'r., iii., p. 51 ; iSbarpe, ('"t. Birds B. J/., .\ii., p. 208. 

5, ? juv. Vina, Huamacbuco (5,500 feet), February, Blarcli. 

36. Chrysomitris capitalis Cab. 
Tacz., Orn. P^r., iii., p. 49. 
S ? . Cajamarca (9,300 feet), December. 

6. Ubusgou, Hnamachnco (8,500 feet), February. 
+ . Suecha, Huamacbuco (9,000 feet), February. 

These specimens have the rump rather greener than in birds from Ecuador, and 
they are a little hirger, but the ditferences are triviaL 

37. Sycalis flaveola (L.). 
Tacz., Orn. Per., iii., p. 55 ; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. J/., xii., p. 377. 
<S. Tembladera (1,200 feet), December. 

38. Sycalis luteiventris (Bleyen.). 

Tacz., Orn. Per., iii., p. 59; Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. J/., xii., p. 383. 
3. Hnamachnco (10,400 feet), March. 
6. Cajabamba (9,000 feet), April. 
<:?(?). Cajamarca (9,5o0 feet). 

*39. Zonotrichia pileata (Bodd.). 

Tacz., Orn. Per., iii., p. 45. 

S. Cajamarca (9,000, 9,250, aud 10,000 feet), January, February. 

? . Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

S juv. Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), April. 

d". Huamachuco (10,400 feet), February. 

*40. Poospiza alticola sp. nov. 

Supra schistacea unicolor, alis et cauda nigricantibus extrorsum schistaceo 
limbatis, capitis lateribus schistaceo-nigris, stria superciliari elongata ntriutine alba ; 
subtns alba, pectoris lateribus ferrugineis, stria mystacali utrintjue schistacea, 
hypochondriis rufescenti-fuscis, tectricibus subalaribus fulvo tinctis ; rostro uigro, 
pedibus corylinis. Long, tota circa 6-0, alae 2-9, candac 3-0, rostri a rictu 0-6, 
tarsi 0-9. 

9 mari similis. 


(« ) 

c? jnv. ^ubHls gula et pectore toto obscure fuscis stria riclali iitrinciue allia, 
abdomine fulvesceiite. 

c?, c? .juv., ?. Hnamadmco (10,4U0 feet), February, March. 

This species is apparently allied to P. /t>/jjoc/w/id/-/iirn, but dilt'crs in uiuny 
imj)ortant points, the flanks not being chestnut, and the tail uniform, without any 
white spot ou the lateral feathers. 

41. Poospiza rubecula sp. nov. 

Supra schistacea dorse vix fuscesceutiore, alis et cauda nigricantibus schistaceo 
limbatis, fronte usque ad medium verticis, superciliis et corpore fere toto subtus 
laete ferrugineis, loris, capitis lateribus et meuto nigris, abdomine albicante, liypo- 
chondriis fuscis, tectricibus subcaudalibus ferrugineis, subalaribus albidis ; rostro 
uigricante maudibula ad basin pallidiore, pedibus corylinis. Long, tota circa 0-0, 
alae 3(i, caudae 2- 7, rostri a rictu O-Oo, tarsi (>9. 

? juv. supra saturate fnsca, uropygio schistaceo lavato, fronte et capitis lateribus 
fere dorso coucoloribus ; subtus albida schistaceo striata et plumis ferrugineis 
intermixta, abdomine fere albo. 

S, ? juv. Cajabamba (0,000 feet), January. 

cJ. Huamachuco (10,400 feet), February. 

The adult female of this species probably resembles the vudc, the young bird 
described above being in the act of assuming ferruginous instead of strijied plumage. 
In some points of coloration this species resembles P. eri/t/n-oplii/s, but the wings are 
plain and there are no spots on the tail, besides other differences. 

*42. Haemophila laeta sji. nov. 

//. pulchrae affinis sed minor, fronte et area oculorum tota nigris, capite snmmo 
et cervice postica schistaceis, gula nigra utrincpie fulvo margiuata, tectricibus alarum 
majoribus schistaceis, primo visu distinguenda ; rostro et pedibus tiavis. Long, tota 
circa G-0, alae 2-()5, caudae 2'4, rostri a rictu 00, tarsi 1-0. 

? mari similis. 

$ . Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

$ 9 . Vina, Huamachuco (.5,-500 feet), February. 

$ ?. ('liusgon, Huamachuco (8,000 feet), February. 

$. Cajamarca (9,000 feet), Jlarch. 

S ? . Malca, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), Ajiril. 

This beautiful Finch is clearly allied to Haemophila pulehra Scl. (7/ns, 1886, 
p. 258, PI. viii.), which is found in the Andes above Lima. The general enjoration 
is similar in the two birds, but there are many points of diDference. 

iMr. Baron's collection contains several specimens of this species, including a 
J'ema/e, which proves that there is no material difference between the sexes as 
regards the coloration of the plumage. 

*4:3. Haemophila personata sp. nov. 
I'^usca dorso medio et scapularibus castaiieis, alis nigricantibus fusco limbatis, 
fronte, area oculorum, loris (^t mento nigris ; subtus pallidinr a1)domine medio et 
subcaudalibus albicantiijus, cauda nigricante rectricibus iribns utrinque in pogonio 
interno, allw terminatis extimo fpiocpie in pogonio externo pro majorem partem alba; 
rostro et jiedilms flavis. Long, tota circa "•n, alae 2'8, caudae 2'9, rostri a rictu 0'(5, 
tarsi 105. 


( ) 

? iiiai'i sunilis. 

cJ ?. Near Cajamaroa (l(),(M)i) feet), M;iy. 

Thnngli cHftering; strncturally in some respects (tlie bill and legs bi-ing stouter), 
this s|ii'eies seems most nearlj' allied to //. pulc/iraaud 11. laeta. lu coloration, too, 
there is some resemblance iu the yellow bill and legs, tlie chestnut back and 
black face. 

Mr. Baron obtained several specimens of this Finch iu rather abraded ]jliimage 
in the neighbourhood of Oajamarca. 

4-4. Pseudochloris sliarpei Berl. & Stol/.m. 
Ihin, ]S!)4, ]). 38U. 
6. Oajamarca (ll,(l0il feet), December. 

4.j. Pseudochloris lutea (d'Orb. & Lafr.) ? 

Sharps, Cat. Bin/n B. M., xii., [i. 775. 

Si/ealig lutea Tacz., Urn. Per., iii., p. 56. 

c?. Chusgon, Huamachuco (s,500 feet), February. 

c? ? . Vina, Huamachuco (5,500 feet), March. 

Birds from this district are smaller than Bolivian examples, and have paler feet 
and paler mandible. The specimens are not iu very fresh plum:ige, and their 
determination may be deferred for the present. 

*4(i. Phrygilus punensis (?). 

Phriiijilm punemis Ridgw., Pr. U. S. Nat. Max., \., i>. VM ; Sharpe, Cat. Birfk 
B. M., xii'., p. 7.S5 (?). 

cJ. Cajabumba (9.000 feet), January. 

3 ?. Huamachuco (lt),400 feet), February. 

cJ. Near Cajamarca (1 0,0011 feet), May. 

" Iris brown." 

These birds seem to be nearest P. jninetms of BIr. Shari)e's Catalogue, but they 
do not altogether agree. This group of Phnufdus is still iu some confusion as 
regards its s]iecies, the materials for determining them not being suHieieut. I 
therefore defer for the present the definite determination of Mr. Baron's specimens. 

*47. Phrygilus fruticeti (Kittl.). 

Tacz., Orn. P,r., iii., p. 37; .Shar[ie, Cat. Birili B. M, xii., p. 700. 

5 ?. t'ajamarca and Cajabamba (9,000 feet), December, January. 
cJ. Huamachuco (10,400 feet), Ff^bruary. 

48. Phrygilus unicolor (d'Orb. & Lafr.). 

ISliarjJC, Cat. Birds B. M., xii., p. 79,:i. 
Phrycjilus msticus Tacz., Orn. Prr., iii., p. 38. 
(J jnv. Cajamarca (Il,00o feel), January. 

49. Phrygilus alaudinus (Kittl.). 

Tac/.., Orn. Pn\, iii., j). 35 ; Slnirpe, Cat. Birds B. J/., xii., ]). 793. 

6 ?. Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), April. 


( 1" ) 

50. Plirygilus plebeius Tsch. 

Tacz., Orn. P4r., iii., p. 39 ; Sbarpe, Cat. Birds B. .lA, xii., p. 79o. 

-^  . i ':i jjiinarca (9,300 feet), December. 

(S. Cajamarca (11,000 feet), January. 

?. Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

cj, S jnv. Huamachnco (10,4iMi feet), February, March. 

51. Tnipialis bellicosa (dc Fil.). 

Tacz., Orti. Per., ii., p. 429 ; Scl., Cat. Bird.-i B. .1/., xi., ]>. 357. 

cJ ? . C'ajamarca (9,390 feet), January. 

? . Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

S  Vina, Ilnamachnco (5,500 feet), March. 

52. Icterus mesomelas (Wag].). 

Tacz., Orn. Per., ii., p. 417 ; Scl., Cat. Birds B. M., xi., j). 378. 
<S. Vina, Huamachuco (5,500 feet), March. 

53. Xanthura yncas (ISodd.). 

Sharpe, Gat. Birds B. M., iii., p. 129. 
Cjianocorax yncas Tacz., Urn. Per., ii., p. 390. 
<J. Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), Ajiril. 

*54. Agriornis insolens Scl. &, Salv. 

Tacz., Orn. Per., ii., p. ISO. 

Young. Huamachuco (10,400 feet), March. 

?. Cajabamba (10,000 feet), April. 

{J ?. Near Cajamarca (10,000 feet), May. 

" Eyes buff." 

55. Myiotheretes striaticoUis >Scl. 

Tacz., Orn. P('r., ii., p. 187. 
¥ . Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 
? . Suecha, Huamachuco (9,000 feet), February. 

56. Ochthoeca polionota Scl. & Salv. 
Tacz., Orn. Per., ii., p. 193. 
S. Huamachuco (10,400 feet), February, March. 

•57. Ochthoeca leucometopa Scl. & SaJv. 

Tacz., Orn. Pa:, ii., p. 193. 

5, 6 juv., V. Huamachuco (10,400 feet), January, February, March. 
cJ ? . Cajabamba (9,000 and 9,500 feet), January, April. 

<? S . Near Cajamarca (9,250 and 10,000 feet), May. 

58. Ochthoeca pulchella Scl. <& Salv. 

Ochthoeca jelskii Tacz., Orn. Per., ii., p. 19S. 

6 . Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January, March. 


( II ) 

50. Sayoniis cineracea (Lafr.). 
Tiicz., Oni. Pi/:, ii., p. 204. 
S- Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 
6  Vina, Hnamachnco (.5,500 feet), Febrnaiy. 

'60. Cnipolegus aterrimus (d'Orb. & Lafr.). 

Bel., Cat. Birds B. M., xiv., p. 44. 

Cnipolcgiis anthracinus Tacz., Oni. Per., ii., p. 208. 

cJ jnv., $. Cajabamba (9,000 feet), Jannar}'. 

— Chnsgon, Hnamachnco (8,500 feet), Febrnary. 

5. Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), April. 

*'il. Muscisaxicola grisea Tacz. 

Or a. Per., ii., \>. ','!;;. 

6. Cajamarca (11,000 feet), December. 
6 . Hnamacliuco (10,400 feet), February. 

*62. Muscisaxicola jiininensis Tacz. 

Orn. Per., ii., p. 214. 

c? ¥. HuamacUnco (10,4o0 feet), Febrnary, March. 

6 . Near Cajjamarca (10,000 and 11,000 feet), May, December. 

03. Muscisaxicola rufipennis Tacz. 

Oni. P4r., ii., p. 221. 

(? jnv., ?. Hnamachnco (10,4011 feet), March. 

04. Hapalocercus fulviceps (Sw.). 

Tacz., Orn. P4r., ii., p. 235. 

<S ? . Vina, Hnamachnco (5,500 feet), February, March. 

3. Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), April. 

05. Hapalocercus acutipennis ^Scl. i.t Salv. 

Tacz., Orn. P6r., ii., p. 230. 

(?. Suecha, Huamachuco (9,000 feet), Febrnary. 

66. Serphophaga cinerea (Strickl.). 

Tacz., Orn. Per., ii., p. 230. 

c? ? . Cajamarca (9,309 feet), December. 

*(>:. Auaeretes nigrocristatus Tacz. 

Orn. P6\, ii., p. 555. 

cJ. Cajabamba (9,000, 9,500, 10,000 feet), January, March, April. 
¥ . .Suecha, Hnamachnco (9,000 feet), February. 
<?, $ juv. Hnamachnco (10,400 feet), February. 
c?. Chnsgon, Huamachuco (8,500 feet), February. 


( la ) 

08. Omithion sclateri I'-eil. it Tacz. 

Tiicz., Orn. P^r., ii., p. 254. 

cJ ? . C'husgon, Ilnaiuaclinco (8,oU0 feet), Febnmry. 

(J ? . Malea, Cajabamlia (8,000 feet), April. 

(? ?. Vina, Hiiamaclinco (5,500 feet), February, JIurcli 


•69. Elainea albiceps (d'Orb. k Lat'r.). 

Tacz., Orn. Fir., ii., p. 263. 

? . Cajabamba (9,000 feet), Jannary. 

(?. Chusgoii, Huamachuco (8,500 feet), February. 

i , i juv. Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet) April. 

TO. Myiobius crypterythrus Stl. 

Tacz., Orn. P£r., ii., p. 304. 

S ?. Vina, Huaniacliuco (5,500 feet), February, Miircli. 
? . Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), April. 

*71. Pyrocephalus rubineus (Dddd.). 

Tacz., Orn. Per., ii., p. 307. 

5 ? . Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 and 9,000 feet), April. 
? juv. Viua, Huamachuco (5,50i) feet), March. 

6 juv. Cajamarca (9,30() feet), December. 

? . Snecha, Huamachuco (9,000 feet), February. 

The a,dn\t male has no white border to the outer rectri.x, a character of P. r«ii«c«« 
heterurv,s Berl. k Stolzm. 

*T2. Contopus punensis Lawr. 

Tacz., Orn. Per., ii., ji. 31".). 

S. Cajabamba (9,U0i) I'eet), Jannary. 

?. Vina, Huamachuco (5,500 feet), February. 

(S ? . Suecha, Huamacbuco (9,000 feet), February. 

d ? . Chusgou, Huamachuco (8,500 feet), February. 

Mr. Sclater (Caf. Birds B. M., xiv., p. 240) unites this species with C. brachy- 
tarsus, but places specimens from Puna I. under C. virens. Mr. Baron's birds are 
in rather abraded plumage, but 1 think indicate tliat C. pu)H'n-'<is is distinct from 
either C. virens or C. brach/tarsita. 

•73. Myiarchus nigriceps Scl. 

Tacz., Orn. Per., ii., p. 324. 

5 ? • Cajabamba (9,000 feet), Jannary. 

c? ? . Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), April. 

*T4. Tyrannus melancholicus Vieill. 

Tacz., Orn. Prr., ii., p. 327. 

J. Malea, Cajabamba (S,000 feet), Ajjril. 

6 ? . Vina, Huamachuco (5, .500 feet), March. 


( l:^. ) 

*75. Pachyrhamphus similis sp. iiov. 

rnclii/rkamphus nlhogriseus Tacz., Oi n. Pi'r., ii., p. 301. 

P. alhoijriuM affinis et mas vix distingnendns, te(;tricil)as alarnm mediis tautiim 
albo angustioi'c terminaHs ; fciuina vero cajiite siiiumo omiiiiio castaneo, uigro cir- 
cnmcincto digiioscenda. 

Hab. N. Pern, Ecuador, Merida in Venezuela. 

c? ?. Chusgon, Huamachuco (8, .51)0 feet), Februan-. 

t?. Vina, Huamaeluico (5,.50i) feet), March. 

? . Suecba, Huamachuco (9,000 feet), February. 

? . Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), April. 

" Iris blackish." 

These specimens belong to a species distinct from the true P. aUinqriseiis of 
Colombia and (Jentral Anierica, and the /fmalrs may readily be distinguished by 
their chestnut crown, which again is l)ordereil by a black line running over the 
su])erciliary streak and round to the nape. The Peruvian birds have a smaller bill 
than those from Ecuador and Venezuela, but do not otherwise difi'er. 

*T<1. Heliochei'a rubrocristata (d'Orb. &, Lafr.). 

Tacz., Orn. P,'r., ii., 2>. 361. 

cT, S juv. Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

" Eyes red." 

*77. Geositta tenuirostris (d'Orb. & Lafr.). 

Tacz., Orn. Prr., ii., p. 91! ; ScL, Cat. Bin/s P. .\L, xv., p. 9. 

,? ?. Cajamarca (11,000 feet), December. 

These birds are rather smaller than others from fSoiithern Pern, and have the 
■wing-coverts less conspicuously edged with cinnamon, but they are not in fresh 
plumage. 

"78. Upucerthia serrana Tacz. 

Orn. Prr., ii., p. 107. 

Upucerthia andecola Sol. {nee d'Orb. & Lafr.), Cut. Binl.-< B. .1/"., xv., [i. 10. 

S ? Cajaniarea (1 l,t)0O feet), January. 

?. Near Cajamarca (li.»,ooO feet), May. 

S. Huamachuco (10,400 feet), February, March. 

c? ? . Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

Count Eerlepsch considers these birds to be closely allied to U. serrana 
Tacz., U. andecola being distinct. Compared with the specimens referred by Mr. 
Sclater to IT. andecola, the biJl is shorter and stouter, the head and neck greyer, the 
lower back not so rufous, and the throat whiter. But these dift'erences are very 
slight. 

79. Cinclodes fuscus (Vieill.). 

cJ. Cajamarca (11,000 feet), Decemlier. 
i. (lajamarca (9,800 feet), Deeenilier. 
cJ. Near Cajamarca (10,000 feet). May. 
(J. Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 


( '4 ) 

•80. Leptasthenura pileata Scl. 

Tacz., Oni. Per., ii., p. 119. 

(?. Cajainarca (0,(iii() aud lO.Oti" I'eet), December, May. 

? . Cajabamba (!1,.50i.i feet), March. 

S ?. Hnamachnco (10,400 feet), Febrnary. 

f81. Siptoriiis baroni sp. uov. 

Supra mnriuo-fnscns, nropygio vix fulvescentiore, capite snramo, alis et canclii 
cinnamomeis, stria snperciliari et gnttnre pure albis, loris et auriciilaribus albis iiiirm 
variojjatis ; corpore reliquo snbtns griseo-albido, pectore et abdoiuiiie sn])eriiiro alliido 
striatis, hyiiochondriis et tectricibus snbcaiulalibus fnscis ; rostro corylino maudi- 
bulae basi pallida, pedibus plumbeis. Long, tota circa "-0, alae 32, caudac 3-2."), 
rostri a rictu 0-8, tarsi 0'95. 

? mari similis. 

cJ. Huamacluico (10,400 feet), February. 

?. Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

" Eyes grey." 

This distinct species belongs to Mr. Sclater's Section 1 of th(^ genus Siptornis, 
in which the crown, wings, and tail are riifons. The nearest known sjiecies seems to 
be S. anlmensis, but S. baroni is not only larger but has a greyer baclv, white throat 
greyer abdomen, aud other characters. 

*-S2. Siptornis hypochondriacus sp. nov. 

Supra murinns, capite antico saturatiore, superciliis clongatis et corpore subtus 
albis, loris et tectricibus auricularibus albo nigroijue varicgatis, iiyjjochondriis nigro 
striatis, alis nigricautibus cxtrorsum murine liuibatis tectricibus minoril)us cinna- 
monieis, Cauda rufescenti-murina ; rostro nigricante, pedibus plumbeis. Long, tota 
circa T'O, alae 2-S, caudae 3'.")5, rostri a rictu OvS,'), tarsi 0'83. 

S $. Malea, Cajabamba (.s,iHJO and 9,000 feet), April. 

A large species with no near allies, so much so that it does not fall conveniently 
into any of Mr. Sclater's seven sections of the genus. The striated flanks are a 
conspicuous feature in its coloration. 

•83. Siptornis marayuiocensis. 
Berl. & Stolzm., MS. 
<S. Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 
(?. Cajaniarca (11,000 feet), January, 
c?. Huamachuco (10,400 feet), February. 
A species belonging to Mr. Sclater's sixth section and allied to S. mjutti. 

*84. Phacelodomus dorsalis sj). nov. 

Supra murinns, dorso medio, alis extiis et cauda castaneis ; snbtns sordide 
albidus pcctore et hypochondriis cinnamomeo lavatis ; rostro et pedibus i)lumbeis. 
Long, tota circa 8-5, alae 2-8, caudae 3-8, rostri a, rictu ]-ii.5, tarsi 0-9. 

$ ?. Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), April. 

Allied to P. atriaticollis, but larger and without chestnut nn I he iicail, the 
chestnut on the middle of the back contrasting witii the colour of the head, neck, 
and rump. 


( ir. ) 

•S;-). Grallaria andecola (C'al).). 
Tnc7,., Or//. r<')-,, ii., ji. 85. 
c?, i jiiv. Huiimaclinco (10,4(10 feet), Marcli. 
i, ? jnv. Cajamarca (10,000 and ll,i)00 feet), January, May. 

♦sfi. Scytalopus unicolor sp. uov. 

Schistacens fere uuicolor subtus paulo dilutior, alis et cauda uigricautibus ; rostro 
nigricante, j)edibns coryliuis. Long, tota circa 4-7, alae 2'3o, candao 1-6, rostri a rlctii 
0-6, tarsi 0-85. 

? mari similis sed omuiiio dilutior, liypuclioudriis distalibus leviter fiilvo 
transfasciatis. 

S ? . Cajabaiuba (9,000 feet), January. 

? . Hnamaclinco (10,400 feet), February. 

Count I'erlepscli considers tliis bird to be tlie same as that described by 
Taczauowski {0/-//. Pc'/:, i., p. 532) from tlie Montana de Nanclio (Coll. Raymondi), 
and wliich be wrongly attributed to S. acKtiz-ost/is, and that it thus requires a 
name. 

It is allied to S. /i/,agclla/ucus, but is of a much paler slate-grey colour. 

87. Petasophora iolata Gould. 
Salv., C(if.B//-ils B. J/., xvi., p. loT. 
Petasopl/o/-a a/iais Tacz., 0/-n. Pei-., i., jj. 307. 
(J ? . Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 
S ?. Huamachuco (10,400 feet), February, March. 
?. Suecha, Huamachuco (9,000 feet), February. 

*88. Diplilogaena hesperus Gould (?). 

Salv., Cat. Bi/;ls B. M., xvi., p. VZ'Z. 

cj, c? juv. Suecha, Huamachuco (9,000 feet), February. 

? . C!ajabamlja (9,000 feet), Jaunary. 

None of these birds are fully adult, but the oldest of the males agrees best with 
immature males of D. hesper/is. The front of the crown is not quite so fiery red, 
the whole ua])e is glittering coppery red and not black as in the adult, and there is 
no lustrous lilac spot on the throat. 

D. hes'perus has not hitherto been recorded from Peru, so that it is necessary 
that adult males from that country should be examined before deciding the position 
of Jlr. Baron's birds. 

*89. Cyanolesbia griseiventris (Tacz.). 
• (Plate II., tig. 1.) 

C/jnanthus griscivcntris Tacz., 0/-n. Per., i., j). 334. 

? supra mari similis, cauda multo breviore, capite summo dorso coucolori, 
subtus sordide albida cervine vix tincta, gulae jdumis singulis macula discali viridi 
notatis. 

J juv. subtus griseus, abdomine medio albicante, capite summo tlorso coucolori. 

tJ, ?, (? juv. Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

d" ?. Cajamarca (9,500 feet), December. 

c? jnv. Near ('ajamarca (10,000 feet), May. 


( I'i ) 

Mr. Baron has sent several specimens of this fine species, wliicli was previously 
only known to -ns from Taczanowski's description of the iimlr in fhe Rayiiumili 
Collection. 

•!I0. Sappho caroli (Bonrc). 
Sappho caroli Tacz., Orn. Pi'j:, i., p. 337 ; Salv., Cat. Birds B. M., xvi., 
p. 144. 

c? ?. Cajabamba (0,000 feet), Jamiavy. 

91. Lesbia victoriae (affiiiis). 

5, S jnv. Cajabamba (U,Oi:iO and 10,U(I0 feel), .January, April. 
?. Near Cajamarca (10,000 feet), May. 

Connt Berlopsch has e.xamiued Mr. Baron's specimens and considers them 
allied to bnt distinct from L. rictoriae. As he will write ou these and other birds 
of the genns, we leave their description to him. 

*91'. Lesbia gouldi (affinis). 

c?, ?, cj juv. Cajabamba (9,000 feet), February, Marcli. 

(?. Snccha, Huaiuachuoo (9,000 feet), February. 

Mr. Baron sends a number of specimens of this Lesbia, which, though allied to 
L. gouldi, appears to be distinct. Count Berlepsch will describe them fully with 
the preceding species. 

•93. Metallui-a opaca (Tsch.). 

Tacz., Oni. Per., i., p. 353 ; Salv., Cat. Birds B. M., xvi., p. 1.50. 

J ? . Huamachuco (10,400 feet), February, March. 

Many specimens. The female closely resembles the mnle, but tlie ireiieral 
colour of the body is not so dark, the gular spot more restricted and not extending 
to the chin ; the feathers surrounding this spot have a trace of dark purple on their 
discs. 

*94. Metallura smaragdinicoUis (d'Orb. & Lafr.). 
Tacz., Dm. Per., I, p. 3.36 ; Salv., Cut. Birds B. M, xvi., p. 1.54. 

6, c? juv., ?. Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January, February, April. 
Many specimens. 

o."i. Adelomyia melanogenys (Fraser). 

Salv., Cot. Birds B. M., xvi., p. 109. 

Adelomyia chlorospila (?) Tacz., Orn. Pir., i., p. 300. 

i. San Pablo (7,500 feet), December. 

*90. Agyrtria taczanowskii (Sel.). 

Salv., Cat. Birds B. M., xvi., p. 193. 

Thaianasius taczanowskii Tacz., Orn. Per., i., p. 40ij. 

<? ? . Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), April. 

<S ?. Cajabamba (9,ii0(j feet), April. 

S ?. Vina, Huamachuco (5,r)iiO feet), March. 

(? ?. Suecha and Chnsgon, Huamachuco (9,ihm) feel), Feliriiary. 

S ? . Cajamarca (9,250 feet), Decenil)er. 

Many specimens. 


NOVITATES ZoOLOGICy^E Voi, II 1895. 


Pl.II 


1. CYAMOLESBIA GRISER/ENTRIS 
a.PSlTTACULA XANTHOPS Salvirv. 


M:rilcm 3r^M ixao 


( 1' ) 

07. Lafresnaya g'ayi (Hdiirc. & Mnls.). 

Tiicz., Orn. Pt^r., I, p. 2s3; 8alv,, Cat. Binh /I. M., xvi., ].. 327 
cJ. San Prtlilo (7,r)(i() fcpt), Dooembcr. 


*98. Oreotrochilus stolzmanni sp. nov. 

Oreotrocldbis Iflucoitleurus Tacz. {;nec Gould), <>ni. Per., i., p. 27s. 

0. leucopleuvae similis sed snpra omniuo gramniim'o-vii'idis rauda raernlosccn- 
tiore ; siibtns abdomine medio miiltd augnstiore piirpurpo-nigro, caudae rcctriiM! 
utriucpie uxtima latiore rectiore ad apicem tantum in pogouio iiitenio decresceiite. 

? dorsi colore viridi a femina 0. Icucopleurae distiugueuda. 

c?. Hnamaeliuco (lii,40i.) feet), March. 

cJ ?. Near Cajamarca (1(),(H)0 and 12,000 feet), May. 

This Orcotrochihis is evident!}- of the same species as that found lj_v M. Stol/,- 
mann between Chota and San Gregorio at an altitude of 12,000 feet in Northern 
Peru, and referred by Taczanowski to OreotrocJnlus leiwopleurus Gould. 

On comparison with a series of the latter species from ('hili, important 
differences present themselves, and I have no hesitation in describing the Peruvian 
liird under the name of the active traveller and ornithologist who secured the first 
specimens. 

*i)'.i. Cyanomyia cyaueicollis ((iouid). 

Salv., Cat. Birds B. M., xvi., p. 190. 

Uranomitra cynnicolUs Tacz., Orn. Per., i., ]i. 307. 

cJ. San Marcos (7.500 feet), February. 

(J ?. Vina, Ilnamachnco (.5,500 feet), March. 

<J ? . Suecha, Huaniachuco (0,000 feet), March. 

?. Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), April. 


100. Amazilia leucophaea Reich. 

Tacz., Urn. Pi'r., i., p. 407 ; Salv., Gat. BiriLs B. M., xvi., p. 2il."). 
cJ ?. Tembladera (1,200 feet), December. 

*l(il. Patagona gigas (Vieill.). 

Tacz., Orn. Pn:, i., p. 373 ; Salv., Cat. Bird.'i B. M., xvi., p. 318. 

cJ ? . Cajamarca (9,500 feet), December. 

tJ ¥. (Jajaliamba (9,000 feet), January. 

S ?. Suecha, Huamachuco (0,000 feet), February. 

cJ ?. Huanuichuco (10,400 feet), February. 

•102. Aglaeactis cupreipennis (Bourc. & Muls.). 

Tacz., Orn. Pn:, i., p. 340 ; Salv., Q,t. Birds H. M., xvi,, p. 350. 
(J, S juv., ?, ? juv. Cajabamba (10,ooo feet), March, April. 
Many specimens. 


( 18 ) 
•lOa. Rhodopis atacamensis (Leybold). 

Salv., Cat. Birds B. J/., xvi., p. 3 SO. 

6, <? juv., ?. Tembladera (1,200 feet), December. 

The male specimens agree fairly with Leybold's type, which passed into Gould's 
possession and theuce to the British Mnseiini. Unfortnimtely it is in very bad 
condition, so that onr comparison is not wholly satisfactory in view of tiie widely 
separated localities whence the type and Mr. Baron's specimen came. At Lima the 
true li. vesper is found, wliich further complicates the question. 

104. Myrmia micrura ((iduld;. 

Myrmia mierura Tacz., Orn. Pir., i., p. 308. 

Acestnira micrura Salv., Cat. Birds B. M., xvi., p. 409. 

(?, 3 jnv., ?. Tembladera (1,200 feet). May. 

Mr. Baron has sent us carefully prepared specimens of the tail of both male and 
female of this species. The former shows that the central pair of rectrices are not 
abnormally short, as in the genus Mi/rtis, nor are the outer pair filiform, as in 
Acestnira. Thus Mulsaiit's genus Myrmia had better be retained for J/, niicrura, 
its only species. The central pair of rectrices of the mnle are nearly as long as the 
rest, but are drawn to a fine point at the end, and are white, the others being 
j)urple-black. The same feathers in the femah' are also drawn to a much h'ss taper 
point, the end being black, whereas the otlier feathers are tipped with white. 

10."). Acestnira miilsanti (Bourc). 
Tacz., Orn. Per., i., p. 3' Hi. 
? . Snecha, Huamachuco (9,000 feet), March. 

l'>0. Chaetocercus bombus Gould. 
Tacz., Orn. Pir., i., p. :J09. 
?. Suecha, Huamachuco (9,0(I0 feet), March. 

•li>~. Myrtis fanny (Less.). 

Tacz., Orn. Pir., i., p. 312 ; Salv., Cat. Birds B. M., xvi., p. 417. 

c? juv., ?. Oajamarca (10,000 feet), January. 

S 9. Cajabamba (9,01)0 feet), January. 

(? ?. Malea, Ca,iabaml)a (8,000 feet), April. 

6 . Suecha, Hnamacliuco (9,000 feet), February. 

S. Chusgon, Iluamacluu'o C8,50(.) feetj, February. 

los. Stenopsis longirostris (l']'.). 

llartert, Cat. Birds B. if., xvi., p. .58;"). 
<S ?. Cajabamba (9,000 and 10,000 feet), April, 
jnv. Cajamarca (9,700 feet), December. 

•109. Colaptes cinereicapillus luicli. 

llargitt. Cat. Birds B. M., xviii., p. 27. 
Colaptes stolzmanni Tacz., Orn. P^r., iii., ji. 92. 

c7 ?. Witliout locality. 

<J ?. Cajabamba (9,01 lu feet), January. 


( 19 ) 
*110. Chrysoptihis penivianus Reich. (?). 

Chrysoptilus atrinollls Tacz., Oni. I'l'r.. iii., ji, so (parHin ?). 
Hargitt, Cat. Birds B. M., xviii., p. lis. 
<S . Vina, Hnamaclinco (o,.")!.!!) fnct), Jlan-li. 
? . Cajabamlia (li,oOo feet), Jaunary. 

111. Dendrobates fumigatus (d'Orl).). 

C}ilnronerpcsf>i»>i<j(itus Tacz., Orn. Per., ill., ]]. 7'.). 
Dendrohates fi(mi<iatus Hargitt, Cat. Birds B. ^f., xviii., (i. 34-,'. 
S ?. Malea, ( 'ajabamba (8,000 feet), April. 

*11".'. Ceryle cabanisi ("i'sdi.). 

Tacz., (h-n. I'l'r., iii., j). 104 ; ^Sluiipe, Cat. Bird.f />. .1/., xvii., \>. 1:U. 
cj. Malea, Cajabamba (8,oOO feet), April. 

Ho. Coccyzus melanocoryphus Yieill. 

Tacz., (trri. Per., iii., p. 18iJ ; Shelley, Cat. Birds B. J/"., xix., p. 307. 
$ ? . Vina, Hnamaclmco (5,500 feet), March. 

114. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils.). 

Tacz., Orn. Pi'r., iii., p. 18'.» ; Shelley, Gat. Bird.f B. M., xix., p. 311. 

— Vina, Hnamachnco (o,500 feet), Marcli. 

115. Piaya cayana (Liim.). 

Shelley, Cat. Birds B. M., xix., p. 3V3. 

Piaya cayana nigricrina Tacz., Orn. Per., iii., p. lS(i. 

— Vina, Hnamachnco (5,500 feet), March. 

llii. Diplopterus naevius (Linn.). 

Tacz., Orn. Per., iii., p. 184 ; Shelley, Cat. Bird.i B. M., xix., j). 4-23. 

cJ. Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), April. 

S jnv. Vina, Hnamachnco (5,500 feet), February. 

•117. Crotophaga sulcirosti'is (Sw.). 

Tacz., Orn. Per., iii., p. 181; Shelley, Cat. Birds B. ^f., xix., ]>. 432. 
S ?. Cajabamba (i),000 feet), .Tannary. 

lis. Bolborhynchus audecola (Finsch.). 

Tacz., Orn. Per., iii., p. 211: Salvad., Cat. Birds B. ^^., xx., p. 238. 
(J ?. Chnsgou, llnamachucd (8,500 feet), February. 

*Ho. Psittacula xanthops sp. uov. 
(Plate 11., fig. 2.) 

Capite Rummo antico, genis et gnttnre flavis, nucha, cervice ])ostica, inter- 
scaiiulio, Kcapularilius et t(H'tricibus alarum minoribus snnlide viridiljus. dor.so imo et 
t,eotri('ibns snpraciiudalibns splendidc cobaltino-cyiineis ; corpore snbtns viridi-flavo, 
pectoris lateribiis, hypochondriis ct tectricibus subcaudaiibus viridcscentioribiis, alls 


( 20 ) 

fdscis extrorsiim viricli liiuhatis, tectricibus alarnm majoribns ot metliis cyaiieis, his 
palMiorilms, subalariUus ilorso imo coucoloribus, caiula viridi ; rosfri maxilla fnsca 
apice et mandibnla pallidis, pedibus canieis. Long, tota oirea .")-4, alav 3o, caitdae 
1-65. 

? mari siniilis, alis colore caoruleo liaiid oruati:*, dorso imo nuoi|no multo 
pallidiore. 

S ¥. Vina, Huamachnco (5,500 feet), 5Iarch 1894. 

Mr. Baron seuds several specimens of this pretty Psittacula, which seems qnite 
distinct from all the species hitherto described. Its nearest ally is P. caclrstis, bnt 
it is much larger and has a larger bill. The head anil cheeks are much yellower, 
and tliere is hardly any bhie behind the eye and biu:k of the neck. 

120. Asio clamator (Vieill.). 
Otus mexicanus Tacz., Orn. P4r., {., ]>. 102. 
Asio damator Berl. & Stolzm., P. Z. S., 1892, p. 387. 
S ?. Vina, Huamachnco (5,500 feet), February, March. 

*121. Glaucidium phalaenoides (nand.). 
Glaucidhim ferox (Vieill.) Tacz., Orti. P<'r., i., p. 178. 
? . Chusgon, Huamachnco (8,500 feet), February. 
? . Vina, Huamachnco (5,500 feet), March. 
3. Malea, Cujabamba (8,000 feet), April. 

122. Speotyto cunicularia (Mol.). 
Pkoleoptynx omiculuria Tacz., Orn. Pi'r., i., ]>. 174. 
S. Malea, rajabamba (8,000 feet), April. 

12:!. Tinnunculus cinnamomiuus (S\v.). 
Cerchneis cinnamomina (Sw.) Tacz., Orn. Per., i.. p. 154. 
<J. Vina, Huamachucn (5,500 feet), M.ireh. 
?. Malea, Cajabandia (8,ii00 feet), April. 

124. Querquedula puna (Tsch.). 
Tacz., Orn. P^r., iii., p. 478. 
— Near Gajamarca (in,iMH) feet). May. 

*125. Columba albilinea (Jray. 
8alvad., Cat. Bird.^ B. J/., x.\i., p. 2114. 
Columha albilineata Tacz., Orn. Pir., iii., j). 232. 
cj. Gajabamba ('. •,(((!() feet), January. 

*126. Columba oenops sp. nov. 
Viuaceo-castanea, intcrscapulio et iilarnni tectricibus saturatioribns, giila 
albicanto, dorso imo, tectricibus su))ra et snbcandalibus, ubdomine, hypochondriis et 
snbalaribus plunibeis, t(X'tricibus alarnm majorilins ipiociue pluiubeis albo oxtrorsnni 
anguste limbatis, remigibus nigricante plumbeis extrorsum teuuissime albido 
marginatis, cauda nigricante jihimhea ; rostro plumbeo ad basin coccineo oculorum 
ambitn et pedibus ((uoiiue coccineis, iridc "ave vivo" aurantiaca. Long, tota circa 
130, alae S'O, caudae 54, rostri a rictn 1-05, tarsi 1-05. 


(21 ) 

? mari similis. 

cf ? . Vina, Hnainachnco (o,5U0 feet), Febniary, March. 

? . Malea, Cajabatiilia (S,000 feet), April. 

This fiue Pigeon is allied to C. inornata and C. Jifirirostris, but may at once be 
distiugnished from both by the deep vinons chestnut of the back and the greater 
jiart of the wing-coverts. 

*1~'7. Zenaida auriculata '^Des Murs). 

Salvad., Ciif. Bin/s B. M., xxi., ji. 3«4. 

Zi'iinida maculdtn Tacz., Oni. Fir., iii., p. 237. 

S ¥. Vina, Huaraachnco (5,51)0 feet), FebruaiT, March. 

i. Chusgon, Hnainachnco (S,5oi) feet), February. 

*128. Gymnopelia erythrothorax (Meyen.). 

Tacz., Orii. Piir., iii., p. 24'.» ; Salvad., Cat. Binh B. M., xxi., p. 468. 
S. Cajabamba (9,(i()i) and ',»,5uo feet), March, April. 
?. Huamachuco (10,400 feet), March, 
c?. Near Cajamarca (0,500 feet), May. 

*!-!'•», Chamaepelia cruziana (d'Orb.). 

Tacz., Orn. Per., iii., j). 24,S ; Salvad,, Cat. Birds B. M., xxi., p. 483. 
c? ? . Vina, Huamachuco (5,500 feet), Blarch. 
" Eyes yellow." 

130. Metriopelia melanoptera (Mol.). 

Tacz., Oni. Per., iii., p. sy.) ; Salvad., Gat. Birds B. M., xxi., p. 41)7. 
S. Near Cajamarca (ll,oo(j feet). May. 

*131. Leptoptila decolor sji. nov. 

Supra griseo-fasca, occipite, nucha et cervice postica panlo pallidioribus colore 
iridescente rosaceo vix ullo, fronte, gula, abdomine et tectricibus subcaudalibus albis, 
l)ectore jiallide vinaceo lavato ; alis extns dorso concoloribus, subalaribus et primariis 
intns castaneis ; canda nigra rectricibus mediis dorso concoloribus lateralil)us niacidis 
extrorsum iucrescentibus albis terminatis ; rostro nigro, ocniornm ambitn et pedibus 
rubris. Long, tota circa lO'O, alae 5-5, caudae 4-7, rostri a rictu 1-0, tarsi 4-3. 

? mari similis. 

S . Cajabamba (9,000 feet), January. 

— Vina, Huamachuco (5,500 feet), February. 

c? ¥ . Chusgon, Huamachuco (8,500 feet), February. 

" Iris orange." 

This Leptoptila is most nearly allied to /.. meijaluru, but is much paler on the 
back and wings and less rufescent, the breast paler, and the abdomen whiter. 

132. Vanellus resplendens (Tsch.). 

Tacz., Orn. Pir., iii., p. 336. 

i ?. Near Cajamarca (10,000 feet), May. 


( 22 ) 
133. Totanus flavipes (^lim.j. 


Tacz., Ui/t. Per., iii., p. 307. 

<J. Malea, Cajabamba (8,0UU feet), Ai)ril 


134. Totauus solitarius (Wils). 


Tacz., Oni. Per., iii., p. 308. 

t?. Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), Ainil. 


135. Gallinago andiua Tacz. 


U/n. P(;r., iii., ]>. 37o. 

cJ. Near Cajamarca(ln,(jijij feet), May. 


130. Rallus rytirhynchus Vieill. 

Limnopardaltis rijtirhynehus Sharpe, Cat. Birdx IS. )[.. x.xiii., p. 29. 

Rallus caesiuis Tacz. (wee Spix.), Oi-n. Pdr., iii , ]). 310. 

(?. Malea, Cajabamba (8,000 feet), April. 

S. Suecha, Huamaclmco (0,000 feet), February. 


13T. Nothoprocta curvirostris .Scl. A: Salv. 

Nothoprocta curtirostris perumma Tacz., Orii. Per., iii., [). 3(J7 (?). 

?. Near Cajamarca (10,000 feet), Maj'. 

A single si)L'cimun agrees best with the types of this species from Ecuador. 


ON HALVADORINA WAIGIUENSIS Rothsch. * H.uiTERT. 

By the HON. WALTKR KOTHSOHILD. 
(Plate III.) 

ON the thinl plate of this volume we give a very well executed figure of this 
singular new dnck, which was described in Vol. I., j). 683. 
Count Salvadori informed me that it was actually nearest allied to the American 
genus Mrn/aiietta, which we referred to in the original descrijition, and that it really 
had no ally in the old world. 

The same autlior tells us that tlie Nyroca from Waigiu and Arfak mentioned 
by us on p. 684 as Syrora hacri {fide Salvadori) is really -V. eui.ftralis. 


X 


< 

10 


ir, 
u 

i 

> 

o 


( •■i-i ) 


ON SOME EEMAINS OE AEPYOENIS IN 
THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD'S MUSEUM AT TRING. 

By C. W. ANDREWS, F.G.S. 

I AM iiKlelited to the kiniliiess of Mr. Rothschild for iiermissioii to ijivc a brief 
(lescrijitiou of some remains of Ai'ju/ornis received at the Triiijr Museum in 
1893. Tlie collection, though small, is of considerable interest, since it renders it 
possible to add something to our knowledge of certain of the species. The bones 
in question were all collected at Itampnlu Ve, a collection of hamlets on the south 
side of the inlet from Murderers' Bay, about a hundred and twenty miles north of 
Nossi Ve in South-West Madagascar, north of the Antinosy country of South -West 
Madagascar.* 

A left tarso-metatarsus of very large size, which may, for the present, be 
referred to -It', titan (see GcoL Mag., January 1894), is one of the best preserved 
specimens in the collection, being only slightly broken at the upper end. Its most 
striking characteristic is the great width of the ujiper end, which, though a small 
portion of one side is broken away, is notably broader than the lower, the 
former measuring about 19 cm. across, the latter 16-.3. In the specimen figured by 
me in Proc. Zool. Soc, 1894, PI. xiv., figs. 1 and 2, the lower eud is rather the 
wider of the two, and the same is the case in the metatarsus of Ae. kildcbixuidti. 
This greatly expanded proximal end gives the bone a peculiar aspect, very different 
from any of the metatarsi of other species of the genus with which I am aciiuaiuted, 
and from those of the Dinornithidae. 

This specimen also differs from that of Ac. m>dleri mentioned above in the 
following points : — 

(1) The anterior depression is proportionately somewhat shallower, and does 
not extend quite so far down the shaft. 

(2) The groove for the cuhluctor digiti cxtcrni has at its lower end two pro- 
jections which partly bridge it over. 

(3) The foramina interossea open at the same level. (This jioiut, however, 
seems to be of little importance, and probably varies in different individuals.) 

(4) The point of attachment of the hallux is merely marked by a rugose 
surface. 

On the outer side of the posterior projection formed by the middle metatarsal 
there are two broad w(dl-marked grooves, which extend some distance down 
the bone. 

The measurements of this specimen are : — 

Length 4.S cm. 

Width at proximal end (apjiroximate) . . . . 19 „ 

„ „ distal end I'J'S v 

„ ,, narrowest point of shaft .... >>'0 ., 

Circumference at narrowest point of shaft . . . 20-lJ „ 

Width (ai)proximate) of middle trochlea . . • 6'5 „ 

* This Antinosy country, wliicU has boon mentioucil several times before (sec p. 6(;e, Vol. I.) in this 
journal, is part of the okl Mahafale country, lying north of the St. Augnstine's River, about seventy 
miles or so east from Nossi Yi. It is not to be mistaken for the other Antinosy country in South-East 
Madagascar, and the place of Nossi \t is not to be mistaken fnr the well-known island of Nossi Bu on 
the north-west coast of Madagascar. — Editors 


( L'i ) 

The metatarsus ascribed by il.M. ilihio-Edwards and Grandidier to Ac. iiigens 
is only 42 cm. long, while the circnmference of the shaft at the narrowest point is 
given as 21'o cm. and the width of its proximal end as IS cm., so that tliis bone 
is considerably stonter in ])ro]iortion to its length than that above described. If 1 
am right in referring this latter to Ae. titan, this species mnst have been taller 
and more slender than Ac. ingens, as one might have expected from the great 
massiveness of the articular ends of the limb-bones, stated to be characteristic of 
this latter sjiecics. The measurements given by the above-mentioned authors are, 
unfortunately, insufficient to permit of any comparison being made of the dimensions 
of the tibiae in the two species, indeed the measurements that are given point to 
the conclusion that the tibia from which tliey were taken is really that of Ac. titan. 
The evidenci! upon wliich the association of the bones referred to Ae. ingens rests 
is not stated. 

Two fairly complete specimens of the femur, both from the right side, are 
worthy of notice. The smaller of these gives the following measurements : — 

Approximate length 43 cm. 

Circumference at narrowest point . . . 28 „ 

Width of distal end 10 » 

„ ,, shaft at narrowest jwint .... 0'7 „ 

Length from top of neck to lower cud of inner condyle 34 ,, 

This specimen, though a trifle larger, closely resembles that figured ami 
described in the Froc. Zool. Soc, 1804, pp. 113-115, figs. 1 and 2, a. 

The second is of more slender proportions, and in many respects resembles 
that figured loc. cit., figs. 1 and 2, //, but in others it is intermediate between the 
two tyjjcs, so that the importance of the differences between the two forms was 
]ierhaj)s over-estimated. The comi)arative sleuderness of the bone renders it not 
improliable that it may belong to Ae. titan ; if this should prove to be the case, 
then tliat previously ascrilii'il to this species must belong to some other large form : 
in any case means are wanting at present for arriving at a decision. 

The dimensions are : — 

Lengtli 47 cm. 

Circumference at narrowest point . . . 28 „ 

Width at distal end 21 „ 

Length from top of neck to lower end of imicr condyle 37'8 „ 

A distal portion of a left tibin-tarsns of great size gives the following 
measurements : — 

Width of distal end IS cm. 

„ „ shaft at narrowest point . .77,, 

Circumference of shaft at narrowest point . . .21 „ 

This specimen closely resembles that figured in I'roc. Zool. Soc, 1804, PI. xiv., 
figs. 3 and 4, but is rather more massive. It shows that the lower end of tlic 
fibula was fnsed with it about 28 cm. above the lower articular surface. 

Some specimens of tarso-metiitarsus similar in size and strnctnrc to that 
figured loc. cit,, PI. xiv., figs. 1 and 2, call for no special notice ; but tliere is one 
of a very different form which is of some importance. This bone, which is from 
the right side, is long and comparatively slender, though less so than a metatarsus 


( 20 ) 

ill lliu British Museum wliicLi is ]ierliaps that of Midli'rontig aijilis Mii-Kdw. & 
Grand. ; tliis hitter is also iiroportionately narrower at the distal eud. Inwards 
which the shaft widens more gradually. 

Other characters of the present specimen are : — 

(1) The anterior depression seems to disappear rather highei' up the siiaft 
than in the metatarsus of Aepyoniis. 

(2) The tubercle for the insertion of the tendon of the l.iljMis aniicus is not 
very prominent, but the depression above it into whicli the foramina intfrossea open 
is very deeji. 

(;5) The intermuscular ridges on the posterior surface are strongly marked, 
especially towards the distal end. 

The length is apjiroximately 28 cm., and the circumfereuce of the shaft at the 
narrowest point 8-5 cm. 

The most imjKjrtant peculiarity of all is, however, tlie presence of a completely 
ossified bony bridge over the lower end of the groove for the adductor of the outer 
digit, a character absent in the more slender metatarsus above mentioned, as well as in 
the metatarsi of the species oi Aepyornis at present known. According to MM. Milne- 
Edwards and Grandidier, a similar bridge occurs in the type metatarsus of Mallerorais 
nulls., to which species, as far as one can judge from the description, the present speci- 
men may belong. Since this character is absent in some other specimens referable 
to species of Mullerorniis that 1 have seen, and since it is not stated to occur in the 
metatarsi of M. betsilei and M. ayilis, it would appear that of these comparatively 
small forms there are two distinct types which seem to be entitled to generic 
distinction. In the diagnosis vi MiiUe/vrtiis no mention is made of the occurrence 
of an ossified bridge over the tendon of the extensor of the outer digit, so that 
J/, betsilei and M. ayilis must retain their present designation, while for the 
species in which this structure does occur, represented at present by M. rudis only, 
the generic name Flacowtia* may be proposed, the genus being probably 
further characterised by the greater proportionate stoutness and tlie more powerful 
articulations of its limb-bones. 

* Flacourt, whose account of Madagascar, entitled Histoirt' i]f la graiule Isle Mailagaacar^ was 
published at I'aris in 16.i8, was for some years Governor of Fort Danphiu, and travelled much in the 
island. Isid. Geoifroy St. Hilairu and other writers have suggestcl that the bird called Votiran patra, 
described in the aljove-inenlioned work, may have been one of the smaller species of ratite birds, not 
extinct at that date. 


( 2G ) 


KEVISED DETEEMINATIONS OF THREE OF THE 
NATUNA RODENTS 

By OLUFIELU Til M A 8. 

SINCE the pajitn' ou the Mammals of the Natiina Islands b\' JMr. llartcit and 
myself* was published I have been put in a better position to correctly 
identify certain of the species there mentioned, partly by the receipt of farther 
material from ueighbouring localities, and partly by having been able in the meantime 
to conijiletely revise the Borneau Muridae in the British Museum colloctiou. 
The following corrections in the Xatuna list prove to be necessary : — 

No. 23, p. 658, Mus hellwaldi .Tent., 

should be Mns rajah Thos.,t a species of which, besides those from the Natunas, a 
considerable number of specimens are in the Museum collection from Borneo, 
Pahnvui), Labuan, etc. Tliey differ from the real .)/. hfllwaldi of Celebes by being 
all exceedingly spiny, a character which, iiowever variable elsewhere, is evidently in 
this case one of sufficient constancy to be looked upon as specific. 

No. 29, }). 6o9, Sciurus lowi Thos. (not Gray). 

The Natuna representative of S. lou-i appears to l)c sufHcieutly different to 
deserve a subspeeific name. The specimen in the British Museum has now been 
skinned out of spirit, and had its skull prepared. Unfortunately there was and is 
still a doubt as to whether its colour has not been reddened by the spirit, as seems 
to have hap])ened with some of the other sjiecimens scut home by Mr. Everett. 
Certain yellows aii[iear to have been turned into red, wliile other colours have 
remained unaffected. 

The skull of the present animal shows jirecisely the peculiar long muzzle of that 
of S. lowi, and agrees in nearly all respects, but is decidedly smaller, and the 
postorbital processes are longer and slenderer. 

Externally the Natuna squirrel is distinguished by its smaller size, shorter feet, 
and also by its longer ear, which in flie typical variety is a mere low rim, while 
the Natuna subspecies has a distinct upstanding conch. 

Should the colour be the natural one. it may be defined as grizzled rufous 
instead of olive ; the under surface white, with a strong rufous wash, esiiecially in 
the genital region ; anteorbital spots rufous instead of yellow ; no black patch 
behind ear. 

Tins snuiil foiiu might be called S. lowi natunensis. 

Dimensions of an a,dn\t male in skin: — Head and body, l.)2 mm.; tail, ST : 
hind-foot, 31-8. Ear : from notch, 12 ; above crown, 6. Skull : greatest length, 30-5 ; 
basal length, 31-3 ; greatest breadth, 22. Nasals : length, 10-7 ; interorbital breadth, 

• .Vav. Zml., i., p. ti52 ( 1894). 

t Ann. Mag. N. II. (fi), xiv., pp. l.-il ami 164 (1894). 


( 27 ) 

11-5 ; tip to tip of pustorbital jn-ocessos, 17-7. Pakty : length from lienselion, l.s-2 ; 
diastema, 0-2 ; upper molar series (exclusive of />'), 0-2. 

Hah. iSirhassen Island, Natuuas (Seirtcmbcr 23rd, 1893). 

No, 33, p. 661), Sciiu-opterus phayrei BlytU (?). 

Fiirtlier material representino- the true S. pliaijrei shows, as we suggested, that 
the Natuua species is ucw. It might be called 

Sciuropterus everetti sp. nov. 

Size about as in ti. phaijrei. General colour of ujiper surface rich rufous ; tlie 
head, nape, and back all one uniform hue ; the blackish slaty bases of the hairs not 
or scarcely showing throngli. Whiskers as usual ; no supplementary malar or 
su])raorbital liristles. Eyes surrounded by a narrow brownish ring. Ears short, 
narrow, thinly haired, blackish brown. Behind them, on the sides of the neck, there 
is a large whitish patch, behind which again the general rufous tone is at its richest. 
On the dorsal surface laterally the red hair tips hide the slaty black less and less, so 
that the ui)j(er surface of the jiarachute gradually becomes quite black; the extreme 
edge is, however, white. Under surface mixed slate, white, and rufous ; the hairs 
of the throat and chest jmre white to their bases, the others — of body, inner 
sides of limbs, and under surface of parachute — slaty grey jiroximally, white or pale 
rufous terminally. Outer sides of limbs blackish, like the upper side of the parachute. 
Soles hairy under the heels and along their outer edge, the naked part with one large 
jiroximal and four distal 2)ads. Tail, as usual, markedly distichous ; its jiroximal 
half-inch bright rufous all round, the remainder dark brown above and below, but 
on the sides, forming a middle layer, the long hairs are bright orange rufous trom 
the terminal half of tlie tail, fading gradually into the brown of the tip. 

In younger specimens the rnfous colour is less developed throughout, so that 
the general colour takes its tone mainly from the slaty bases to the hairs. 

Skull with a short muzzle, short and rather feeble postorbital processes, and 
witli the petrosal part of the bullae much swollen postero-superiorly, so that tlie uj>per 
inflation jirojects behind some way beyond the paroccipital processes. 

Molars with the essential structure of those of S. alhoniger, -phayrei, spadiceus, 
etc., widely different from those of 8. horsfeldi. k distinct p^ present. 

Dimensions of the type, an adult /«»««•&, measured when in spirit, before being 
skinned :— Head and body, 161 mm. ; tail, 140 ; hind-foot, 29 ; ear, 20 by 11. Skull: 
greatest length, 385; basal length, 33-5 ; greatest breadth, 24-3. Nasals: length, 
10'8; interorbital breadth, 9; tip to tip of postorbital processes, 15"6 ; greatest 
breadth posteriorly, 19'4. Palate : length from henselion, 17-5; diastema (to anterior 
rootof //), 9'4 ; length of upper molar series (exclusive of /)''), 7'3 ; lower jaw, condyle 
to incisor tip, 26-5 ; corouoid to angle, 1.5. 

Hab. Bnngnran Island. Three specimens found together in a hole in a tree, 
October 6th, 1S93. 

'I'upe. Brit. Mus., No. U4.9.2.S.42. Paiati/pe in tlu; Tring Mus(nun. 

S. phayrei Blyth, in the absence of authentic sjjeciniens of whitdi we dared nut 
previously describe this animal, is now, thanks to the kindness of the authorities of 
the Calcutta Museum, represented in the British Museum by a skin from Pegu which 
had been compared with the actual types at Calcutta. This skin, and another ciuite 


( as ) 

agreeing with it from the Laos Mts. (Coll. Moubot),* show that S. p/iai/rci is 
Imt little more than a dwarf form of S. alboniger, although it is no doubt just 
siiecifically distinct. The really nearest ally of S. ercretti is probably S.aurantiacus 
AVagn.jt of which JentinkJ has figured the skull of a topotype. Judging by this 
figure, S. everetti shares the general form of the skiUl and the postero-superiorly ex- 
])anded bullae, but is decidedly larger, and has stouter and more directly transverse 
postorbital processes. Nor does the coloration of the tail agree with Wagner's 
descrijitiou. 

The two animals formerly described as new both belonging to genera in which 
species had already been named after Mr. Everett, Mr. Hartert and 1 were unable 
to signify in this way our recognition of the signal services to science rendered by 
his exploration of the zoologically unknown Natunas. It is therefore with great 
pleasure that 1 now dedicate this beautiful .Vatunu s(juirri,l in his honour. 

* Kefcrred lo by Anderson, Zt'ol. Yinin. Exj)., Mamm., p. 298. 
t Sclircb. Satii/., !iuj>p. iii., p. 223 (1843). From Ijanka. 
i X. L. .1/., .xii., p. 150, I'l. vii. (ISUO). 


ON A NEW SPECIES OF THE FAMILY OF tirHlNGIDAE. 
By the HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD. 

Cypa perversa sp. nov. 

Male. — Upijcrsidc : foretoings olive orange, vermiculated with greyish dots, 
and crossed transversely by four broad irregular chocolate bands. The two central 
bands are joined in the centre by a broad short longitudinal bar, and the outer 
sulimarginal band has in it a row of four orange s])ots, and a very large white patch 
extends from near tlie anal angle right across the band. 

Ilindioinys brownish red or cinnamon rufous, crossed transversely near the 
margin by an indistinct blackish line. 

Body dull orange, spl.ished and shaded with chocolate. 

Underside : Jortwimjs cinnamon rufous, with a blackish stigma iu cell and a 
broad outer border of dull orange vermiculated with grey and brown ; from the 
ajjcx to within the angle of inner margin runs an oblique brown line. 

llindwings dull yellowish orange, vermiculated and spotted with pale 
brown. 

Female.— In Novitates Zoologicae, 1., p. 70, PI. VIL, fig. 6 (1894), 1 de- 
scribed as the female of my Borneau Gypa olhacea a Sikkim specimen from 
the Felder collection. This tnrns out the Xx^xq female of this new one, and not the 
female of C. olivacea. 

Expanse : cf , 2'5 inches = 04 mm. 

Uab. Khasia Hills. 


( 29 ) 

DESCRIPTIONS DE NOUVELLES ESPECES DE LA^[- 
PYBIDES DU MUSEE DE TRING. 

Par BHNEST OLfVIER, 

Memh-e des Socuics Jiiitomoloyiijiies de, France, de Londres, etc. 

1. Lamprocera torquata sp. nov. 

c?. Oblonga, atra ; profhorace testaceo, semiltinari, antice levitr.r sinuato, 
mactiUs qiiatuor basal/bus nigris ; scutcUo tnangulari, testaceo ; clytris prothorace 
latioribus, elom/atls, vix ampUatis, testaceis, maculis duabiis nigrn : una jtixta- 
snitpllnri, altera apicali snturam nee marginem nttingente ; coxis testaceis; ab- 
(lomine tenuiter testaceo limbato. 

Long. 21 mm. ; lat. hum. 9. 

Oblong, allonge, noir. Prothorax cm demi-cercle, legerement sinnd prfes du 
soramet, testace, orne le long do son liord basilaire de quatre taches noires : deux 
ovaliiires aax angles et les deux autres oblongues, de cliaijue cnte de la ligne 
mediaue. Ecusson triangulaire, a sommet arrondi, roux testace ainsi que les (ilytres : 
celles-ci plus larges a leur base quo le prothorax, allougdes, faiblement elargios mais 
pen attenuees a Tangle apical, ornoes chacune de deux taches noires : Tunc ovalaire 
attenant a la base pros de Fecusson, Fautre oblongue dans Tangle apical, ne toucliant 
ni au bord marginal iii a la suture, marquees, en outre, de trois cotes obsoletcs et 
d'lui profoud silloa partant de Tangle humeral et prolonge jus([n'au commencement 
de la tache apicale. Ranches testacies. Pygidium tronquc' carri$ment ; abdomen 
bordi-' de Have hiteralement et chacnn des segments interieurs cntoure ogalement d'un 
etroit list'ro de cette meme couleur. 

ll((b. Paraguay (Dr. Bolils). 

Cetto espeee est bien distincto jiar sa coloration de toutos les autres du meme 
genre. 

2. Lucio guttifera sp. nov. 

? . Atra, opactt ; prothorace siibtriangulari, pnrro, miicnlis duabus apicalibus 
J/airis ; elyt ris prothorace multo Idtioribus, humeris rotundatis, dein ampliatis, rugos/s, 
puncto Jiavo juxtamarginali utrinque ornntis ; abdo/ninis seymentis in medio Jlavo 
notatis, idtimo bimacalato, lemter emarginato. 

Long. 17 mm.; lat. hum. 10. 

Noir, opaque. Antennes longuement et largement lamellees dn cote oxterne, 
nullemcnt dentees de Tautrc. Prothorax court, dtroit, a cotds arquds, h, sommet 
arrondi, subtriangnlaire dans son ensemble, muni sur sa partie convexe d'une carono 
suillante, bords lateraux redress(?s, orne de chaqiie cotd ])res du sommet d'une tache 
ilave attenant a la marge. Ecusson triaugnlaire, aigu. Elytres beauconp phis 
larges que le prothorax, bien arrondies aux <'i)aules, s'dlargissant ensuite, puis 
attenuees rapidement, ayaut leur plus grandc hargeur uii pen avant leur milieu, 
finement rugucuses, marquees un pen au dela de leur milieu d'une petite tache pu'.icti- 
fiirmc Have attenant au bord marginal. C'ini| premiers segments de Tabdomen 
taches de flave pwstdrieurement, le sixi6me ornd do trois tachcs, nue basilaire et les 
d(>ux autres pr6s du sommet, qui est Idgfercment dmargim' ; pygidium tronqad 
carremcnt. 

Hab. Brdsil. 


( 30 ) 

Cette esp^ce se rapprnalie dii blattiim Pcrty, dont die diflere par sa fovruo 
l)eauooui) jilns large j)roj)ortii)nuclloineiit, par son protliorax unllemeut ou ii peine 
sinne lateralomcnt, ses ^Ivtros jihis rugnenses, ses rameanx antcnnaires lieaucoup 
]ilus longs, les tachcs d("< elyt res et des segments de I'abdomen, etc. 

;i. Ledocas scutellatus sp. nov. 

(?. Klongatiis, afer ; cl'/tris macula iiarta liumcrali et altera jtia-tiiscutellari 
Jlavia, ornatis, prothorace. hand latiorihus, costulntis, rugoxis ; prothorare semilunuri, 
disco laevi, marffinibus variolose punctatis ; ultimo rentrali acgmento pygidioque 
Jiatidis. 

Long. 10 mm. ; lat. linm. (!. 

Alldnge, noir ii rexcej)tion d'une tonte petite taclie humerale et d'nne autre nn 
pen jilus grando, jiixtascutcllairc, Haves ; cette derni^re Ibrmaut, prise avec .sa 
pareille, nne taclie carree partant de la base des dh'tres et entonrant entiferement 
I'dcnsson en colorant la suture ; en outre, le jngidium et le dernier segment ventral 
sont d'nu blauc jaunatre. Protliorax en demi-cercle, ;\ jieine sinue antt'rieurement, 
lisse sur sou disque, dens(5ment et raguensement pouctue sur ses marges, base 
sinn^e ii angles assez fortement saillants. Ecusson triangulairo, largement arrondi 
an sommet. Elytres jias pins larges que le protliorax, jiarallelcs, fineinent ponctnfies- 
nigueuses, cbargees de deux cOtes k'gferement saillautes avec des vestiges d'une 
troisicme. Pygidium fortement trilobe a lobes :\ peu-prfes i5ganx; dernier segment 
ventral prolongd dans le milieu de son bonl iiostdrieur en uuo poiute aigue. 

Ilah. Paraguay (Dr. Bobls). 

Cette espfece se rapproclie de L. xanthomus Ern. Oliv. ; mais elle s'cn distingue 
par sa taille ])lus avautageuse, la disposition difl[i5rente de ses taclies <!lytrales, la 
couleur du pygidium et celle du dernier segment ventral, le protliorax h. base 
beancoup plus sinu^e et i\ angles basilaires beaucoup pins saillants en arrifere, etc. 

4. Dryptelytra vittipennis sp. nov. 

$. Flavo-testacea ; antennis, quatuov nltimis miitrls segmcntis, ahdomine supra, 
vittague longitiulinali hi utroque e.hjtro, nigris ; tiljiis tarsisque infmcalis. 

Long. 11 mm. ; lat. hum. 4. 

D'nn jaune tcstacd ; antennas, dessus de Fabdomeii, ijuatrc deriiicrs segments 
du ventre et une bandc longitudinale sur cliaque ('lytre, noirs. Protliorax a coles 
arrondis, attenue an sommet en nne poiute obtuse, angles basilaires arrondis, base 
sinnee. Elytres oblongues, paralltiles a leur ci'itd externe, deliiscentes an c6t<5 
interne, pubescentcs, finement et deusement ])onctuees ; la baiide noire commence en 
arricre du ealus liumeral et so prolonge jusqu a Tangle ajiical convrant au milieu de 
I'dlytre pins du tiers do sa surface mais n'atteignaiit ui la suture, ni le bord 
marginal. Segments du dessus de I'abdomen longuement prolouges postdrieurc- 
mcnt en angles aigns et debordant largement les segments inferieurs; dernier segment 
ventral court, olfrant dans son milieu une pointc triaiigulaire aigue et nianiue de 
cliaque cote d'une tache d'nn lilanc de cire. Tibias et tiirses rembrunis. 

Ilab. Panama. 

Cette esptjce a la forme et prcsque la coloration do Cdlyptorephalus ■miminia 
Ern. Oliv. ; mais ses anteunes miifhibellees I'eii separent bion nettement. Elle 
jiri'sente un cas remarquable do la mimi(pic si fic'qiii'iiti' clic/, les lj(i>»i>griilrs entro 
esjieces apjiartcnant it des genres diflerents. 


( ?A ) 

ii. Meg:alophthalmus egregius sp. nov. 

S. Anf/usfif!i, jxtrallelus, tesiaceus, pubexcens ; nntennis ahdomineque mqrix, 
jii'tliliiis in/uscatis, quinto et sexto ventris segmentis cet-eis ; elylris tricostidatis. 

Long. 10 mm. ; lat. bum. 3^. 

Etroit, allougi^, (run testact' ferruginenx, cnnverf (I'mie jiuboscence doree. 
Antennes noires, massives, longues, arrivant an niveau des hanches posterieures. 
Yeux.trfes gros, constituant a pen-pvfjs toute la tete. Protlidrax arrondi on derai- 
ccrcle, a angles basilaires presqne droits, base <\ peine sinuee, charge sur son disque 
de trois saillies lougitudinales, la mi^diane beaucoup moins accentude. Elytres pas 
plus larges que le jirotborax, jiaralleles, s'arroudissaut ensemble <\ Fextremitc', fiue- 
ment ponctuees, chargees cbacune de trois cotes saillantes, la juxtasuturale moins 
prolongde que les deux antres qui atteignent Tangle apical. Poitriue et hancbes 
testacees. Abdomen noir, sauf les cinquieme et sixieme segments du ventre, qui 
sont d'un blanc de cire ; segment anal petit termine en une courte pointe triangulaire. 
Les segments superieurs de I'abdomen sent longuement proloiiges en arri&re en 
angles aigus et sont beaucoup plus larges (|ue ceux du ventre. Jarabes remlirunies. 

Hah. Panama. 

Le J/, ajrecjim est avec le coUaris Giier. la plus grande e.spece du genre. 


0. Calyptoceplialus comatus sp. nov. 

c?. Elongi(tus, ater, prothoracis mari/inc ct macula pecforali testa fa's. 

Long. 15 mm. ; lat. hum. 4i. 

Etroit, allonge, d'un noir ojjaque. Prothorax assez longuement attenue en avant 
en angle obtus, grossiferement ponctue dans sa moitie ant(5rieure et .sur ses marges, 
l)lus finement sur son dis(pie, noir avoe une bordure testac6e reduite a la base et au 
soramet h un simple lisere, jilus large sur les cotes. Ecussou triangulaire, ii sommet 
tronqne, It^ferement echancre. El\'tres un peu plus larges que le prothorax, 
rugueuses, portant les traces de trois cotes obsoletes, couvertes d'nne pubescence 
eol'ichie, courte et serrSe. Dessous du corps noir, a I'exceptiou d'une tache testace'e 
sur la poitrine entre les deux premieres paires de pattes. 

Ihb. Berg-eu-Daal, Surinam (C. W. Ellacombe). 

Voisin des C. t/ioracicus Cast, at goriji * Cast,, dont il sc distingue aisemcnt [lar 
la coloration. 

T. Aethra latastei* sp. nov. 

lii'/o-ferniginca, capitr, a//ti'/inis, scittrlh, pp.etnre, pcdibiis, clytrorum maculti 
apicali nigris ; prothorace triangidari, disco miniato fere hevi, mnrginibus rugosis, 
exfremo apice tenuissimc nigro marginnto ; sciitello dense panctuto ; elytri.^ prothorace 
■cix latioribus, pubesccntibus, riigosi' punctatis, costtdatis, ultimo ventrali segmento 
pygidioque infuscatis. 

Long. 10 mm. ; lat. hum. 4. 

Eutit'rement d'un roux ferrngincux a rcxccption de la tete, des antennes, de 
I'ecusson, de Tangle ai)ical des elytres, de la jioitriue et des jambos, (pii sont uoirs. 
Le prothorax, triangulaire lougueineut attenue et legeremeiit siiine pres du sommet, 

' In tliL- m-inusciipt those Ti.imos aiv written witli a capit.-il. — -Kditobs, 


( 32 ) 

est d'nn ronge vif sur son disqno ot tres fiiiempnt bonk' de noir ii sou sommct, qui 
est obtus ; Ic cut^ de sa base est l^gerenieut sinne, i\ augles peu saillants. Eeusson 
grossicremeut i)onctn(', tronque au sommet. Elytres un pen plus larges que Ic ])r(i- 
tborax, pres(]ue paralleles, rugneusemeut pouctuees, couvertcs d'une pubescence flave 
assez dense, cbargees de deux cotes longitudinales fiuement saillantes qui se perdent 
en atteignant la taclie noire qui oceupe le sommct de Tangle ajacal. Le pygidiuni 
et le dernier segment ventral sout plus ou moins renibruuis. 

Hab. Cbili. 

Je suis beureux de dedier cette jolie espbce h nion collogue et ami Fernand 
Lataste, qui a ete le promoteur au Chili d'au mouvement scientifiiiuc important. 


8. Vesta xanthopyga s]i. nov. 

Oblonc/a, atra, pubescens ; antcnnis compressis, articulis 3-10 triangularibus, 
ultimo lunceolato ; prothoracc flazo, macula quadrata basal/ rosea, nntice promimdo 
in medio sulcato, basi bisinuato, angulis retro productis ; scutello parvo, trifimpdari, 
obscuro ; antennis prothorace. haud latioribiis, di'iii Ifviter ompliatis, ruqosis, costula- 
tis ; duobus abdominis segmentis supra et infra Jlarescentibus, jjygidio subquadrato, 
ultimo ventrali in medio triangulariter produeto. 
Long. 9-10 mm ; lat. bum. 4i. 

Oblong, noir, jmbescent. Anteuuos comprim^es, a articles 3-1 () triaugulaires, le 
dernier lanceole. Prothorax flave, ayaut Ic disque orne d'une large tache rose, carree, 
lissp,attenant au bord basilaire, densemeut ponctue sur le reste de sa surface, attenne 
en avant en triangle obtus, assez fortement bisinue le long de sa base, dont les angles 
sont longuemeut saillauts en arriere, sillnune dans son niilion. Ecnsson petit, obscnr. 
Elytres (riui uoir brillant, pas plus larges aux epanles que le protliorax, s'elargissaut 
ensuite legerement, ponctuees rngnenses, cbargees de 3 ou 4 cotes finement saillantes. 
Les deux derniers segments de I'abdomen en dessus et en dessons sont d'un jaune 
flave ; Icpygidinm est transversal, Ji angles arrondis ; le dernier segment ventral est 
j)rolonge dans son milieu en une jioiute triangulaire asse/ longuc. 

Hab. Deli, Sumatra. 

Cette espfece se distingue bien de tontes les autres dn menie genre jiar son 
eeusson obscnr et ])ar la conlenr flave du jiygidiuni et dn segment de rabdnnien qui 
le precede. 

'•I. Cratomorphus distinctus Lac. (Dej. i. 1.). 

cJ. Oblongns, niger ; prothorace testaceo, semi lunar/, maculis d/iab>(S vitreis 
anticis et plaga fuscajuxtabasali, ornatis ; scutello triangulari, nigro, apice testaceo ; 
elytris prothorace latioribia, ampliatis, tunc ad apiecm attenuatis, deplatmtis, tetiuiter 
punctatis, nigris, sut/ira et titta longit/idinali albido-testaceis ; coxis et fcmorum basi 
festaceis, q/iinto et sexto ventris segmentis plaga tra/isversa cerea ornatis, ultimo 
obtuse n/ucronato, pyg/dio sinuato. 

Long. 25-28 mm. ; lat. lium. Hi. 

Ovalaire, oblong, noir. Prothorax en ovale attdnu6 en avant, testace avec deux 
I)laqnes translucides, oblongues, pr&s du sommet et une tache noire quadrangnlaire 
dans le milieu de sa moitie basilaire, cette tache ne couvrant pas le rebord de la 
base, qui forme un etroit lisere testace ; angles basilaires emousses. Eeusson trian- 
gulaire, brun, testace au sommet. Elytres plus larges ii leur base que le i)rothorax. 


( 33 ) 

sV'largissant daus lenr premier tiers, puis s'att6uuant legcremcnt jusqii'ii Tangle 
apical, peu convexes et tout-Wait cleprim(5es eu arrivant au sommet, finement 
rugueuses, noires, avec la suture et nnc l)auJe siiuiee, testacees ; cette derniere par- 
tant de la base, en dehors du calus humeral, pour se terminer tout pres du bord 
marginal a I'endroit o{i il s'arrondit pour former Tangle apical. Hanches et base 
des cnisses testac&s ; 5° et 6° segments du ventre munis d'une etroite plaque trail s- 
versale d'un jaune de cire ; pygidium bisinue on trfes lt5gercment trilobe ; da-nier 
segment ventral prolong^ dans son milieu en uu lobe assez large ii sommet obtus ou 
tronque carrement. 

Hab. Rio de Janeiro. 

J'ai conserve h cette espece le nom inedit de Dejean, puisque Lacordaire la cit6 
en la caract^risant sufBsammeut (Gen. des Col., T. iv., ]i. 32o, note 2). Elle ressem- 
ble absolument pour la coloration au giganteus Drury ; mais les exemplaires que j'ai 
vus sont generalement d'une taille moindre, et ils different, en outre, beaucoup par la 
conformation des derniers segments de Tabdomen du male. Chez le (ligantetcs, le 
dernier segment ventral est fortemeut echancre et muni d'une tige grele et tres longae 
qui part du milieu de cette ^chancrure, et le pygidium est profond^ment divis^ eu 
trois lobes trfes aigus. 

'L'A, femelle du distinctas m'est restfi inconnue. 

In. Cratomorphus aequalis sp. uov. 

S. Ublongo-ooalis, deplanatus ; prothoi'ace pallide testaceo, semilauari, nuiy- 
ginato, in medio longitudincditer costtdato, maculis duahus anticis vitreis ; scutello 
triangulari, testaceo; eli/tris prothoraoc latioribm, regulariter ampliatis, dein ad 
apicem attenuatis, palUdis, striga, lata jiutascutellari brumiea ; abdomine supra, 
iiigro, infra testaceo, quarto scgmento nigro, quiyito et sexto cereis, ultimo brunneo, 
leviter emarginato, in medio setafdiformi munito ; pggidio trilobato ; tibiis J'emorumque 
apice in/uscatis. 

Long. 20 mm. ; lat. hum. U. 

Ovalaire, oblong, deprimt^. Tete, antennes, dessus de Ttibdonien, tarses et 
quatrieme segment ventral, noirs. Prothorax semilunaire, h marges redressees, 
angles basilaires emousses, charge longitudinalement sur sou disque d'une cote fine- 
ment saillante, testace pale avec une tache quadrangulaire jilus foncee au milieu de 
sa base et deux plaques transiiarentes en avant. Ecusson testace en triangle aigu. 
Elytres plus larges que le prothorax, c^largies graduellement jusqu'au tiers environ 
de leur longueur, puis regulierement attenn(5es jusi[u';i Tangle apical, ainsi colorees : 
une bande brune comprenant tout Tespace eutre le calus humeral et la suture se pro- 
longe parallfelemeut a cette dernifere jusqu'^, Tangle apical, son bord interne tranchant 
brusquement avec la couleur pale du reste de Telytre. Dessous du corji.s testace, 
sauf le 4*'"" segment noir, les 5*'"' et ii"'"' d'un blauc jaunatre brillant, le <lernier 
renibruni, legtjrement echancre, et muni dans le milieu de sou echaucnn-c d'uu 
append ice filiforme atteignant le sommet du pygidium ; ce dernier est profoude- 
ment divise en trois lobes, les deux lateraux tres aigus et plus ctroits que le median. 
Sommets des femurs et tibias bruns. 

Hub. Rio de Janeiro. 

Cette espece est voisine de C. albomarginatus Cast. Elle en difftire par sa taille 
bien mnindre (C. albomarginatus atteiut 31 mm.), pw la cote fiuemout saillante du 
prothorax, par la coloration tout autre des elytres, etc. 

3 


( 3^ ) 

1 1 . Cratomorphus sig:nativentris sji. nov. 

Oblongus, sat cohaxiis, Jusi:us ; jirotli^raa' anticc rotundato, costulato, anyulis 
posticis obtusis, bast fere recto, brunneo-fuho, maculis tribus basal/bus nigris ; 
scutellotriangulari,fusco; eli/tris prothorace latioribus, regulariter ampUatis et ad 
apicem attenuatis, brunneo-fulvis, tricostulafis, basi brunneis, duobus strigis longi- 
tudifialibus in/uscatis utrinque ornatis ; abdomine et jjectore striga mediatM testacea 
nolatis. 

Long. 20-23 mm. ; hit. liuiu. N-ln. 

Oblong, iissez convcxe, liriin. Protliorax bien arroudi en avant, rebordd, angles 
posterieurs obtns, cote de la base prcsque droit ou ii peine siniid, cliarg^ dans son 
milien longitudinal d'nue cote Icgeioment saillantc, januatre, ornc de trois taches 
basilalres uoires separ(^es par uu intervalle rongeiitre, ces trois taches parfois con- 
fluentes. Ecusson triangnlaire, obscur. Elytres plus larges que le prothorax, 
s'(51argissant regnlierement et s'attenuant ensuite progressivement jusqu'au sommet, 
([III est largement arroudi, diargct's de trois cotes finement siiillantes, jannatres avec 
la base et deux baudes lougitndiiiales bruues ; abdomen et poitrine bruus orue's dans 
leur milien d'une large bande longitudiuale jauniitre. Fattes brunes, base des 
f(^murs moins obscure. P\-gidium en ogive, deruier segment ventral en trapfeze 
(^chaucre au soniniet chez le nmlt', triangnlaire a sommet incis^ chez la,/emelle. 

Ilab. Mexico, Chiriqui, Venezuela. 

Les bandes uoires des elytres sont parfois iudistiuctes et peuveut meme mauquer 
tont-ii-fait. 

1^. Luciola congoana sp. nov. 

Elongata, nigra; antennis mundibulinqtie piceis ; jjrothorace rufo semilanari, 
basi Ictiter bisinuato, angtdis sat rectis productis, disco punctato, in medio sulcata ; 
scutello triangularis rufo; elytris subparallelis, pube densa vesfitis, punctatis, 
costulatis, rufis, macula apicali nigra usque ad medium triangulariter prolongata, 
notatis ; coxis rufis, pectore femoribusque piceis : (<?) duobus ultimis ventris seg- 
mentis cereis, ultimo rotundato ; ( ? ) tribus ultimis ventris segmentis Jiavis, penultimo 
emarginato, ultimo tenuiter inciso. 

Long. 8-9 mm. ; lat. hum. 3. 

Allonge'e, noire. Autenues et parties de la bouclie d'un brun de poix. 
I'rothorax roux, arroudi eu avant, a base legercmeut bisinue'e avec les angles 
saillauts en arriere, disque ponctue, creussi d'un fin sillon longitudinal. Ecusson 
roux, triaugulaire, aigu. Elytres snbparallfeles, couvertes d'une pubescence dense 
et assez lougue, grossierement pouctnees, j^irtant des vestiges de deux ou trois cotes 
finement saillantes, rou.x-fauves avec uue grande tache noire apicale qui se j)rolonge 
triaugulairemeut dans la partie mddiane de chacune jusqu'^ la moiti^ de leur 
longueur : la couleur noire de cette tache diminae pen a peu d'intensit^ a mesure 
qn"elle s'liloigne de Tangle apical et elle finit par se confoudre avec la couleur 
fonciure de Iclytre. Poitrine d'un brun de poix, ainsi que les femurs. Hanehes 
rousses. Chez le mdle, les deux derniers segments du ventre sent luminenx, d'nn 
blanc de cire Idgerement rose, le dernier est arrondi en arrifere ; chez la fcmelle, 
les trois derniers segments sont Saves, I'avaut-deruier largement dchancre, le dernier 
legerenient incise. 

JIab. Kuilu, Congo Frauaiis (Mocquerys). 


( 30 ) 


NOTES ON SATUBNIDAE ; 

WITH A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF THE FAMILY DOWN TO THE 
GENUS JUToM/'J/ns, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW 
SPECIES. 

By the HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD. 

BEFORE begiuuiug this paper I must give a few g'oueral remarks to make the 
scope of it clear, and also somewhat to explain my position. Here, as in 
my articles ou Sphingidne, I liave based my work on Mr. Kirby's Catalogue of 
Heteroccra, which 1 employ for the sake of convenience to arrange my col- 
lection by. 

Many of my readers will, no duiilrt, be much surprised tu lind such a difference 
between the style, extent of researcb, and general drift of tbis article, and one I am 
about to publish on the Old AVorld Papilios (exclusive of Africa) ; in explanation of 
this I must state that the present paper is intended to indicate merely a few of the 
most obvions errors and new facts which struck me on arranging my collection, 
while the article on Papilios is one of three or four papers which are intended to 
pave the way for a final entire and critical revision of the families Papilioninac, 
Sphiiigidue, and Satiir/iidae, which are the families of Lepidoptera I take most 
interest in, and of which I believe I have an almost, if not rj^uite, unrivalled 
collection. 

In the course of the work connected with this paper, I carefully studied Mr. 
Ilampson's Mutks of India ; and, although I consider it an admirable work, which 
suiiplied a great want, I cannot agree with certain of its author's views. The 
chief of those I object to is that he considers differences of structure, if very slight, 
as only worthy of marking sections of a genus; but I consider them of generic value, 
because, if a genus is small, it is much more easy to find the affinities of a sjiecies; 
and so if there are any permanent characters, however slight, I prefer to separate 
the insects exhibiting them into a genus rather than a section. It is much more 
convenient to call an insect at once Caligula simla than Saturuia (Section ll.)simla. 

Where not otherwise stated the types of the new species are in the Tring 
Museum. 

COSCINOCERA. 

In this genus C. omphalc Butl. sinks as a synonym of t'. hercules (Misk.), for 
I have specimens from Queensland and New Guinea which agree 2'erfectly with the 
type of ('. omphale from New Ireland. 

I have a specimen, however, which is said to be from German New Guinea, 
which has the ocelli in all four wings much smaller and nearer the base of the 
wings ; this I pro))ose to call Coscinoccra hercules (Misk.) ab. butlcri ab. nov. 

RHESCYNTIS. 
Here I only have to remark that I have a Una /'I'mali; of J\/t. mortii (Perty) 
from British Guiana, while the species was originally described from South Brazil. 
This shows that ith. mortii (Perty) has almost the same range as I'll. Iiippodamia 
(Cram.), of which hitter, I may add, I have sjiecimens from Central America, 
Britisii Guiana, Dutch Guiana, and linizil. 


( Sfi ) 

ATTACDS. 

Id this genus 1 consider A. lorquini Feld. a good species instead of a suli- 
8i)ecies of A. atlas (Linn.). I have three new species to describe : — 

Attacus dohertyi sp. uov. 

This species, of which I have three males, is somewhat intermediate between 
A. edwardsi White and A. cratneri Feld. 

Foretcings : gronnd colour nearest to that of .1. crameri Feld., bnl diifers by its 
more rosy tinge and the much larger vitreous spots in the middle of each wing. 
Costa and base of the wing deep red, densely powdered with bine scales. 

The transverse band beyond the vitreous siJots consists, as in most members of 
the genus, of four contiguous bands ; the inner one is black and very deeply and 
distinctly deutated, the second is white, flic third is bright maroon red, and the 
outer and broadest one is deep brown, densely powdered with blue scales. 

Outer margin half an inch wide, and clay brown, enclosing a black zigzag line, 
changing to bright rose red at the apical third. 

Hinduings similar, but inside the submarginal line is a row of large bright 
maroon red patches. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen rosy brown ; antennae very large, and with the 
pectinations very long. 

Underside similar in marking to the upper, but ground colour pale clay brown 
washed with grey, and the row of muroou spots within the submarginal line is 
present in both pairs of wings. 

Expanse : 9 inches = 230 mm. 

Hub. Timor {t//pe) and Flores. 

Attacus aurantiacus sp. nov. 

Forewings rosy brownish orange, the transverse band composed of three con- 
tiguous bars only, the inner one chocolate red, the second one white, and the outer 
one twice as broad as in A. atlas (Linn.) and bright rose jiink, powdered with blue 
scales on the outer edge. Costa blue grey. 

Hinduings similar. 

Vitreous patches in all four wings large and much nearer the base of the wings 
than in any other Oriental species of Attacus. Outer margin of all the wings half 
as wide as in A. dohertyi sp. nov., and much darker ; submarginal line red, and the 
j)atches inside it rosy pink. 

Expanse: 11 inches = 280 mm. 

Hab. North West New Guinea (2 <?, 2 ? ). 

Attacus staudingeri sp. nov. 

This very remarkable species is nearest to A. edwardsi White, but in shape 
reminds one forcibly oi Drepanoptera albida (Druce). 

Forewings narrow and very strongly curved, almost semicircular or sickle 
shaped. Ground colour rich plum purple, washed with an olivaceous tinge. About 
an inch from the base there is a rectangular elbowed tniusverse wliite band, and the 
outer edge of the large triangular vitreous sj)ot is deeply bordered with olive yellow. 
The transverse band beyond the vitreous patch is strongly angulated and dentated, 
and consists of three contiguous bauds —first black, second white, and the outer one 


f 37 ) 

is very ragged ami irregular, tliroe-qnartors of an inch wide and rosy innnve in 
colour. 

Himlwings similar, Imt tlie submarginal line is double, very zigzag, and jagged. 
Body smoky purple, with a white baud at the base of the abdomen. 

Underside similar in colour and marking to the upperside. 

Expanse : 8 inches =: 204 mm. 

Hab. North West Java, (c?, in Coll. Staudinger.) 

PHILOSAMIA. 

In this genus matters are doubly complicated, for not only is there a large 
synonymy, bat Mr. Hampson in trying to set matters right has assigned most of 
the synonyms and aberrational names to the wrong species. Also he is an ento- 
mologist who up to now has not allowed subspecies and aberrations to bear names, 
which has the grave result, that if the names applied to any such subspecies or 
aberrations are simply recorded as synonyms, everybody who gets one of these 
aberrant specimens re-describes it as a new species, while if it is recorded as sub- 
species (a) or aberration (y8), it at once forces the would-be describer to look it up. 
P. gueriiii (Moore) is only an aberration of P. lunula (Walk.) ; P. obscura (Butl.) 
is also only an aberration of P. lunula (Walk.) ; while P. lunula (Walk.) is an 
older name than P. ricini (Hutt.), and therefore must stand for the species. P. iole 
(Westw.) is simply a monstrosity of P. loalkeri (Feld.), and Mr. Hampson most 
unreasonably unites it to P. ricini, which, as stated above, is a synonym of P. lunula 
(Walk.). I have two specimens of P. iole (Westw.) which I bred myself from 
eggs laid in the Zoological Gardens by a typical male of P. ivalkeri (Feld.), which 
is P. cynihia (auct.) {nee Drury). P. pryeri (Butl.) is a good local race, and must 
stand as a subspecies, while P. cynthia (Drury) is an insular and southern form 
which is quite constant and must rank as a species. 

The Asiatic species of Philosamia, therefore, work out as follows : — 

1. Philosamia cynthia (Drury). 

2. Ph. lunula (Walk.). 

ab. obscura (Butl.). 
ab. guerini (Moore). 

3. Ph. ivalkeri (Feld.) = cynthia auct. {nee Drury). 

ab. iole (Westw.). 
subsp. pryeri (Bntl.). 
The African species included by Kirby in Philosamia I now separate into the 
genus Drepanoptera. 

DREPANOPTERA gen. nov. 

Differs from Philosamia by the males having the forewings much more falcate, 
elongated, and narrower, and the/eimles having all four wings much rounder and 
blunter. This new genus differs also from Philosamia in having the sexes unlike 
each other, while in the latter they are identical. 

The genus stands as follows : — 

1. Drepanoptera albidd (T)ruce). 

2. D. antinorii (Oberth.). 

3. D. vacuna (Westw.). 

ab. ploetzi (Pliitz). 

ab. yetulu (Blaass. it Weym.). 


( S8 ) 
EPIPIIOUA. 


Here I have nothing to say. 


8AMIA. 
Here I oulv have to remark that tliere are liyliricU raised both ways between all 
the species in my collection. 

CALLOSAMIA AND TELEA. 
These genera call for no remarks. 

BUNAEA. 

1 have not seen several of the species in this genus, but 1 have a lot to correct. 
B. plumicornis Butl., B. aslauga Kirby, B. auricolor (Mab.), B.fuscicolor (Mab.), and 
B. (liospyri (Mab.) are all aberrations of one species. I have several intermediate 
specimens. 

B. nyctalops (Wallengr.) is a synonym of B. caffraria (Stoll.) ; B. buchholzi 
Plotz is a synonym of B. eblis Streck. ; B. srhostcdti Auriv. is the male of 
B. alinda (Drnry) ; B. thomsoni Kirby and B. lacstri/yon (Mab.) are identical with 
B. phaedusa (Drnry). 

I have one new species to describe : — 

Bunaea tricolor sp. nov. 

Forewings deep blackish grey, crossed abimt an inch from the outer margin by a 
white transverse band, and at the apex of the cell there is a small vitreous spot. 
Costa white. 

Hindwinys deep blackish grey. In the centre of the wing is an ucclkis with a 
tiny vitreous centre ; round this is a broail ring of bright orange red, followed by a 
black and then by an outside white ring. Beyond the ocellus is a broad white 
transverse band, through the centre of which runs a narrow black line. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen chocolate rufous. 

Underside brownish grey. 

Expanse : 5i inches = 14<t mm. 

Hah. Bogos, Abyssinia. 

Bunaea aeetes (AVestw.) is not a Bunaea at all, but a trne Gonhnbrasia, as is also 
B. erythrotes (Karsch). C. arnohia (Westw.) and its ab. discrepans (Butl.) are not 
Copaxas, as stated w-ith a (?) by Mr. Kirby, but belong to a genus near to Bunaea, 
described by Karsch, and stand thus : — 

1. Cremastochrysallis arnobia (Westw.). 
ab. discrepans (Bntl.). 

The genus Bunaea itself works out as follows : — 
1. Bunaea auricolor (Mab.). 

&\).fuscicolor (.Mab.). 
ab. dioapyri (Mab.). 
ab. aslauya Kirby. 
ab. plumicornis Butl. 
%. B. alcinoe (Stoll.). 


( :'9 ) 

3. B. cafrcnia (Stoll.). 

ab. puncfigcrii ( Walli.'ugr.). 
ab. nnr/am/ia (Westw.). 

4. B. alinda (Drnry). 

5. B. tyrvhcnu (Westw.). 

siibsiJ. catoclirn Karsoh. 

6. B. iriits (Fabv.). 

(syn. : B. cpithijrliiivi IMaass. A:. Wcym. ). 

7. B. melinde Maass. k Wevin. 

8. B.jumesoni Dnioe. 

(syn. : B. sfHiuliinjeri Aiiriv.). 

9. B. eblis Streck. 

10. B. semgalensis (Oliv.) ? 

11. B. jiliaedusft (Dniry). 

12. B. safuniiis (Fabr.). 

13. B. cervina (Westw.)? 

14. B. tricolor sp. nov. 

15. B. nafale/is/s Awriw 
10. A. deopairu Auriv. 

GONIMBEASIA. 
Here G. rkodopJiila (Walk.) is the same as tj. Infcrmiscc.ns (/Walk.) ; so inter- 
miscens sinks into a synonym. 

IMBRA8IA. 

Mr. Kirby enumerates seven species ; of these only two stand, namely /. 
epimetheii (Drnry) and dcyrollei (Thorns.), and the genns works out thns : — 

1. Imbrasia epimethea (Drnry). 

? = ohscura (Bntl.). 

ab. hrhe (!Maass. & ^\■^yin.). 
ab. (lorcits (AValk.). 
ab. crameri Kirby. 
ab. mopsa (Walk.). 

2. 7. (hyrollei (Thorns.). 

I have eigliteen specimens of T. ep'nnethca (Dniry), and tliey show every griuhi- 
tion between the five named aberrations. 

SAGANA. 
I have no notes to give on this genus. 

GUICULA. 

Here C. drepanoides Bloore and zuleilta (Westw.) are aberrations of G. trifer,c- 
stratu (Helf.), which appears thns : — • 

1. Cricula trifenestrata (Helf.). 

ab. drcpanoides Moore, 
ab. zulcika (Westw.). 
subsji. hliriiiiiiiti Swiuhde, 


( 40 ) 


COPAXA. 


C arnobia (Westw.) and its aberration diacrepans (Butl.) are not Copaxas, but 
form the genns CremastochnjsalUs Karsch. 

I have three new species and one snbspecies to describe : — 

Copaxa syntheratoides sp. nov. 

This species has a strong supertii'ial resemblance to the Oriental genns 
Syntherata. 

Forewings: ground colour golden yellow, flushed and patched with rnfous 
orange, strongest round the ocelli and beyond the outer transverse band. Basal 
lialf of costa blackish brown, apical half yrllow. About half an inch from the 
base the wings are crossed by an irregular red transverse line from the costa to 
the inner margin. From the red subapical spot to the inner margin the wings are 
crossed obliquely by a heavy dark reddish brown band. At the apex of the cell is a 
small oblong ocellus with a vitreous centre and a black outer ring. Running up for 
a short way into the wing from the centre of the inner margin and between the two 
transverse bands is an indistinct red line. 

Hitulwiru/s similar, but the transverse band outside the ocellus is replaced by a 
row of seven brown dots. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow. 

Underside similar, but duller, and without tlie brown transverse bars, while 
through the centre of the four wings runs a transverse baud of dull orange. 

Expanse : 5^ inches = 133 mm. 

Ilab. Volcano of Chiriqui, Costa Rica. (In ("oil. Staudinger.) 

Copaxa multifenestrata rufotincta subsp. nov. 
Grotmd colour of basal two-thirds of both fore and hind wings orange rufous, 
:uiter third deep brown ; markings as in C. multifenestrata (Herr.-Schafif.). 
Expanse : 5 inches =127 mm. 
Ilab. Panama. 

Copaxa cineracea sp. nov. 

Forewinqs uniform dark ashv grev, with a small vitreous spot at the apex of the 
cell. 

Uindioings similar, but with an indistinct darker transverse line one-third from 
the base. 

Underside identical with upper. 

Body and head ashy grey. 

Antennae straw yellow. 

Exj)anse : 5 inches = 127 mm. 

Ilab. ? 

Copaxa trimacula sji. nov. 

Forewings clay brown, flushed with jiale reddish in one of my two specimens. 
Beyond the cell are three round vitreous spots, and one-third from the base is an 
indistinct zigzag transverse line. From the apex of the cell to the centre of the 
inner margin runs obliquely a dark transverse line. 


(41 ) 

Hindwings similar iu colour, but with a single vitreous spot onl}-, just bo}-ond 
which is a transverse row of small round clots, and there is also a transverse line 
one-third from the base of the wings. 

Undersiile, head, and hodij jjale brown. 

Exjjanse : 5 J inches = 136 mm. 

Hnb. Central America. 

TAGAROPSIS. 

Here there is nothing to say, except to record T. falcaUi Anriv. and T. denti- 
fera co)ispersa Auriv. 

ORTHOGONIOPTILUM Karsch. 
This genus contains three species : 0. odiegetiun Karsch, monochi-onmm Karseli, 
and kunzei (Dew.). 

SYNTHERATA. 

Here S. wpymeri Maass., S. janetfu (White), S. mekilla (Westw.), and S. 
disjtnicta (Walk.) are all the same species, as I have ever}- intermediate ; so the 
genns works out as follows : — 

1. Syntherata janetta (White). 

ab. melinlla (Westw.). 
ab. disjuncta (Walk.). 
ab. tveymeri Maass.. 

2. S. godeffroyi Butl. 

3. S. loepoides (Butl.). 

Of Syntherata janetta ab. disjuncta I have had two specimens lent me b)' Dr. 
Staudinger, of which the male is from Amboyna and the female from German New 
Guinea, and I have jnst had three females and one male from Simbang, German 
New Guinea. 

I have of S. loepoides (Butl.) two specmiens from Java, and I had one from 
.Mt. Kina Bain, N. Borneo, lent me by Dr. Staudinger. 

ANTHERAEA. 
I separate the African species included iu this genus by Mr. Kirliy luider the 
generic name Nudaurelia. 

NUDAURELIA gen. nov. 
Difters from Antkemea in having long cylindrical larvae with strong sjjines 
arranged in rows and often branched, and naked pupae, the larvae going into the 
ground instead of spinning a cocoon. The perfect insect differs principally in the 
legs : in Antheraea the five joints of the feet are fully developed and flattened 
laterally, the second, third, and fourth joints being together loiu/er than the first ; in 
Nudaurelia, on the other hand, they are cylindrical and only fully developed iu the 
male, the fourth joint in i\xe fetnale being minute and entirely atrophied, and in both 
sexes the second, third, and fourth joints are together shorter than the first joint and 
in some species barely half as long. The abdomen also iu Nudaurelia diflers from 
Antheraea in that in the male it reaches the anal angle of the hindwings and in the 
female beyond it, while iu Antheraea in the male it reaches half- way to the anal 
angle and in the female two-thirds. 


( 42 ) 

In N. arofa (Westw.) tliere oconrs a Ibrni iu ^atal which has the jrvoiind colour 
reddish chestnnt instead of yellow ; this 1 propose to call ab. J'nscu ah. nov. 8iorra 
Leone specimens of the female are much brighter and the pattern more distinct than 
Natal specimens, while Sierra Leone males are paler in colour and the markings 
more restricted. 

Now I come to a much vexed enigma which Mr. Kirby has not solved rightly. 
Professor Aurivillins explained the matter to us jiersoually when he was at Tring a 
short time ago. In the Museum at Upsala are a number of Linnean types, among 
which is the specimen from which Liun^ drew up his description' of Bombijx papliia. 
Now Professor Aurivillins told me that, from the manuscrijits in possession of the 
Museum, it is quite clear that he first drew up his diagnosis from this specimen, and 
then afterwards quoted the two figures mentioned by him, believing them to be 
identical with his species. Therefore it will be seen that the specimen at Upsala is 
the true type of the s]iecies, and as it is idcmtical with Anlhernea rumphi Fold, 
from Amboyna it is certainly not the African Nm/aurcUa Mr. Kirby has identified 
with the Linnean description, and whicli, therefore, must stand as ISudaurelia 
iHone (Fabr.). 

N. anthina (Karsch) is only a subspecies of A^ waldberrji (Boisd.). as is also a 
form from Accra which I propose to call subsp. //ai'fsc«M« subsp. nov., on account 
of its pale yellow colour. 

N. huebneri (Kirby), named after Huebner's drawing, must sink as a synonym 
of jV. belina (Westw.), as 1 Iiave every intermediate, and moreover the drawing was 
clearly done from a faded specimen. 

I have two new Species to describe : — 

Nudaurelia aurantiaca sp. nov. 

Formoings deep ruddy orange ; about one-third from the base they are crossed 
transversely by a double zigzag line from the costa to the inner margin ; on the 
inner side this double l)aud is black, and on tlie onter white. At the apex of the cell 
there is an ocellus, surrounded by a black outer ring, centre vitreous with abroad 
fuscons inner ring. A little beyond the ocellus the wings are crossed by a second 
double transverse band from the costa to the inner margin, but this baud is white on 
the inner side and black on the outer. 

Hiiulwitigs similar to the forewings, but without the transverse band at the base. 
Ocellus very large, and outside the black ring are three more — first a crimson one, 
then a jjink ring, and lastly an outside crimson one. 

Thorax and abdomen deep rufous chestnut. 

Underside similar to npperside, but the basal transverse band is absent in both 
fore and hind wings. 

Expanse : 5 inches = 127 ram. 

Ilab. Songive Valley, Lake Nyassa. 

Nudaiu'elia felderi sp. nov. 

Wings very similar to red varieties of A'', belina (Westw.), but witliout the 
ocellus on the forewings, there being only a small square vitreous s]iot. Another 
difference is the very broad white border to the ocelli of the Iiindwiugs. 

Expanse: 5J inches = 14ii mm. 

Hab. Bogos, Abyssinia. 


( 43 ) 

Of N. mcnippe fWcstw.) I havo a series from Taveta, Clpiitral East Africa, 
which are smoky brown all over instead of dull crimson ; this form I projjose to 
name N. menippefumosa snbsp. nov. 

At present, therefore, the genns Nudaavelia stands as follows : — 

1. Nudaurelia dolubclla (Druce). 

2. N. arahella (Anriv.). 

3. N. arafii (Westw.). 

all. fiiarii ali. nov. 

4. N. emhii (Butl.j. 

.">. xV. dido fMaasR. \-- AVcyni.). 
(1. X. hersilia (Westw.). 
T. N. dioiic Fabr. 

(syn. : N. papliiri Kirliy, iiec Linn.). 
8. y. walilbergl (Boisd.). 

subsp. antliina (Karscli). 

subsp. .^rttesft'ws sub.sp. nov. 
0. N. anna (Maass. & Weym.). 

10. :V'. .?«/,/ (Oberth.j. 

11. N. zadddchi (Dew,). 

12. X. ouliif (Guer.j. 

13. N. heUna (Westw.). 

14. N. mcnijipe (Westw.). 

subsii.yw?//rt.<a subsp. nov. 
1.5. N. 7nacrophtlmlmiis (KAvhy). 
10. N. licharhas (Maass. & Weym.). 

17. N. harcas (Maass. & Weym.). 

18. N. zamhesina (Walk.). 
111. N. tyrrkca (Cram.). 

20. N. stiraha (Boisd.). 

21. N. hoehneli (Rogenli.). 

22. N. aurantiuca sj). nov. 

23. N. felderi sji. nov. 

ANTHERAEA. 

Here Anthcrnen rump/ii Feld. sinks as a synonym of A. paphia (Linn.). 
Linn6's type is in the Museum at Upsala ; it is a male from Amboyna, and agrees 
with riimphi Feld., which is based on a female specimen. The synonymy of this 
species is therefore as follows : — 

Antheraea papliia (Linn.). 
S. jana (.Stoll.). 
? . rinn]dii Feld. 

x\. roylei Moore is only a subspecies of A. permji ((iuer.), and ^4. confacl and 
»herrHlci of Moore are mere aberrations of A. ro>jlei, every intermediate being 
known. A. eingah'sa, Moore is only an aberration of .4. mylitta (I)rnry). A. 
i^ergciilus (Westw.), A. morosa Butl., -4. kazina Butl., A. fentoni Butl., and A. 
calida Butl. are all colour varieties of A. yumamai (Gudr.), but I cannot do otherwise 
than treat them as synonyms only oi A. yamamai,hw,&\\%<i in this species no two 
specimens are exactly alike, either in colour or nnxrking, and if these names wore 
allowed to stand as aberrations we should have to name every specimen. 


( 44 ) 

Antheraeafraterna Moore is an aberration of A./rifht. 

Caligula hel/eri (Moore), C. assamensis (Helf.), aufl C. perrotteti (Gn^r.) are 
not Caligulas at all, but are true Antheraeas, so that the genus stands thus : — 

1. Antheraea assamensis (Helf.). 

2. ^4. Iielferi Moore. 

3. A. perrotteti (Gndr.). 

4. A. papkia (Linn.). 

5. A. andamana Moore. 

6. A. mylitta (Drnry). 

ab. cingalesa Moore. 
T. A. semperi Feld. 

8. A. pernyi (Gu^r.). 

subsp. roylei Moore, 
ab. confuci Moore, 
ab. skervillei Moore. 

9. A. larissa (We.stw.). 
10. A.frithi Moore. 

ab. fraterna Moore. 
11..^. billitonensis Moore. 
\2. A. yamamai (Gndr.). 

13. .4. sciron (Westw.). 

14. xi. pristinaV\»X^. 

CARTHAEA, BATHYPHLEBIA, AND OPODIPHTERA. 

About these genera there is nothing to say. 

CALIGULA. 

Here Caligula japonica Butl. must be reduced to a subspecies of C. simla 
(Westw.), as I have several intermediate specimens both from Sikkim and Japan. 
The genus stands thus : — 

1. Caligula simla (Westw.). 

?i\\)aiT[i. japonica Butl. 

2. G. cachara Moore. 

3. C. helena (White). 

4. C. intermedia (Luc). 

5. C. eucalypti (Scott). 

NEOKIS. 

This genus is a composite one, two of the three species being true Saturnias, 
so that there only remains one species, thus :^ 

Neoris shadulla Moore (type of genus). 

Of the other two, Neoris huttoni Moore is a synonym of Saturnia stoliczkana 
Feld. and Neoris jonasi (Butl.) must stand now as Saturnia jonasi (Butl.). 

RINACA. 
Here Tfinaca extensa Butl. is the same as R. thihctn (Westw.), so the genus 
stands thus : — 

1. Rinaca zuleika (Hope). 

2. R. thibeta (Westw.). 


( 45 ) 

EHODIA. 
Here Rhodia iliana (ObertL.j must be reduced t(.) ;i subsjiecies only of 
R. fugax Butl., as intermediates occur. R. thespis (Leecli), R. royi (Elwes), and 
It. olifacea (01-iertb.) are true Salassa, so tbat the genus is comjjosed as follows : — 

1. Rhodia newara Moore. 

2. Rh. fugax Bntl. 

subsp. diium (Oliertb.). 

3. Rh. jankotvskU (Obertb.). 

4. Rh. dacidi (Oberth.). 

LOEPA. 

Here L. sikkima Moore is merel}- an aberration of L. katinka (Westw.), and 
must sink as a synonym, as in the same liatch of eggs si3ecimens hatch out of every 
shade. Saturnia obertkiiri Leech is a true Loepa ; its/emale is described under the 
name of Loepa doc/nini in the Report of the Chambre de Commerce de Lyon (1894). 
The genus is as follows :— 

L Loepa katinha (Westw.). 

2. L. miranda Moore. 

3. L. oberthiiri (Leech). 

SALASSA. 

Here S. thrspis (Leech), oUvacea (Oberth.), and roi/i (Elwes), which Mr. Kirby, 
for some quite mysterious reason, placed in the genus Rhodia, all belong to this 
genus. S. megastica Swinh. is only a variety of S. thespis (Leech), so the genus 
works out as follows : — 

1. Salassa lola (Westw.). 

2. iS. thespis (Leech). 

ab. megastica Swinh. 

3. »S'. oUcacea (Oberth.). 

4. S. rogi (Elwes). 

GYNANISA. 

In this genus G. /sis (Westw.) is to my mind only a colour aberration of 
G. maia (King). 

I possess a female of Ognanisa cthra Westw. from Manfe, W. Africa, so at 
length the locality of this fine species is cleared up. 

I have one new species to describe : — 

Gynanisa westwoodi sp. nov. 

Difl'ers from G. maia (King) by its extremely falcated fore wings and dingy 
colour. 

Forewi/tgs much narrowed towards the apex and strongly curved or sickle 
shaped, brownish buff powdered with black and grey scales on the basal half; tlie 
transverse line nearest the base is elbowed, but not zigzag as in maia (King). 
Ocellus diamond-shaped, thus A, with a small vitreous dot near the apex, while in 
?iinia (Klug) the ocellus is ovate and with a large vitreous centre. The second 
transverse black band crossing the forewings is contiguous to the ocellus and cpiite 
straight, while in maia (Klug) it is zigzag and well away and separate from the 
ocellus. The third transverse band is reduced to an almost obliterated hairlike 


( ■10 ) 

black Hue, whik' in mnin (Kluy) it is a well-devclopcil donblo black and white band. 
Beyond tliis third transverse baud in irestiroodi there is a very broad pale bnff 
band three-quarters of au inch wide, while iu mala (Klug) it is barely half so wide 
and orange buff jtowdered with black and having a broad chocolate bar running 
down the centre. Outer margin drab grey instead of black brown as iu G. uhiIk (Klug). 

Iliiuhvim/s : these show the same ditfereuces from those of G. main (Klug) as 
do the forewiugs, while the jrapil of the ocellus is black and twice as large as iu 
G. mnia (King). 

E.xpanse : fl inches = irjo mm. 

llab. Taveta, East Africa. 

The synopsis of the genus is as follows : — 

1. Gynanisa main (Klug). 

ab. isis (Westw.). 

2. G. cthra (Westw.). 

3. G. westii'oodi s\>. nov. 

CERANCUIA. 
I have nothing to remark ou this gcuus. 

CIUINA. 

The tyjie of ('. caiia Feld., now iu my collection, is nothing more than a 
small male of C. forda (Westw.) much rubbed and faded, so thai the geuns 
contains only the following single species : — 
1. Ciriwi J'ovda (Westw.). 

UUOTA, TERATOPTEUIS, AND DRACUXl I'TKIJIS. 
1 cannot tiud anything to note about these three genera. 

(EUDELIA =) CERCOPHANA. 

Here E. ru/escens Phil., E. vulpes Butl., E. dapknca Maass. & \\'i'ym., ami 
Cercophana frauenfeldi Feld. are all colour aberrations of /•,". reii'/.sfa (\Valk.), 
while E. aristotcUae (Phil.) is thz female of it. 

1 have a new species to describe which suj)erficially resembles the Lipariil 
genus Ort/i/ia rather than one of the Sattiniidac : — 

Cercophaua mirabilis sji. nov. 

The most obvious differences whicli separate this species at a glance from any 
of the varieties of E. venusta (Walk.) are its small size (barely half that of ccnmtn), 
strongly dentated margins to all wings, and absolutely tailless hindwings iu both 
sexes. 

Male. — Foreioirujs deep rufous chocolate, a large round white spot situated 
at apex of cell, lieyond which is a transverse bar of darker chocolate. 

Hiud/ri/iffs orange yellow, with the outer third reddish chocolate, and a 
central narrow transverse band of the same colour. 

Underside similar, but all the colours and markings uu)re mixed and indistinct. 

Female. — Foreivings reddish grey, with a dull yellow round spot at the apex 
of the cell, between which and the liase of the wing are two indistinct red 
transverse lines, and beyond the cell again are two broader and more distinct ones. 


(47 ) 

Hindwiiigs reddish grey, more brown towards the marghis, and crosscil by 
two very indistinct transverse lines. 
Underside identical. 

Expanse : <?, 1| inches = 38 mm. ; ? , 2 inches — .51 mm. 
Hab. Chili. (In Coll. Staudinger.) 
The genus therefore is reduced to the following : — 

1. Cercopliami venusta (Walk.). 

ab. rafescens (Phil.). 

ab. sidpes (Butl.). 

ab. daphnea (Maass. & Weym.). 

^.frauenj'eldi Feld. 

2. C. mirahilis sp. uov. 

ACTIAS. 

The genns Tropaca HUbu. was established after 181ij, while Act/as was set up 
by Leech in the year 1815. Mr. Kirby keeps them separate, but I cannot find any 
characters to define them as two separate genera ; moreover, Mr. Kirby has placed 
several subspecies of Aclias gelene (Hilbn.) in Tropaea, while he places A. sekne 
(Hiibn.) itself in Actias. Therefore I think that all species mnst be united under 
the genus Actias, which then stands as follows : — 

1. Actias isabellae (Graells). 

2. A. sinensis (Walk.). 

3. A. luna (Linn.). 

ab. azteea Pack, 
ab. rossi Ross, 
subsp. dictynna (Walk.). 

4. A. selcne (Hiibn.). 

subsp. ningpoamx Feld. 

ab. maasseni (Kirby). 
subsp. artemis (Brem.). 

ab. (jnoma, (Butl.). 

ab. dalciiiea (Butl.). 

ab. aliena (Butl.). 

ARGEMA. 

A. leto (Doubl.) is the male oi A. moenas (Doubl.), and was described a year 
later, so must sink ; the genus therefore cousLsts, as follows, of four species : — 

1. Argema mimosae (Boisd.). 

2. .1. mittrei (Guer.). 

3. A. moenas (Doubl.). 

4. A. ignescens Moore. 

EUDAEMONIA. 

E. brachyura (Drury) at Sierra Leone is very constant, of a bufly rose tint, and 
about 3 inches to 3J inches across the forewiugs. Round Cape Coast Castle, on the 
other hand, the males very seldom expand more than 2^ inches, have very long tails, 
and vary in tint from ashy grey to bright yellow and salnion rose. This race may 
prove distinct enough to be named, but of my five specimens no two are alike, so 1 


( 48 ) 

prefer uot to describe it at preseut. 1 must add that, altliongh taken from tlie tn>e- 
specimen, all three figures of E. argijjfiontes Kirby are very diifereut, and all uulike 
the insect. 

1. Eiukieinonia bnwkyura (Drury). 

2. E. argiphontes Kirby. 

COPIOPTERYX. 

Here C. phoenix (Deyr.) is \;h^ female of C. aemiramis (Cram.) ; therefore there 
are only three species of the genus. 

DYSDAEMONIA. 

In this genns D. aristor (Feld.) is only a dark and rubbed female of D. boreal 
(Cram.). 

A great amonnt of variation is shown in D. tamerlan Maass. both in sizp and 
tint, which latter varies from warm grey to chestnut. 

TITAEA AND LOXOLOMIA. 
I have nothing to remark except that, if 1 am uot mistaken, no second specimen 
has ever been recorded of Loxolomia serpentina Maass. 

ARSENURA. 

In this genus A. kercules(Walk.) is the male oi sylla (Cram.). I have one new 
species to describe : — 

Arseniira ponderosa sp. uov. 

This curious species is t|U!te uulike any other of the genus. 

Forewings : ground colour clay colour washed with yellowish buff. Wings 
crossed oblic|uely from the apex to near the base of the inner margin by a broad 
blackish brown line, which is wavy and less conspicuous in the apical half. This 
line runs parallel with the costa, and uot at an angle with it as usual. Within the 
cell is a half-moon-shaped broad but indistinct line, and a narrower but more 
irregular one at the apex of cell. The outer half of both wings is crossed by two 
transverse and parallel liroad lines. The outer one bears on the forewings four buff 
patches, of which the anterior one in front of the upper median nervule is much the 
largest and almost s(^uare. The space between these two lines is narrower than 
between the outer one and the margin, and is decidedly yellower. 

lliiuhmmjti similar to forewings, but the outer line is double, gradually merging 
into one towards the anal angle, where it exhibits a yellow patch. 

Head and colhir brown, with a white mark between the antennae. 

Thorax and abdomen pale butf. 

Undenide pale buff, the oblique band on forewings wanting, and the two 
transverse bands much less distinct, the outer oue nearer margin, and dissolved into 
blackish and ruddy spots at the nervules. On the hindwings at the apex of cell is 
a small brown ring with a central sjiot. 

Expanse : >>'5 inches = 215 mm. 

Hab. Chuchuras, East Fern. (In Coll. Dr. Standinger.) 

OXYTENIS. 

Here I have two new species, but cannot describe them, as I have not enough 
material of other Kj)ecies to compare. 


( 49) 

PSEUDAPHELIA. 

There i.s nothing tu be noted liere. 

HENIOOHA. 

Under this head H. pyrctoruiii (Westw.) and //. cidoaa (Moore) are synonynions 
and will stand as ;S'. pyretoriun Westw., which is a true S'ltunua, and not a Hntiocha 
at all, while H. terjisichorina (Westw.) is synonymous with Usta wallinujn'ni (Feld.). 
It is jirobable that H. bioculata Auriv. is the same as H. marnois (Rogenh.), but 
until I can compare H. marnois (Rogenh.) with Aurivillius' type, I caimot unite 
them. I have male&m\ female oi H. marnois (Rogenh.) from Lake Victoria Nyanza. 
//. jlarida (Butl.) is only a colour aberration of //. apoUonia. (Cram.). I have 
specimens identical with Mr. Butler's form, but having the ground colour white or 
cream instead of sulphur yellow. The genus works out as follows : — 

I. Hrniocha apollonia (Cram.). 

ah. Jfaoida (Butl.). 
'Z. H. bioculata Auriv. 

3. H. marnois (Rogenh.). 

4. H. dyops (Maass. & Weym.). 

o. //. (erpsichore (Maass. k Weym.). 

SATURNIA. 

Grand confusion reigns here. S. Imttoni (Moore) is only a synonym of 
S. stoliczkana Feld., while S. schenki Stand, is only a slight subspecies of it. Neoris 
jonasi (Butl.) is a true Saturnia, near S. boisduvali Eversm., but certainly not 
identical with it, nor, as J. H. Leech asserts, is it a variety of it. S. knnzei Dew. 
is not a Saturnia, but the third sjjecies of the genus OrthogonioptiluM Karsch. 
i5. hockingi Moore is a slightly darker north western form of S. lindia Moore. 
S. numida Aust. is an aberration of <S'. atlaiitica Luc. ; I have four specimens inter- 
mediate between the two. The following is the synopsis of the genus: — 
L Saturnia jJavonia-major (Linn.). 

2. S. ailantica Luc. 

ab. nianida Aust. 

3. S. pyretorum AVestw. 

4. 6'. spini (Den. & Schitf.). 

subsj). crphalariac Christoph. 
6. S. stoliczkana Feld. 

siibsp. schenki Stand, 
(i. iS. hoisduvali Eversm. 
T. 8. jonasi (Butl.) 

8. S. pawnia-minor (Linn.j. 

9. S. anna Moore. 
10. S. lindia Moore. 

sid>sp. Iiocldnjji Moore. 

II. S.grotei Moore. 
1 2. S. bieti Oberth. 
lo. S. medea Maass. 
14. S. ijalbina Clem. 

4 


( -50) 


USTA. 

Henioclia tcrpsicJiOrina (Westw.) is the same as Usta loallengreni (Fekl.). 1 
Lave a new species to describe : — 

Usta angTilata sji. nov. 

Differs fmui U. ical/r)i(/ri'ni (Feld. ) in two very apjjarent i)articulars : firstly, the 
transverse angulated submarginal band iu U. ical/('ii</n;>u (Feld.) is convex, follows 
the outline of the wings, and its angulations are the same size tlironghont, while in 
anyulata the band is quite zigzag and the lower angulations arc quite three times 
the size of the upper ; secondly, the ocelli arc nmch larger, and the fulvous centre 
is reduced to a narrow ring. 

Expanse: 3i inches = 88 mm. 

Ilab. Mombasa. 

MICRATTACUS. 

Micrattacus bulaea Maass. & Weym. is a true Automeris, and has nothing 
to do with the present genus, which only contains two species : — 
1 . Micrattacus nanus AValk. 
".'. ^^. tiolascens Maass. & Weym. 

HENUCHA. 

11. kaiimll Feld. is not a Henucha, but a Ludia, so the synopsis of the genus 
is thus : — 

J. Henucha grimmia (Geyer). 
2. H. (leivitzi (Maass. & Weym.). 

LUDIA. 

This genus has four species, as below : — 

1. Ludia delegorytiei (Boisd.). 

2. L. hansali Feld. 
;>. //. obsoirn Auriv. 

4. L. dentata (IIam])s.). 

BOLOCEKA. 

Two species only go to form this genus : — 

1. Boloccra smilax (Westw.). 

2. B. anyulata Auriv. 

MICUAGUNE. 
One species :— 

1. Micrayone ayathijlla (Westw.). 
1 have a single specimen of this extremely rare insect. 


( 51 ) 


CYRTAGONE Auriv. 

1. CijrUujone cann Anriv. 

Tins may turn out to be the male (if Mirragonc (u/dtlii/Un (Westw.). 

CALOSATURNIA, OXYLOTHRIX, AND TERISOMENA. 

None of these sjenera require any remarks. 

EOCHROA. 

/','. (Jido Maass. k AVeym. is a true Xui/iuin-lid, so the solitary species is as 
follows : — 

I. Eocltroa trhnnii Fehl. 

1 give liere the list of types in the Triug Mnseuii] : — 

Coscinocera hei'cides ab. hutleri Rothseh. 
Attacus lorquini Feld. 

„ crameri Feld. 

,, (lolierti/i Rothseli. 

,, riiirantiaca Rothseh. 
siityrus Feld. 

,, hopfferi Feld. 
Pliilosamiu vmlhen (Feld.). 
Btinaea tricolor Rothseh. 
Cop(rxa plenltcri Feld. = G. lareridera (Westw.). 

„ multijenestrdta rufotincta Kothsch. 

„ cineracea Rothseh. 

„ trimacula Rothseh. 
Thyella zambfsia FeM. = Ninhdirdia zamhrsi lui (Walk. ). 
Nudaurelia aurantiaca Rothseh. 
„ felderi Rothseh. 

„ arata ah. fiisca Rothseh. 

,, wa/dherr///hi-rsa'ng Rothseli. 

„ menippc famoMi Rothseh. 

Antheraea rumphi Feld. = .1. pdpliiti (Linn). 

„ aemperi Felii. 
Bathypldchin aijUa Feld. 
(hjnanisa wcxfirnodi Rothseh. 
Cerancliia mollis Butl. 
Cii-ina cana Feld. = C.forda (Westw.). 
Dysdnemonin aristor (Feld.) = 1). horcdH (f'rani."*. 
Arsenitrn batesi (Feld.). 
Usta icallenyreni (Feld.). 

„ anyulata Rothseh. 
Jjiidia havMili Feld. 
Fochrod triineiii Feld. 


( 51> ) 


ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF ANTELOPES. 

By the HON. WALTER ROTHSCH II.D. 

(Plate IV.) 

1. Cobus peuricei sp. nov. 
(I'lato IV., tig. 1.) 

AT once distiugnishable from its allies, Cohus cllipniprijmniis, C. (h-frtssa* and 
('. iawf>wsi/s, hy its intensely blackish colour. The muz/.je is whitish, the 
face black, interspersed with rufons hairs between the horns. The usual white strij)e 
passes from in front and over the eye to the base of the horns. Ears outside rufons 
brown, with blackish tips and edges, inside white. Sides of face, neck, and body deep 
brownish black, jdcntifully interspersed with reddisii brown hairs, all of them being 
white at base, which gives the animal a colonr that in a horse is called  blue-roan." 
This latter colour is more conspicuous ou the belly, where the hairs are longer, but 
ranch less on the legs and hind half of the back, which parts are almost nuiform 
brownish black. Tail black above, wliite below. There is a large jiatch of white on 
the upper throat. 

The hornless /<;/««/(; is similar in colonr, but the ears are less rufons and more 
brown. 

Tlie horns are much shorter than those of its three allies, and stouter in ]iro- 
jiorlion. Their rings are closer together than on the horns of ('. cllijisipri/mnu-.i 
and C. dt'fass (, but in their thickness and depth come nearest to those of C. dqfassa. 
Th<' sknll is mnch narrower behind the horns than in C. defassa, as is also the nasal. 

Front legs (in skin), 10 inches ; hind legs, 22 ; ears, 8i inches ; horns along the 
curve iu three bulls, 10, 24i, and 28 inches. 

These new Waterbucks were shot by Mr. Penrice near a j)lace known as Bongo, 
on the banks of the Kuvali River, about one hundred miles .south-east of Benguella 
and about fifty miles from Caconda. Mr. Penrice writes in a letter to Mr. liowland 
Ward: "These antelopes have no white mark over the rump, the only whitish 
colour being on the belly. They are pretty numerous at the locality named above, 
but they are not found nearer the coast. They have a strong smell, and 1 have often 
smelt them before sighting them. The cows have no horns, and as a rule bulls 
and cows arc found in separate troops. The flesh is good (o eat. The Boers call 
them ' Kringhart,' the same name they give to the waterbnck iu the Transvaal." 

Type of male and fe/nale in my Museum at Tring. The plate represents the 
head of the new species and liorns of C. i'//i/).i/jj>-i/mniis and C. dr/assa to show the 
])osition of the rings. 

The species is named in hnuour of its discoverer. 

• The name must be spelt dr/assA, and not defa<»\]», ns drfaua h ft u.itivc name, It is, lioiyeTCr, spelt 
{lefmsus in sivcral book!!, niid .also on the plate, by mistake. 


. O VITAT E S ^ O 01. GI CySr 


i J'.f^ulKini.r.;-. del ot 


Mtr\te.m Bro3 . i:ivp 


( ^- ) 


2. Cervicapra chauleri sji. nov. 

Tliis new species belongs to tlie group of tlie smaller species of Cerrirnprn, and 
is nearest to C. hohor, but much the smallest of the genus. Perhaps the most 
striking difference to the ordinary observer is the central black stripe ruuniug from 
the nose to between the eyes. Head and neck generally orange butf, as in C. bohor; 
back, sides of body, upper side of tail, and outer sides of limbs warm bufify grey, 
instead of being of the same colour as the neck, as in C. bohor and ('. redunca. 
Belly, underside of tail, and inside of limbs down to the knees white. Just below 
the knee in front is a dark brown patch. The ears seem to be longer and narrower 
in proportion than those of C. bohor \ they are sparingly covered on the outside 
with short hair of the colour of the neck, and inside thickly lined with long white 
hair. The horns are very much smaller and thinner than those of C. bohor, and 
much more so, of course, than those of C. reilawa, both of which are much more 
curved forward. The rings on the horns project much more and are much sharper 
than in my specimens of C. bohor and C redunca, and are also much more regular. 
They an' five in number, besides the basal ring. 

The skull is in all its proportions much smaller than that of ('. h<lior, \n\\ the 
jialatine is, if anj'thiug, longer than in C. bohor. 

Height about 30 inches; hoofs on the bottom line, li inch ; forelegs, 2U ; tail, 
about 0; ears, 6^; horns along the curve, nearly (i. 

The species is named after Mr. Astor (.'hanler. It was first noticed to differ 
from its allies by Mr. Rowland Ward, who possesses a flat skin without legs and 
horns, and he pointed it out to Mr. Astor Chanler, who then procured the type- 
specimen. The locality, as given to Mr. Ward by Mr. Astor Chanler, is ".Jahubogne 
Range," Central East Africa, six luuulred miles inland, but I am nnable to find it 
on my maps. 

The type, an adult male, will be placed in the Smithsonian Insfitntion. 
Washington. 


( •^4) 

NOTE OX THE LOXOFS OF OAHU. 
By the HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD. 

WHEN H. Palmer sent me a sjiecimen of a Loxops from Oahii I named it 
Loxops wohtenholmei (Ihis, 1 .sOI5,i)!ige oTO), thus distinguishing it from 
L. wr«»m of the island of Hawaii. In doing so I was right, as specimens from 
Oahu, colleoted t)}' Deppe, in the Museums of Berlin and of (xraf Berlepsch, whicli 
were examined by Mr. Hartert and myself, undoubtedly show. However, I was 
misled by Mr. Scott B. Wilson (Ares Hawfiiienses, Part I., ls9U) to believe that 
no red Loxops were found on Oahu, and that all the specific names belonged to the 
Hawaii form. After having examined the types of Bloxam's Fringilla rufa in the 
British Museum, and those collected during the voyage of the Sulphur (wliich most 
probably came from Oahn, as seen from the account of the voyage), 1 found that tliey 
all belonged to the Oahu species, and therefore the name of Loxops rufa (Blox.) 
must, I am sorry to say, stand for the Oahu bird, and my L. icolstenholnm is a 
synonym, while we may accept L. cocehiea (Gm.) for the Hawaii species. 

Tins will be more exjjlicitly explained in tlie third part of my work on the 
liirds of the Sandwich Islands. 

It is cnrions that none of the recent authors ("see Sharpe, Wilson, Gadow) 
mentioned the curious bUl of Loxops, in whicli tlie mandible is turned towards 
the side, as if to cross the maxilla, a character already expressed in the very 
name of the genus. 


FURTHEE NOTES ON THE HOUBARA BUSTARD. 

Bv THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD and ERNST HARTERT. 

SINCE writing on the differences of the Houbara bustards from Tunis and 
Fuertaventura (Novitates Zoologicae, I., p. 689) we have seen additional 
birds which prove that our ideas of their differences are quite right, and that they 
really differ a great deal in the shade of colour and markings, but that tlie number 
of the bands across the tail is quite tariabli', and must therefore be left out of 
consideration, though nevertheless they are apparently broader in the Fuertaventura 
bird, and there is more blackish mottling between the dark bars. 

Mr. Mcade-Waldo told Mr. Hartert that these bustards are sometimes seen to 
cross over the sea from the Morocco coast to the island of Fuertaventura, and 
therefore our Houbara fuertaventurae must also inhabit parts of Morocco, a country 
which is as yet ornithologically very little known. It is also found in Lanzarote. 


( jo ) 

ON SOME BIKDS FROM THE CONGO REGION. 

By ERNST HARTEET. 

1. Lophoceros granti sp. imv. 

AMONG some birds collected on the Annviini l»ivui- liy Mr. W. I'xmuy, of the 
notorious Rear-Colunui of Stanley's Emin Fasha Relief Expedition, I found 
a little Hornbill which did not agree with any description or figure, and which, on 
comparing it with its nearest ally, Lophoceros hartlaubi (Gould), in the British 
Museum, i)roved to belong to an undescribed species. 
It may be diagnosed as follows : — 

Lophoceros ex affinitate specie! L. luuilaahi dictae, eadeiu furnui eandue et 
maguitudiue, sed differt remigibus primaries et tectricibus alarum omnibus albo- 
macnlatis, maxilla pro maxima parte rubra. 
Huh. Aruwimi Kiver, Congo. 

The undoubtedly perfectly adult bird has the maxilla deep red, except a streak 
towards the base along the cutting edge, which is blackish ; the mandible blackish, 
deep red towards the tip. In L. hartlaubi the bill is blackish, and only the tip is 
crimson. Feathers of the head blackish, a greyish white superciliary stripe from 
the lores to the nape. Feathers of the neck blackish, edged with pale grey. Back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy black. Primaries black, the third to the sixth 
with a white spot on the outer web ; the secondaries outwardly narrowly edged with 
white, and the last ones with a white spot near the tip of the outer web. Wing- 
coverts black, with a slight metallic gloss, spotted with white near the tips. Under 
wing-coverts dirty white, the bare bases of the shafts of the wing-qnills white. 
Under parts ashy, dirty whitish along the middle and on the under tail-coverts. 
TaO black, the two (inter pairs tijjped with white, the third [lair obsoletely ; shafts 
of rectrices blackish above, whitish below. The outer pair of rectrices is more than 
an inch shorter than the central jjair, as is the case in L. hartlaubi, but in none of the 
other species of Lophoceros. 

Total length about 15 inches : culmen, measured over the ridge, 2-5 ; bill, from 
gape to tip, 2'3; wing, 6-1 ; tail, 6-4 ; tarsus, 1. 

Form of bill the same as in L. hartlaubi. In L. hartlaubi no white spots are 
present on the wing-coverts of the adult bird, and the young bird has some white 
tips to the greater coverts only, while the bill of such immature birds is uniform 
blackish. 

1 have named the bird in honour of Mr. W. K. Ogilvic Grant, who described 
the Bticerotidae in the Cat. Birds B. J/., vol. xvii. 

L. hartlaubi (Gould) is only known from Liberia* and the Gold Coast. 
Reichenow, Jonrn. f. Orn., 1877, p. 18 (not quoted in Cat. B.), quotes it from the 
Loango coast, but as his bii'd was a pullus there seems little doubt that it does 
not belong to the northern L. kirtlaubi, but possibly to my new species. 

This l)ird may be said to bear the? same relation to L. hartloAibi as L.jocksoni 
Grant bears to L. deckeni. 

* Jjultikofer. Sotti Lfjihn Mitsntm. VI. (^iiot IV., as quotctl iu Cut. B., xvii.). p. 20l> ^1885). 


( 56 ) 


■-'. Onycoguathus intermedius sp. uov. 

In May last the Tring Mnsenm received some skins from the Congo wliicli wore 
i'i)llected by the Kev. F. O. Harrisou, and among them was an Onycognathas, which 
stands in size midway between tlie two known species of the genns — i.e. 0. ful(ji<las 
Hartl. and 0. liarthnibi Gray. While the wings of 0. fulgidtis measure fully 
fV4 inches, the tail 6-8, the cnlmeu !■•"), and while the same measurements of 
U. hartlaubi (as given by Sharpe, Cat. B., xiii., p. l(5fi) are : wing, 4-6 ; tail, 4-5 ; 
(iilmen, ]•!, my specimen measures : wing, 5'3 : tail, TrS ; cnlmen, 1'4 ; tarsus, 1-1. 
In colour 0. harthmhi liardly differs percejitibly from 0. Jtdgidus, nor does my 
(J. intermedius, but the colour of the neck of the latter is somewhat more of the 
rather bluish purple of 0. hartlaubi. Above and below the colour is a metallic 
glossy purple, the head and neck greenish bluish purple ; tlie wing-(|uills are 
chestnut blackish towards the tip. The type-specimen is a male, and was shot at 
Lukolele on the Congo. The iris was scarlet. A second specimen, from Yambnya 
on the Aruwimi River, collected by the late Mr. J. S. Jameson, and recorded as 
0. hartlaubi by Cajriain Shelley in Ibis, 189(1, p. 164, and in Stor^/ of the I'rar- 
Coluntn, p. 421, and in which the wing measures o-l, the tail Ti-.j, would also belong 
to 0. ititermedius. 

We should thus have the case of three species forming one genus all of which 
are distinguished in size only, but they really seem to belong to three different 
forms, though it is quite possilile that additional materials from the adjoining 
countries may contain transitional forms, and that therefore 0. intermedius would 
deserve snbspecific rank rather than specific, and this I believe so much more as 
a specimen from the Xiam-Niam country seems larger tlian 0. hartlaubi, on an 
average. 

Owjcognathus J ulgidus inhabits the island of St. Thomas, 

0. hartlaubi is found along the West Coast to Niam-Niam, and 

0. intermedins is a form of the Congo Basin. 

3. Chaetura cassini Sd. 

Two sjiecimens of this rare Swift an- among the birds from the Arnwinii Kiver, 
from whence it was previously recorded by Shelley, Ibis, 18'J0, p. 168. 

In comparing my description of this species in Cat. B., xvi., p. 488, I am sorry 
to detect a very misleading error, probably a penslij) or misprint, for instead of 
" sides of body and under TAiL-coverts Idackish " it should be " sides of body and 
under wiNG-coverts blackish." Although the words standing just above, " remainder 
of under surface white," might suggest the error, it might easily cause mis- 
understandings. 


( 57 ) 


ON MIGBOPUS AFFINIS (Gkay & Hakdw.). 
By ERNST HARTI^r.T. 

DR. EEICHENOW has* described some Swifts from Tunis as Mici-opu.'i 
koenigi sp. nov., for they were first discovered in Tnuis bj' our friend 
Professor Koenig, as (hily recorded by him in the Journ.f. Orn., 1892, pp. 361-364, 
and by me in the Cat. B., xvi., p. 455, under the name of Micropiis affinis. 

Fortunately the Tring Museum possesses two fine specimens, collected by Herr 
8]iatz on the Djebel el Bleda in Tunis, and on comjiaring these again t with typical 
si)t'cimens of the so-called Cypsehis galilejoigi.i from Palestine, they proved to be 
qiiite identical. It is known that these birds from Palestine diifer from those from 
many other places, and especially from those from West Africa, by a much lighter 
and whiter forehead, by the more extended white colour on the throat and paler 
wings, and therefore they were described and figured in Nanmn/niia, 1855, p. 307, 
PI. v., and were also kept specifically separate by Canon Tristram (li/'s, 1864, p. 231 ; 
1865, p. 70; F. Z. S., 1804, p. 431, etc.). 

Dr. Reichenow lias apparently not taken the tronble to comjJare the descriptions 
and figures of ^^. gaUlejensis or my remarks in Cat. B., xvi., pp. 454, 45.5, or 
he would have found out that the Tunisian birds belonged to 31. (/alile- 
jensis, and required no new name. Instead of thus going deeper into the question 
Dr. Keichenow compared the Tunisian birds merely with some specimens from 
tropical Africa in the Berlin Museum {Orn. ifonatsber., p. 192), and stated that they 
diftered " constantly and very considerably," and must bo distinguished not only 
subspecifically, but as a distinct species. This latter statement surprises me, as it 
seems to me that he again did not read my remarks in the Catalogue of Birds, or 
I should think he would have been a little more careful. When I wrote the list 
of the Swifts in the Catalogue of Birds., vol. xvi., I had (as the list, pp. 455, 450, 
shows) before me ninety-eight specimens of M. affinis, besides the material in the 
collections of Canon Tristram, Messrs. Seebohm, Dresser, and Professor Koenig, and 
it seems rather cool not to refer with one word to the results I gained out of this 
material, with which that used by Dr. Keichenow cannot be compared, especially as 
I am not supposed to belong to the " lumping " party of ornithologists, but rather 
to the " splitting " one. I said (^.c.) thus : '' This species varies very much in the 
shade of coloration and in size, but these variations do not seem to be restricted to 
certain localises. In the large series before me I can only notice that birds from 
Cci/lon, Sikkiiii, and some from Western Africa are darker and liave the tails 
rather longer. The birds from Palestine have very light tails, like many African 
specimens that are not from the West Coast. The birds from Palestine show a great 
extension of the ivhite on the throat and a eery light forehead. They are named 
galilejensis, and may be regarded as a local race, but cannot be ilistinguished from 
several specimens from other localities. Perhaps the darkness and lightness of 
colour is due to the amount of rainfall in their respective countries, as is the case in 

• On. MoiMtsbcr., 1894, p. 192. 

t I had soon the Tunisian birds often before. 


( 58 ) 

several other birds. This species is recorded hy all observers to be a statinuary bird 
all the year round." It is true that these remarks are very short and abrn])t, but 
long explanations and deductions are not allowed in the Catalogue of Birds, which, 
as its name says, is a " Catalogue," and is meant to contain the results only of the 
study of the material before the respective authors — a very wise plan indeed, as 
otherwise the great work would have become much more bulky, and we might long 
have despaired of ever seeing the end of the seiies of volumes, which as it is are no 
doubt the most useful of all to systematic oruitholoirists. 

The question now remains whether it is advisable to keep the Micropus (jalih;- 
jensis as a subspecies of M. a//iiiis. My remarks clearly show that I was not quite 
nninclined to do so, but after all did not do it. I may explain that the galilejemis 
form reaches from Palestine and Tunis over a great i)art of India — that is to say, the 
Punjab, Kajputana, Sindh, and the great plains of Northern India — while also those 
from North-East Africa are rather pale, though not so much perhaps as Palestine 
birds. It may be observed that all these countries are more or less such with a 
drier climate, and mostly desert-like. Then we find the dark birds in West Africa, 
in the damp climate of ("pylon, and in the ecinally damp and hot forest-clad mountains 
of Sikkim in the flimalayas; but it will be found tliat many specimens cannot with 
any certainty be assigned to one or the other form without knowing from where they 
came. If under these circumstances any one should keep M. galilejcnsis as a sub- 
species M. ajfinis galilejensis (Antin.), he cannot be much blamed; but the distribu- 
tion of that supposed subspecies would be from Palestine throughout the drier parts 
of India, North-East Africa, and Tunis, while the dark form — i.e. Micropus ajfinis 
proper — would occur in more wooded countries with a greater amount of rainfall, as 
tropical Africa (West Coast), Sikkim, Ceylon, etc. This is not senseless, but it is 
perhaps just as little wrong or better to refer them all to one sijecies, as has been 
done by most ornithologists, such as Salvadori {Ann. Mus. Civ., xxix., p. 551, 1890, 
where a specimen is mentioned as shot in Italy, probably also of the galilejensis 
form), Dresser, and others. Dresser, however, gives a figure which he says is taken 
from a Palestine bird, but which shows nothing of the characteristics of the 
Palestine bird, being almost as dark as a Gaboon bird. Tliere is also a bad 
synonymy added to Dresser's article in the Birds of Europe (vol. iv., p. 591), for he 
includes in it M. streubeli (Hart!.), which I consider a small nortliern subspecies of 
M. caff'er, and M. suhfureatus, which is the eastern form of M. affmis. Its tail is 
more furcated, it is blacker than the darkest .¥. ajfinis and larger, and rej)laces 
M. affmis in China, Cochin China, Siam, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, the Malay 
Peninsula, Tenasserim, Burma, and Cachar. If any one considers M. sub/'urcatus 
merely a subspecies of J/, affmis he is not far wrong, but I think it can well be kept 
as a good species. 


NOVITATES ZoOLOGIC>E.Voi.. 11.1895. 


Pl.V. 


ASTRAPIA SPLENDIDISSIMA rothsch. 


NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, 


Vol. II. JUNE, 1895. No. 2. 


A NEW BIRD OF PARADISE. 

By the HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD. 

(Plate V.) 

Astrapia splendidissima sp. no\-. 

Adult Male. — Head, sides of the head, OL-ciput, and hind-iieck lirilliant metallic 
golden green, the feathers of the occiput bright blue, narrowly edged with the 
golden green. Back shining velvety purple ; rump and upper tail-coverts .sootv 
black. Chin and throat liluish green with an oily gloss. Between the throat and 
ear-coverts is a narrow line of fiery crimson, running down into the crimson patch 
on the upper breast. Feathers of the lower neck greenish pui"ple, edged with 
crimson in a certain light, and followed by a broad semicircular patch of deep 
fiery crimson. Breast and abdomen dark metallic green, with an olive oilv gloss, 
as on the abdomen of Astrapia nigra. On the sides of the breast under the 
wing are some broad scaly gi-een feathers, edged with copper. Thighs and under 
tail-coverts sooty black. Wings and upper wing-coverts sooty black, shghtly glossed 
with purple. L'nder wing-coverts like the back. Two outer pairs of rectrices black 
with the utmost base white ; third pair with a large white basal spot; fourth pair 
with nearly the basal third white; fifth pair white for two-thirds, the tip black. 
The apical portion of the central })air of tail-feathers is unfortunately shot away; 
the remaining part is white, and we may well suppose that they are likewise broadlv 
tipped with black. Bill and legs (in skin) blackish brown. 

t'ulmen Vo.o inch ( = o9'3 mm.) ; wing d'2;3 inches (= 133'.imm.) ; tarsus 1'5 incli 
(= 38 mm.) ; the proportional length and gradual increase in length of the rectrice.s 
is the same as in Astrapia nigra, the outermost pair being shortest, i.e. 2'9 inches 
(= 73-5 mm.), the second ]iairfroni the central (tlie fifth) being 6'8 inches( = 173 mm.) 
long. Judging from the thickness of the shafts of the central pair, as well as from 
the gradual increase of the rest and from the similarly constructed tail of Astrapia, 
nigra, we may suppose that the central tail-feathers are about 9 or 10 inches long. 

The type is in my Museum at 'I'ring. It was found among a number of 
pluraassiers' trade-skins, said to have come from the foot of the Charles Louis 
Mountains in Dutch New (iuinea. 

On comparison with Astrapia nigra some of the structural characters show 
important differences. Tlie feathers covering part of the nostrils are a little shorter 
than in ,1. nigra. 'Ihe large tufts behind the ear-coverts of A. nigra are very 
much smaller, in Fact barely indicated, in A. splendidissima, and not different in 

C 


( «<' ) 

colour from the liiiid-neck. The sjileiidid pectoral baiul is nuuli broader and more 
liatch-like, the feathers above it less velvety. The scaly feathers on the sides of 
the breast do not extend so far down as in A. nigra. The beak of the new species 
is actually larger than that of the much bigger Astrapia nigra. 

These differences however, in my opinion, certainly do not warrant the erection 
of a new genus; for, though some are considerably modified, all the structural 
characters of the genus Astrapia are present and distinctly visible in my new bird. 


EINE NEUE XENOCICELA. 

Von ANTON REICIIENOW. 

HERR HARTERT sandte mir mehrere als Crinifjer simplex bezeichnete 
Exem))lare einer Xenocichln, die ihm von X simplex aus anderen Gegendon 
abzuweichen schienen. Ich fand diese Vermuthung bestiitigt, und gebe auf Herrn 
Ihirtert's Wunscli, im folsrendeu die Diagnose der neuen, nacli ilim lionannten, Art. 

Xenocichla harterti sp. nov. 

A', siniplici similis, sed notaeo multo obscuriore (olivascente-fusco, uropygio 
ijauUum rufescente, pileo obscurius tincto, loris nigricantilms) ; subalaribus et 
remiguin marginibus interioribus rufis nee ochraceo-luteis ; subcaudalibus tibiisque 
sicut rectricum limbis interioribus fulvis, nee fulvescente-albis ; hypochondriis 
olivaceo-brunneis, plus minusve rufescentibus, nee olivaceo-griseis ; gula alba 
praepectore olivaceo-griseo, abdomine medio flavescente-albo (his partihus ut in 
X. simplici tinctis); rostro nigi-o. Long. tot. c. 200 mm.; al. im. 102-107; 
cand. 100; rostr. a. fr. 19, 20; tars. 24, 25. 

Typus im Tring Museum. E.xemjilai'e audi in Leiden und Berlin. 

Hah. Siidliche Theile von SieiTa Leone (Sulymali River) und nordliclies 
Lilieria (Robertsport, Grand Cape Mount). 

Auf diese Art beziehen sich folgende Biicherstellen : Crinigw simplex Biittik. 
(nee Hartl.), Notes Leyden Museum, xii., p. 203 (Robert s) jort) ; op. oil., xiv., ]>. 22 
(Sulymah River); wahrseheinlich audi op. cit., x., p. 80 (.lunk River). 


( <il ) 


SOME NEW AND OTHER RAEE BIRDS FROM FERGUSSON 

ISLAND. 

By ERNST HAETERT. 

MR. ALBERT MEEK, an industrious young collector, sent a number of bird- 
skins from P'ergusson Island, D'Entrecasfeaux Group, the home of 
Parcidisea decora. Most of them belong to known species, previously recorded 
from the same group of islands or the neighbouring part of New (iuinea, but 
some are not referable to previously descrilied forms, or of special interest on 
account of their distribution. 

1. Pitta finscM Kams. (?). 

Two Plitae from Fergusson Island liave the head deep rufous chocolate-bi'own, 
darker above, lighter on the sides of the head and on the chin, the rest of 
the upperside uniform blue ; in other respects they are similar to Pitta inaGkloti. 
I am not quite sure whether they are referable to P. finschi (Rams., Proc. Linn. 
Soc. iV.iS'.TF'., ix., p. 804), but I should think they belong to it, as the description 
quite agrees with my birds, except that the back is not of the same colour as 
the breast, but much darker and duller ; if not tliey are an undescribed specie.s. 
Pitta loriae >Salvad. (Ann. ^Jus. Civ. Genova, xxix., 1890, p. 579, and Elliot, 
Monograph Piltidae, New Edition) seems to be quite similar, except that it 
has the back and stripe along the flanks green, while my two specimens have 
no nhade of green. Like Salvador!, I am puzzled by Ramsay's remark that some 
green-backed specimens were females or young, though Finscli believed them to 
belong to P. macMoti, which is quite differently coloured on the nape. From 
tlie descriptions I should judge that the bird named Pitta loriae by Salvadori is 
like the supposed green-backed specimens of P. Ji.nschi of Ramsay. Without 
comparing both Ramsay's and Salvadori's tyjjes it. will be difficult to clear uj) 
this case entirely. 

2. Cyclopsittacus virago sp. nov. 

M.\.s. — Cyclopsittac/' araeiisis niari similis, sed macula anteoculari viridi (uec 
caerulea, ut in (J. arueimi) ; macula infra genas coccineas caerulea (genis totis 
fascia perfecta hlacino-caeridea cinctis in C. aruensi). 

Femina. — (jenis caerulescentibns, sincipite caeruleo, bunti- macula rotundat-a 
cocc-inea. 

]Magnitudine Cyclop.sittaci aruensis. 

Hub. Fergusson Island, D'Enti'ecasleanx Group, S.E. of New Guinea. Coll. 
Albert S. Meek. 

Adult Male. — Alwve green, with a con.spiouous golden yellow wasli on the 
liack. Below a little lighter and more grass-green. Sinciput, cheeks, and ear- 
coverts red ; the red clieeks separated from the green of the neck by a blue spot, 
which in none of tlie nine nudes before me is develoi)ed into such a complete band 
as in C. (iritensis. A green siiot liefore the eye. Sinciput not separated from the 


( (11' ) 

green upper surface hy a distinct yellow liand, but tlieie is ouly an indicated, more or 
less concealed, line of yellow. Wings hlackisli ; outer webs of primaries and primary 
coverts blue ; this blue not so clear on tlie web of the first primary, but not altogether 
absent from it. Wings underneath with two pale yellow bands, one across the quills, 
the other across the greater under wing-coverts, which are otherwise blackisli. 
Keraainder of under wing-coverts green, blue along the outer edge of the wing. 
Sides of body yellow. A more or less concealed deep red spot on the inner webs 
of the two innermost great wing-coverts. 

Total length about 15 cm. (6 inches) : wing 81 to 87 nun. (3-3 to 3-45 inches); 
tail about 48 mm. ; cuhnen 15 mm. Iris hazel (A. S. Meek). 

Adilt Fi:MALi:. — Everywhere like the male, excejit on the head. The sinciput 
is blue, in the midst of it a round spot of about 5 mm. (more or le.ss) in diameter. 
Cheeks yellowish green, strongly washed with blue. Lores green. Size like the 
male. Iris dark hazel, feet grey (A. S. ^leek). Bill horn-colour (in skin). 

All the specimens were collected on Fergus.-;on Island in September 1894. 

The male of this i)rettv new little parrot is very similar to that of C. ariiensis 
(Schleg.), hitherto only known from the Aru Islands and the middle of Southern 
New Guinea, along the Fly Kiver (cf. Salvad., Cfal. B., xx., p. 97, and Orn. Pap. 
e MoL, i., p. Ifil), but can easily be distinguished by the characters given in the 
diagnosis above. 

The female differs entirely from tlie female of C. aruensis (which has no 
red on the head), and the red spot on th(» forehead makes it look much more 
male-like. 

3. Loriculus aurantiifrons meeki subsji. nov. 

Salvador!, in Cat. B., xx., p. 538, has remarked that two females of Lorlcidns 
aurantiifroiis Schleg. from S.E. New Guinea have longer wings than specimens 
from N.W. New Guinea, and that they want the reddish base to the feathers of 
the forehead. Mr. Albert Meek has now sent two males and three females from 
Fergusson Island. They all have a longer wing, i.e. 72 to 74 mm., than Arfak 
specimens, of which I measured five, none of which had a wing exceeding 68 mm. 
in length, and none of the feraales show a trace of red on the bases of the 
feather's on the forehead. I therefore believe it is justifiable to separate the south- 
eastern form of this pretty little parrot under a subsjiefific name as L. aurantii- 
frons meeki. The specimens before me were shot in Septenilii'r, and the iris of all 
of them is marked as " white." 


4. Ptilopus lewisii vicinus mi1is|i. nov. 

Several specimens of a fine Ptilopus resemble very much Ptilopus leivisii Rams, 
hitherto known only from the Solomon Islands (cf. Salvad., Cat. B., xxi., p. 153), but 
on careftilly comparing, some differences are clearly obvious. 

The purple-red patch of the lower throat and upper breast is not surrounded by 
such a distinct line of purple, this latter only being indicated. The purple-red 
])atch itself is not quite so large in the new subspecies. The round delicate grey 
spots on the innermost greater wing-coverts are distinctly larger. The grev spot on 
the shoulder does not reach so far towards the margin of the wing as in P. leivisii; 
the grey throat is .seijaraled (nioro or less distinctly and broadly) from the purple-red 


( e- ) 

breast-]]atcli hy a green line, wliidi I do not find even iiidicati^d in P. lewlsii. 
Iris light red (A. ]Meek). 

There are several specimens marked females by the collector, which are like the 
males, except that the purple-red breast^patch is remarkably smaller, and that the 
lower abdomen is more mottled with yellow, thLs latter, however, being also a sign of 

immaturity. 

Measurements of the ty]ie mule: total length about '1\ cm.; wing I2.j mm.; 
tail 04 mm. ; tarsus 19 mm.; culinen Ki nun. Of the female: wing 123 mm.: 
tail 58 mm. 

The specimens were collected in September and October on P'ergu.sson Island, 
D'Entrecasteaux Gvouij, S.E. New Guinea, by Mr. Albert S. Meek. 

The above stated differences are very clear, but in one 'male the purjilish line 
round the purple-red spot is rather broader, more like in P. lewisii. 

This character therefore not seeming to be absolutely constant, it is advisable 
to consider the new form a subspecies rather than a species. 

It is remarkable that this pigeon should be so closely allied to P. lewisii, an 
inhabitant of the Solomons, and not (hitherto) recorded from anywhere else. It 
cannot be surprising that forms hitherto only known from the Louisiade Archipelago 
occur on the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, as well as others which seem distributed over 
New Ireland, New Britain, and the Solomons — in short, the islands east of New 
Guinea ; but I did not .so much expect there forms like or nearest allied to the 
Solomon Island species. 

PfUupus leavisii vicinus is easily distinguished from F. miissdiAnhroeki Schleg. 
by the breast being darker and more purple, the wing being longer, there being 
a purjjlish line more or less visible round the purple-red breast, of wlvich no trace is 
found in P. musschenlyroeki, and by the grey spot on the shoulder and innermost 
greater upper wing-coverts still being smaller.* 

Besides, the female of P. mussclienhweki is said to differ entirely from the male 
(cf. Salvad., Gat. B., xxi., p. 153j, while apparently in P. lewisii and its subspecies 
P. vicinus the sexes differ not so much from each other. Count Salvador! does not 
{Gat. B., xxi., p. 153) de.scribe both sexes, but merely says "adult"; but Eamsay 
(Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., xvi., p. 131, 1881) had a female, which he, at tlie time, 
believed to be the female of P. eur/eaiae ((jould). Grant (P. Z. S., 1887, p. 332; 
1888, p. 199) and others mention having liad females, but do not describe them. 
The Tring ^luseum possesses a bird sliot at Fauro, Shortland Islands, Solomon 
Grouj), and sexed female by the collectors (Wahnes and Kibbe, November 21st, 1893), 
which looks exactly like males collected (and marked <S) by Mr. Woodford on 
Guadalcanar. Wahnes and Kibbe give the native name as " Bubuako," the iris 
as red, the bill as yellow, feet red ; Woodford (on the label) the iris as yellow. The 
iris of all the Fergusson Island specimens is given as light red or red. 

•J. Carpophaga salvadorii Tristr. 

Several specimens from Fergusson Island agree with specimens from St. Aignan. 
This sjiecies was not with certainty recorded from anywhere else but from the 
Loui.siade Archipelago (see Salvad., Cat. B., xxi., p. 224). Mr. Meek describes 
the iris as red, the feet also as red. 

* I cannot see any diflerencc in the colour of the forehead in our specimen of P. iinisxclinihroeki 
(Bruijn coll.) and our P. lewisii and P. leiciaii rictnv.t. 


( fi4 ) 
0. Chalcophaps stephaniae KcLb. 

One 7)ia/e, Fergussoii Island, October yth ; iris hazel; not distinguishable from 
specimens from Xew Guinea, New Ireland, Duke of York, etc. 

Salvadori (Oat. B., xxi., p. 522) separates Ch. mortoni Hams, from Ch. stepkani, 
though apparently after some hesitation, having examined one female only. There 
is in the Tring Museum one adult male from Aola, Guadalcanar. Having closely 
e.xamiued it, I came to the conclusion that it differs from Ch. stephant only by 
a decidedly longer wing and a slitjhtly larger white forehead. It is ti-ue the white on 
the forehead is a little more extended on the crown, but this varies somewhat in 
Ch. stephaniae. The wing of the Guadalcanar bird measures 153 mm., while 
in seven specimens of Ch. stephaniae it does not exceed 140 mm., and in two from 
New Britain and New Ireland it measures 143. The bill of the Guadalcanar bird is 
perhaps a little .stouter, and the abdomen paler, but this is closely approached by the 
Tnale from New Britain, and I do not think it is of any consequence. Under these 
circumstances I should only deem the Solomon Islands bird worthy of subspecific 
rank, and term it : — 

Chalcophaps stephaniae mortoni. 


A NEW PBIONOCHILUS FROM THE PHILIPPINES 
AND NOTE ON AN ANTEREPTES. 

By ERNST HARTERT. 

MR. A. EVElxETT has sent to the Tring Museum some excellently prepared Iiird- 
skins from Xorth Mindoro and the neighbourhood of Manila, Luzon (l.agnna 
de Bai). Unfortunately our friend was very soon prevented from continuing his 
researches in those islands, by a serious accident which befell him, and made 
necessary his return to Labuan. But even the small collection he was able to make 
in a \'ery short time contains a noxelty and some rare species in fine series. 

1. Prionochilus inexpectatus sp. nov. 

Prionochilus, supra atro-chalybaeus, subtus medio alho, lateribus pectoris 
corporisque cinerei.s ; rostro pedibusque nigris. Femina differt a mare, sujira olivaceo- 
virescente, cajiite coUoque grisescente, subtus grisea, ])aullum olivaceo-virescente 
lavata, abdomine medio albo. 

Long. tot. i c. 75 mm., al. <$ 52 to 53 mm., ? 5(1, culm, ii, caud. 26, tars. 14. 

Hab. Luzon, Mindoro. A. Everett coll. 

Ty|)us in Museo Tring. 

Ani'LT M.vLE. — Above deeji blackish steel blue, wings black, feathers at base dark 
grey. Chin, throat, a line along the middle of the breast and abdomen, under tail- 
coverts, axillaries, under wing-coverts, and inner webs of quills, with the exception 
of their ajiical portion, pure white. Sides of breast and borly delicate grey. Thighs 
white in front, black behind. The bases of the feathers of the underparts slate- 
colour. Wing 52 to 53 mm. (2'()5 to 21 inches). 


( ('-^ ) 

Female. — Above olive green, much more grey on the hind-neck ami lieud. lielow 

pale grey with a slight olive green wash ; middle of abdomen, axillaries, and under 

wintr-coverts white. The female is smaller than \\\emale, with the wing onlv 50 mm. 
t^ J ^^ • 

(1-96 inch). Its iris is orange brown, its bill dark brown, base ochreous, legs blackisli. 

After so many collections having come to Europe from the neighbourhood of 
Manila, Luzon, I am indeed surprised to find that this pretty new bird was found 
near Manila as well as on the island of Mindoro, but the number of specimens, all 
carefully dated and mostly also sexed by INIr. Everett himself, leave no doulit as to 
the localities they came from. 

Prionochilus bioolor, quite recently described liy .Messrs. Bourns & Worcester, 
on p. 20 of their Preliminary Notes on the Birds and Ma.mmals Collected by Uie 
Menage Scientific Expedition to the Philippine Islands (^'ol. I., No. 1, of Occasional 
Papers of the Minnesota Academy, dated December 8th, 1894, but apparently not 
issued before January 1895), must be very similar to my new bird, but it is desci-ibed 
as quite tvhite below, has a shorter wing, and was found on a flifierent island, i.e. the 
hills liack of Ayala, near Zamboanga, South ^Mindanao. P. olivaceits Tweedd. (Ann. 
and May. Xat.'Hi,sf., xx.. p. 536, 1877 ; id., P. Z. S., 1878, p. Ill, PI. viii., iig. 8 ; 
Sharpe, Cat. B., x., p. 75) has a longer wing, a whiter throat, lighter lores, and the 
sexes are said to be similar in colour. It was found on the island of Dinagat. 

In the key to the genera of the Dicaeidae* two sections are made, one •' with 
a distinct bastard primary," one with " no bastard primary." Dicaewni is included 
in the latter section, Prionochilus in the former. In Prionochilus, however, as 
limited by Sharpe, I find a number of species without a bastard primary, and among 
them my P. inexpectatus. If the absence or presence of a distinct bastard primary 
is a good generic character, the species without a distinct bastard primary must 
either be united with Dicaeum, or be kept generically distinct under the name of 
Pachyglossa Blyth. The former course may perhaps better be followed, for the bills 
of the species of the genus Dioeiom, as limited in the Catalogue of Birds, vary very 
much, from a long and slender bill to a short and stout one, which in stoutness and 
shortness does not remain far behind the bills of several species of Prionochilus. 

2. Anthreptes griseigularis Tweedd. 

This rare species of sunbird was formerly only known from .Mindanao and 
vSakuyok. After an interval of seventeen years, during which it was never recorded, 
Jlr. Whitehead obtained a male in the mountains of the province of Isabella, in the 
extreme north-east of Luzon. Therefore Mr. Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. Ill, 
expressed his belief that " probably this bird is met with only at considerable 
elevations, which may account for its occurrence in such widely separated localities 
as North Jlindanao and North Luzon." This theory, however, breaks down since 
Everett's men procured two splendid specimens at Laguna de Bai, in the low country 
near Manila. 

This fact and the discovery of the new Prionochilus (or Dicaeum), described 
above, seems to show that, in spite of the energetic collecting of birds in the 
Philippine Archipelago earned out recently so successfully by Americans and 
lunopeans, something still remains to be done there. 

» Cut. It., X., |i. ■-'. 


( (!« ) 

CASUAL NOTES ON FLEAS. 

I!y the HON. CHARLES ROTHSCHILD. 

I HAVE to record a fine tnale specimen of Pulex kerguelciiais Tascbb., taken from 
an example of the parrakeet Cyanorhanipkiis ^ln^color (Yig.), from Anti))odes 
Island. The species was originally described by Dr. Taschenberg (Die Flohe. \\ ()7, 
PI. ii., fig. 12) as having been found by .Mr. Katon upon a petrel, Pelecn nohles 
uriiiatrix (Gmel.), on Kerguelen Island. Notwithstanding the immense distance 
separating these two islands, this additional record of P. kergudensis, when analysed, 
is not strange, for the petrel is indigenous to most of the islands in or near the 
Antarctic Ocean, and the parrakeet lives in holes in the ground in the same way 
as the petrel, and probably entered a hole previously tenanted by the petrel. 

I take this opportunity of recording a female specimen of Typfdopsi/Ua pentactenus 
(KoL), taken from a Pipistrelle, Vespenigo pipistrellus (Schreb.), caught at Harrow 
in October 1892. As far as I can ascertain, this is the first record (if this species for 
Great liritain, though it is well known on the Continent. 


ON SOME ABERRATIONS OF SOREX VULGABIS Linn. AND 
,S'. PYGMAEUS Pall. IN THE TRING MUSEUM. 

By the HON. CHARLES ROTHSCHILD. 

HAVING lately procured for the Tring ^Museum a \ery aberrant specimen of 
a shrew, I think it might be interesting to record all the abnormal specimens 
of these mammals in mv brother's collection. 

Sorex vulgaris Linn. — Of this species, in addition to typical specimens, there 
arc iu the ^Museum four aberrant examples. One of these has a greyish white patch 
behind the left ear, about half an inch broad ; in other respects it exhibits no 
peculiarities. Two others, both caught near Brighton, are pure white all over, 
and present every character of a true albiuo. But by far the most interesting 
specimen is one caught near Tring. which has a broad white band completely 
encircling it, very similar, so I should tliiid'C, to a specimen described iu Bell's British 
Quadrupeds. 

Sorex pygmaeus Pall. — Of this much rarer species the Mu.seum possesses two 
specimius — om- normal e.\ample found dead at Tring, and one remarkable aberration 
recently received by me from County Down, Ireland. This specimen is white, with 
the snout and tail of the usual colour, of which there is also a fair-sized patch near 
the root of the tail ; on the middle of the back there are a considerable number of 
brown hairs mixed with tlie white ones. 


( 07 ) 


ON A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES AND SOME VARIETIES 

OF GOUBA. 

By KRNST HARTERT. 

A CURIOUSLY coloured and somewhat small Guurn was found among a lot of 
Arfak trade-skins. Both Mr. Kothschild and I were inclined to think that 
it was merely an extraordinary variety of Goura cormvda Linn. Some of our friends, 
however, were of opinion tliat we liad got a good new species, and JMessrs. R. Bowdler 
Sharpe and Ogilvie Grant of the British Museum, when asked for their opinion, said 
that they could not regard the specimen as an abnormal variety, but rather believed 
it to be an undescribed species. I, therefore, think it best to describe the bird in 
question as follows : — 


1. Goura cinerea sp. nov. 

General colour above and below cinereous, darker and almost slate-grev on the 
rump and upper tail-co\erts, lighter and more like " pearl-grey " (Ridgw., Nomencl. 
Vvl., PI. ii., fig. 20) on the crest, which has the same form as that of G. coronata. 
Lores and a broad ring round the eye of short soft black feathers. A band across the 
back, formed of the tips of the feathers, which have slate-grev bases, and tips of the 
up})er wing-coverts of a tint lietween tawny ochraceous and ochraceous rufous of 
Kidgway {Nomencl. C'oL, VI. x., figs. 4 and 5), and entirely different from the deep 
chestnut of the same parts in G. coronata, which, e^-en when bleached, could hardh' 
become anytliing like this colour. Greater upper wing-coverts and secondarv quills 
whitish grey, darker at base. Primaries slate-colour, paler along the shaft. Rectrices 
slaty grey, lighter cinereous close to tlie shaft, and with a broad cinereous liand at the 
tip. Lender wing- and tail-coverts slaty grey. Bill and feet in skin of a light 
yellowish or brownish colour. Bill, 4'5 cm.; wing, 34 cm. (= 13'4 inches); taih 
25 cm. ; tarsus, 9 cm. ; middle toe with claw, 7 cm. 

Hab. Dutch New Giunea, Arfak Region. 

The reason why we were at first so very doubtful as to the specific value of tliis 
bird, and which makes us still hesitate, tliough it was desirable to descrilie it in any 
case, is the existence of some obvious varieties in the Tring JMuseura, wliich show that 
variation not seldom occurs in G. coroniitK. 

One of them is entirely like typical specimens, but the primaries, the series of 
the greater wing-coverts, some of the smaller wing-coverts, most of tlie under wing- 
coverts, and a few featliers on tlie belly are snoiv-ivhitc. 

The other, most interesting specimen, is above and below bluish cinereous, mucii 
like G. cinerea, but somewhat more bluish, and the longest upper tail-coverts have 
ke) it their usual colour. The wings and the tail are of a curious delicate lavender- 
buff colour; the cre.st is very ])ale, .say cinereous buff; the ring of short feathers roinid 


( 68) 

the eye pale brown instead of black ; feet pale brown. The baud acrciss the back 
and the tips of the wing-coverts are of the same deep chestnut as usual in 
G. coronaia. 


2. Goura beccarii Sahad. 

We have specimens of this rare Gourn from Humboldt Bay, where it was 
origiually described from, as well as from Konstantinhafen, German New Guinea. 
They are quite similar to each other, or at least the two specimens from Konstan- 
tinhafen, collected by J. Kubary, have only a triflingly longer crest, but they do not 
yet show the characters peculiar, according to Dr. A. B. Meyer, to his Goura beccarii 
huanemsis, fi'om the Huon Gulf, still fartlier eastwards. (Cf. Orn. Monataber., vol. i.. 
pp. Go-67.) 


A 


NOTES ON HUMMING BIRDS. 

Bv ERNST HARTERT. 

1. Selasphonis flammula Salvin. 

MOXG a number of birds collected in Costa Rica by Mr. C. F. I'nderwood, the 
Tring Museum received a tine series of that rare humming bird Sdusphoms 
fiamriiula Salvin. The type of this species is the only example of it in the British 
Museum. It is, unfortunately, an immature male, and Mr. Salvin. who compared 
one of our birds with his type, agrees with me on this point. The iminaluritv of the 
specimen caused not only an incomplete description, but also the placing of the 
species in a wrong section of the genus in the key to the species in Cat. B., xvi., 
p. 392, and in the Biologia Centrali Americana (Aves, vol. ii., p. 357), as the adult 
m,ale has distinctly elongated lateral gular feathers, and in Mr. Salvin's kev to the 
species of Sekispkorus it would best be placed behind or before & torridus, with 
which species it agrees very much, e.xcept in the entirely different colom- of the throat 
and the length of wing. 

A description of the male and female appeared in the same year as vol. .\vi. 
of the C'affilotjue of Birds, in 1892, in Boucard's Genera of Hui/iminfj Birds, a 
work which appears together with Boucard's Hnmmi'iii/ Bird, and of which, until 
now, 250 pages, treating of 354 species, are published ; l)ut that description is alspi 
rather short and not very detailed, so that a descriiilion from my series may not 
be unnecessary. 

Adult Mali-: (Faldas de Irazu, January, in perfect plumage). — Above dark 
iironzy green. Uppermost chin, lores, and a Hue of featliers under the eye cinnamon- 
rufous. Ear-coverts mixed deep blackish brown and rufous. Throat of a very peculiar 
kind of dark raspheny-red, with a singular dull metallic gloss. Lateral gular feathers 
broadly elongated over the while sides of the neck. All gular feathers blackish at 
base, and with a rufous band between the base and the large glossy tip. Feathers of the 
breast and sides of neck white, blackish at base. Feathers of sides of breast and flanks 


( fi9 ) 

mixed bronzy green and |iale cinnamon; abdomen whitish along the middle. Under 
tail-coverts white, strongly washed with cinnamon, liut not " white with base rnfou.'*," 
as described by Koncard. Wings pui-plish brownish black. Lateral pair of rectrices 
purplish black, with a cinnamon spot on the tip of the inner web, and an indication 
of a cinnamon edge on the latter. Next pair witli a distinct edging and a more or 
less indistinct spot near the tip ; the following pairs with cinnamon edgings on both 
webs ; central pair dark metallic green, with a broad edging of cinnamon on both 
webs, except on the tip. Bill black, pale at utmost base of mandible. Wing, 43 mm. 

Adult Female (Faldas de Irazu, January, in full plumage). — Above like the 
male. Three lateral pairs of rectrices with broad white tips. Below also like the 
male, but the throat white, washed witli cinnamon and sjjeckled with round spots of a 
dark brown, glossed with bronzy green. ]']ar-co\-erts dark brown, mandible more pale 
than in the male. Wing, 42 mm. 

Some males, La Estrella, Cartago, .March and April, are strongly in moult and tlie 
tliroat is darker. 

A female, Santa JIaria de Dota, September, very badly in moult, is less speckled 
on the throat, has broader white tiiis to the outer rectrices and narrower edgings on 
the central rectrices. It seems to be a young bird. 


2. Urosticte ruficrissa Lawr. 

Several specimens of this somewhat rare bird, which differ in no way from 
P^cuador specimens, were found by Mr. Rothschild in a lot of the well-known Bogota 
trade-skins. The species is not hitherto registered from Bogota collections, nor even 
from Colomliia. (Cf. Berlepsch, " Uebersicht der Colibri-Arten in den sog. Bogota- 
Oollectionen," in Jourii.f. Orn., 1887, and Boucard, " Comj)l. List up to date of the 
Humming Birds found in Colombia," in Humming Bird, ii., 1892.) 


:>. Eriocnemis russata <iould. 

I am sorry to say that E. and CI. llartert, when recording Eriucnemis Uujeus on 
J). 60 of NoviTATES ZooLOGlCAE, I. (1894), made a mistake, for the species collected 
by Baron on the Rio Pastassa is really E. russata. It is, nevertheless, of much 
interest to have found that the male has the '" tibial tufts " (cf. Salvin, Cat. B., x\i., 
p. 381) partly white and partly pale chestnut, while the female has them quite 
white, and that the wing of the feviale is 2 or 3 mm. shorter (see Novitates 
ZoOLOGlCAE, I.e.). I am, however, of opinion that, in spite of our mistake, the 
identity of E. Imjens and E. squainata, the former being the female, the latter the 
male, will soon be proved, as it will only be a parallel case to E. russata. (See also 
Houcard, Genera H. B., p. 251.) 


4. Eriocnemis derbyi longirostris subsp. nov. 

Eriocnemis derbiji has originally been described from the A'olcan de Purace in 
Southern Colombia (Del. i<- I^ourc, Rev. ZooL, 184G, p. 30(!). Afterwards specimens 
from the neighbourhood ol I'dpayan and Pasto in Southern Colombia (collected by 


( 70 ) 

Lehmann), and many specimens from Northern Ecuador (exact locality apparently 
not known, collected In- Buckley), reached Europe. 

Quite recently a number of specimens were found in Bogota trade collections, of 
which Mr. Rothschild now possesses eight males and four females. When comparing 
them with Ecuador specimens I observed a striking difference in the length of the 
bills. I found afterwards that the typical specimens from the \'olcan de Purace agreed 
in the length of the bill with the Ecuador skins, as might have been expected. All 
the skins from the Bogota collections have decidedly longer bills than those from 
Purace, Pasto, and "Ecuador" which I was able to comiiare. In the latter the 
exposed part of the culmen is 17 to 18 mm. long, while in the Bogota skins it is 
20 to 22-5 mm. long. 

Besides I found that the Bogota skins have the longer upper tail-coverts much 
more strongly washed with golden and more glittering. The entire i)lumage of all 
of them is very brilliant, but this is of no consequence, as it varies greatly in many 
species of Trochilidae, and as there is a specimen in the British ^Museum of A', derhyi 
from Ecuador which surpasses in general brilliancy all the Bogota skins. Under these 
circumstances it is advisable to separate the Bogota skins subspecifically, under tlie 
name given above. 


DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENERA 
PHOENICOPHAES AND SPILOIiNIS, 

WITH A NOTE ON ORIOLUS COjySOBRIXUS Rams. 

Bv HANS GRAF VON BERLEPSCH. 

1. Phoenicophaes microrhinus Berl. sp. nov. 

Syn. Ph. ei'ythrofjriathus aut. j)t. (ex Iiorueo). 

Diagn. Ph. erythrognatho Bp. ex ^Malacca et Sumatra simillimus, differt narinni 
aperturis multo minoribus et angustioribus, oblongis nee circularibus, rostro quoque 
debiliore, necnon colore sanguineo ad basin maxillae magis exten.so ad margiuem 
narium superiorem ascendente, necnon alis caudaque brevioribus distingueiidus. 

cJc? et ? ¥ : al. 1C7-1.56 mm. ; caud. 2.50-233 ; culm. 45-41 J ; tars. 41-37 mm. 

Hah. In Bomeo insula (Mount Kalulong, Baram River, Kinabalu, etc.), et 
Bnnguran (Natuna).* 

Ill Museo Ijerlepsch (typus) et Tring. 

In his o.vcellent article on the birds of Celebes,! the late Marquis Tweeddale 
had already dilated on the curious fact tiiat several forms of cuckoos of the sub- 
family Phoenicophainae inhabiting different islands, where they evidently act as 
representative species, are remarkalily alike in their plumage, while they differ so 
strikingly in the shape and po.sition of their nostrils that authors deemed it necessary 

• .^ly friend Ernst Hartert, who fully agrees with me regarding the distinctness of the Malacca and 
Borneo forms, tells mc tlial the Phoniiroplitirs recently sent to the Tring Museum from the Natunas is the 
Borm-an form. 

t Tram. Zool. Hoc, viii , p. T>2. 


( 71 ) 

to place them in different genera. The Manjuis, however, did not concur with such 
views, but united them all in one genus, viz. PhoenicopliaeH Vieill., and I believe 
this is the most practical modus procedendi, it being much sui)ported liy I lie 
discovery which I have made lately regarding the distinctness of the Borneo bird, 
which hitherto has been always regarded as identical with Ph. erythroc/nathus Bp. 
ex ^Malacca and Sumatra. In fact the Borneo bird differs from the typical form 
in the shape of the nostrils, they being much smaller and more oblong instead 
of being larger and quite circular, as in the form inhabiting JIalacea and Sumatra. 
This and other discrepancies shown by the Borneo birds, as compared with the 
typical ones, are so slight that some authors might be inclined to treat the Borneo 
bird simply as a subspecies ; but as the differences appear to be (piite constant, and 
may be well known from a diagnosis, I prefer to rank it as a valid species, though 
indeed nobody would try to inake it a different genus. According to my x'iews we 
may include in the genus Phoenicophaes the following species, viz. : — 

1. Ph. pyii'hocephahis (P'orst.), from Ceylon. 

2. Ph. aeneicaudus (T. & K. Verr.), from the island of Mentavei.* 

3. Ph. erytht'Of/nathus Bp., nee Hartl.,t from Malacca, Sumatra, and Xutunas. 

4. Ph. inicrorhinus Berl., from Borneo. 

5. Ph. curvirostris (Shaw), from Java. 

C). Ph. harringtoni Sharpe, from Palawan. 
7. Ph. calorhynchus (Tem.), from Celebes. 

All these forms differ among themselves by the shape or situation of their 
nosti'ils.J While Nos. 1 and 7 differ from each other as well as from the rest in 
the coloration of their plumage, Nos. 3, 4, and 5, as compared inter se, hardly show 
any difference in the plumage, and Nos. 2 and 6 present but a slight difference in 
this respect as compared with Nos. 3, 4, and 5. 

All the.se species inhabiting different islands (one only being found on tlie 
continent), where they evidently are to be regarded as representative forms, there is 
all iirobability that they once have been derived from a common stock, and that the 
chai'acters which now distinguish them ai'e simplj' the result of isolation. 

It is certainly a most remarkable fact that in this case isolation has caused a 
different shape of nostrils, while it has been of no or very slight influence regarding 
the coloration of the plumage in four or five islands inhabited by these birds. We 
may therefore conclude that the style of coloration of the plumes of l)ircls in some 
cases is more likely a character due to inheritance than some external structural 
peculiarities, and further we may conclude that it is not advisable to place species 
whicli are otherwise closely allied in different genera solely on account of slight 
structural differences. 

• .Salvad., Arm. Mus. Ciric. .SV. uat. Griioni, .\iv. ^Ducembor Uth, 1891), p. oOO. 

t This name is generally ascribed to Harllimb, but refei-rins^ to Hartlaub's Si/sf. Vri-z. d. naturh. 
Samvil. d. Gn- Mus. Bremvn (1814), where the name of Ph. trythrugnathns first appears, I finil thai it 
has been bestowed on sjieeimens from Java and Malacca, no dencrij/tioii being addcil to it. It follows that 
Hartlaub did not intend to sep.avate the Malaeca form from that of Java. Furlher, Hartlaub cannot be 
claimed as the author of that name, as he added no descrijttkm to it, the name l>eing therefore mci"ely 
a iwmeit nudum al that time. Happily enough, five years later Pnnee Bonaparte, in his Otiuf^ie^tus 
Gent-rmn Avium, \. (ISiy). p. 81), has given a good description of our species, using the same name, vis: 
P. iryihrognathint (e.x Temminck MS. in Mus. Lugd.), for it, and giving a correct habitat, viz. Sumatra. 
Therefore this species must now stand as P/i. I'rytliroipinthvs Dp. 

X I have been unable to examine in this respect Pit. acucicaudits (Verr.). 


( 72 ) 

The characters assigned to the new form in tlie above diagnosis are supported by 
the fact that six specimens from Borneo (fom- of whicli were collected by Mr. Hose) 
now before me agree among themselves in that respect, while they difier etjiially 
from one specimen from Malacca and another from Sumatra (coll. Klaesi) in my 
collection.* 

Besides the difference in the shape of the nasal apertures, which might be 
illustrated by the following diagram : — 


/" 


Ph. rnjlhrognathiis Bp. (Malacca, Whiteheafl coll.). 


I'll, iiiicroi-hinus Bcrl. (Borneo, Everett coll.). 


I tind that the bill in the Borneo bird is much more slender and weaker, and 
that the sanguineous colour on the lateral base of the upper mandible is rather n\ore 
extended, involving as it does the upper margin of the nasal apertures, this being 
not the case in the other .specie.s. Also the wings are remarkably and the tail is 
slightly shorter than in the Malacca bird. 

Regarding the coloration of the plumage, there is apparently not the sliglitest 
difference between the new species and tlie typical one ; nevertheless it appears that 
in the Borneo bird the castaneous tops of the middle tail-feathers are rather shorter, 
but as there is much individual variation in this respect, and as the young birds have 
the middle tail-feathers altogether green, f I don't lay much stress upon this fact. 

If we can rely on the indication of sexes as marked on the labels of my speci- 
mens which were collected by Mr. Hose (and I think there is no reason to mistrust 
the statements of this excellent collector), there seems to exist a curious difference in 
the coloration of the plumage in the two se.xes of this species. Two birds njarked 
? ? by Mr. Hose have a broad chin band of ashy grey extending largely over the cheeks 

* The distinctness of the species is also obviously corroborated by a series of skins from Malacca, 
Sumatra, Xfltuna, and Borneo in the Tring Museum. — K. Hartert. 

■f- For instance, a yoitng bini from Sumatra in my collection has the njiddle tail-feathers uniforiiily 
irrecn. 


( 73 ) 

to the sides of the neck, while the birds marked <? cJ don't show any grey on the chin, 
which is rufous like the remaining underparts, and there is but a slight sufiFu>ion of 
grey on the upper part of the cheeks. On the other hand, the birds marked <?<? by 
Mr. Hose show a narrow white superciliary stripe extending over the eyes and ending 
a short distance behind them, and also a slight whitish mixture at the beginning of 
the grey mystacal strijie, there being not the slightest traces of these white markings 
in the birds marked feinales.* 

As far as I can ascertain these sexual differences are not mentioned by any 
author who has written about these birds, or else the differences in plumage have been 
ascribed to different ages. 


2. Spilornis salvadorii Herl. sp. nov. 

Syn. S. pallido (Walden) ex Borneo valde affinis sed multo minor, rectricum 
fasciis nigris mediis et apicalibus multo angu.stioribus, remigum apicibus nigris 
quoque brevioribus, necnon rostro, ut videtur, jiallidiore. 

S. salvadorii ex Nias : al. 304, 200 ; caud. 197, 185 : culm. 32A, 30i ; tars. 74 mm. 

(S. ptdlidua ex Borneo : S al. 325 ; caud. 214 ; culm. 34 ; tars. 84 mm. 
? ,, 348 „ 228 „ 36| „ 834 „ 

Hah. In insula Nias (coll. Thomas). 

Specimina duo in Mus. Berlepsch et Tring. 

This is evidently a dwarf form of iS'. pallidus A\'alden of Borneo, inhabiting the 
island of Nias off the coast of Sumatra, from whei-e hitherto no species of Spilornis 
had been mentioned. The specimens on which my description is based were 
collected by Mr. W. Thomas, a missionary resident on the island of Nias, and were 
received by me directly from him along with other Nias birds, such as Cittocincla 
melanura, Gracula robusla, Calornis altirodris, Carpophaga consobrina, Macro- 
pyrjia modigliani, Syrnium niasense, etc. One of these specimens of Spilornis 
I have had in my collection some four years, and I have always regarded it as 
belonging to an undescribed species, but unfortunately was unable to get specimens 
of <S'. pallidus from Borneo for comparison, and therefore refrained from descriliing it 
until now. 

In the summer of 1892 I sent this specimen to Loudon, asking Count Salvadori 
to compare it with specimens of S. pallidus, which he did with his usual courtesy. 
He kindly replied to my questions about this bird in a letter dated November 24th 
1892, as follows : " I send back all your pigeons, and also the Spilornis from Nias. 
The latter is similar to S. pallidus, but smaller (wing 11'6 inches instead of 12'6), 
and has the light band on the tail narrower (1-2 instead of 1'6) ; the tail shorter, 
7'5 in.stead of 8'5. Perhaps it is not worth while .separating it from S. pallidus.'' 

At the end of the year 1893 I again received a lot of Nias birds from Mr. Thomas, 
and was very much pleased in finding in it a second specimen of the Spilornis. 
Having also lately had an opportunity of comjiaring my Nias birds with two fine 
skins of S. pallidus from Borneo (cJ and ? , collected by .Mr. Hose, brought liome by 
Professor W. Kiikenthal, and belonging to the Senckenberg IMuseum at Frankfort), 
I find that the differences between the Nias form and that inhabiting Borneo, as 
already pre-tumed by me when comjiaring the de.'icription of S. jmllidxs, and as 

' The material in the 'I'riiig Musetim seems to eonfinn ttie so.\tiaI diil'erences dcsci-iljod by Ccuiit 
iiei'Iepsch, and they seem to exist in tlie Malaccji species as well. — K. Hartert. 


( 74 ) 

confirmed by my excellent friend Count Salvadoii in (he above-named letter, are 
ajjparently well founded. 

The Xias birds difter from the Borneo specimens in being much smaller in all 
their dimensions, exhibiting shorter wings, tails, bills, and legs. Contrary to the 
statements of Count Salvadori, I don't find that the liglit tail-bands are narrower, but 
I find that the dark (black) bands of the tail are rather narrower, and also that the 
black ti]is of the juiniaries are shorter. As far as I can make out from the dried 
si>ecimens, it appears that the Nias form has a much lighter bill than that from 
Borneo, but this may be an accidental character. 

After all I feel justified in separating the Nias form as a new species, and I take 
the liberty to name it after Count Salvadori, to wiiom we owe the first knowledge of 
the interestinsj avifauna of t lie islaud of Nias.* 


Note on Oriolus consobrinus l!ams. 

In Proc. Zool. Soc, 1879, [i. 70!), .Mr. 1\. G. Wardlaw Kamsay described a. female 
Onohis from Sandakan, North-East Borneo, under the name of 0. consohrimus, at 
the same time expressing his belief that the unknown male would be found to 
resemble that of 0. xanthonotus, "but possibly with the up])or tail-coverts reddish 
or rusty brown." As far as I know no author since has mentioned that species, but if 
1 am riglit I think 1 have been fortunate enough to discover the Tnale of 0. consohrinnH. 
In a collection of badl_v pre))arcd Borneo skins which Mr. Schli'iter, of Halle, 
forwarded to me last year, I found two iiiale specimens of an Oriolus allied to 
0. xanthonotus, which immedialely arose my attention as they differed from speci- 
mens from Baram River and Mount Penrisen in Western Borneo, which are identical 
with true 0. xanthonotus from Malacca, etc. These specimens had no original labels 
attached to them, but they have l^chlilter's labels, " Kinabalu " being written on 
them in Schlilter's handwriting. The majority of the specimens in that collection 
were thus labelled Kinalialu (l)eing also well-knomi Kinabalu forms), others ■' Lawas 
River" or " Labuan." I don't know who was the collector. 

Now the two Oriolus from Kinabalu differ from three specimens of 0. xantho- 
notus from Baram River, Penrisen, and from other skins of that species, in being 
larger in all their dimensions, especially in having a much longer and larger bill, 
which is generally of a darker colour. The black cap is rather more brownish, not 
deep black as in 0. xanthonotus, and is rather more extended to the nape. The 
yellow back is rather more greenish. The black on (he breast is not so clearly 
sei)arated from the white underiiarts, the black feathers being margined laterally with 
white or greyish white. Finally the black stripes on the abdomen are rather 
broader. I may add the following diagnosis : — 

0. consobrinus (V) (J ad. 0. xanthonoio afBnis sed major, rostro imprimis lon- 
giore et crassiore et obscurius brunneo tincto, nigredine capitis luridiore et magis ad 
nucham extenso, dorso Inridiore flavo, nigredine pectoris sulrtiis minus dare definite 
jilumis nigris albo lateraliter marginatis; necnon striis nigris abdominis latioribus 
distinguendus. 

* 1 have not been able to compare S. mhiivmsViumc {Stray Feathers, {., p. 4(!4), from Camurt.i 
(Nicobars), which seems to agree with S. salradiirii in its small size, but may difter in coloration, nor have 
I .'iecn the small birds from Natuna Island which my friend Mr. Hartert provisionally referred to S./mlliitus 

(if. N'OVITATES ZOOLOGICAK, I., p. 482). 


( 75 ) 

Two c?<^ Kinabalu: al. 116, llo^; (-■and. 77i, 74i ; culm. 25f, 24; tars. 2U, 
2H mm. 

Three (?c? Western Borneo (0. xanthonotus) : al. Ill, 111), l(i2; caud. 72, 71, 
6.5 ; culm. 22i, 21J, 21i ; tars. 20^, 201, 20 mm. 

Hah. In Borneo septentrionali. 

c? c? in JIus. Berlepsch et Tring. 

N.B. — It would be desirable to examine Philippine specimens, as perhaps tiiey 
iriay also belong to 0. consobrinus. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES, 

CAPTURED BY MR. DOHERTY IN THE ISLANDS OF THE EASTERN 
ARCHIPELAGO, AND NOW IN THE MUSEUM OF THE HON. WALTER ' 
ROTHSCHILD AT TRING. 

By H. GROSE SMITH, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., etc. 

PART I. 

1. Delias sacha sp. nov. 

jMale. — Upperside: both wings wliite. Anterior wings with a lilack apical patch, 
in whicli is situate a row of six white spots smaller than in D. poecilla VolL, the 
inner side of the black patch towards the costa being dusted with white scales and 
becoming obsolete. Posterior wings with an outer-marginal broad black band, 
irrorated with white scales on its inner edge ; between the veins on the margin is a 
row of rather indistinct subtriangular white spots dusted with black scales, the lowest 
being between the two lowest median nervules, and almost obsolete. 

Underside: anterior wings resemble D. poeeiliu, but the white .sjjots in the 
ajiical black area are more clearly defined and are outwai'dly conical. Posterior wings 
lemon yellow, bordered by a broad lilacl; band, narrower and straighter than in 
D. poecilia, in which is situate, nearer the margin than in that species, a row of sub- 
triangular orange spots with their apices pointing outwardly (not inwardly, as in 
D. poecUia) ; above the anal angle the inner edge of the black area is narrowly tinged 
with orange. 

Expanse of wings : 2i inches. 

Hah. Obi Island. 

This species is nearest to D. poecilia on the upperside ; on the underside it more 
closely resembles D. Candida Vol!., but the outer-marginal black band on tlie under- 
side of the posterior wings is wider and extends to the apex. Descrilied from two 
specimens. 

2. Appias eurosuudaua sp. no\. 

Male. — Upperside: both wings lacteous wliite. Anterior wings witli the costal 
and outer margins narrowly black, dusted witli lilack scales on the costal margin ; the 
ends of the veins on the outer margin, from the lowest median uervule to the apex, 
ti]iped with greyi.sh black, the dark tips being minute on the first -named vein, and 
gradually increasing in size and becoming confluent towards the apex. 


( -ti ) 

Underside : anterior wings white, yellowish at the ba--e, broadly stramineous at 
the ajiex. Posterior wings iinit'ormly stramineous. 

Female. — Ujjperside: botli wings pale yellowish white, with broad black borders. 
On the anterior wings the black area extends over the end and upjier part of the cell 
and along the costal margin towards the base, where it is densely dusted with grcv 
scales ; the inner edge of the black area extends obliquely across the disc, being 
rather deeply indented between the two lowest median nervules, to the inner margin 
at three-fourths from the base. Towards the apex are three grey streaks placed 
obliquely. On the posterior wings the black outer-marginal Iwrder nearly follows 
the contour of the wings and extends over the outer third, slightly narrowing towards 
the anal angle; its inner edge is irregular and dusted with grey scales. 

Underside: both wings with the dark areas above glossed with purplish in certain 
lights, and rather paler towards the apex of the anterior wings. On the anterior 
wings the grey subapical streaks are represented by an indistinct oblique band of 
pinkish grey. The pale area is yellowish white on the anterior and orange tawny on 
the posterior wings. 

Expanse of wings : 2 inches. 

Ilab. Males fi-om Oinainisa (Timor) and Sambawa. Females from Oinainisa aii<l 
one from Wetter. 

This species is near to A. paula Kobe-, to both sexes of which it bears consider- 
able resemblance. It belongs to the group of A. agave Feld. 

3. Appias ambigua sp. nov. 

Female. — Upperside: botli wings slightly yellowish white. On the anterior 
wings the costal and outer margins are rather broadly bordered with brownish black, 
the inner edge of which, along the outer margin, is indented between the veins; on 
the disc between the two upper median nervules is a round patch of brownish black 
scales, above which, between the discoidal nervules, rather farther from the outer 
margin, is an indistinct oblique dusky streak, and between the second and tliird sub- 
costal nervules is another dark jiatch confluent witli the dark costal border, and in 
some cases also confluent with the oblique dusky streak ; the wings at the apex are 
rather acute. Posterior wings with small grey spots on the outer margin at the ends 
of the veins, those towards the anal angle becoming linear and obsolete. 

Underside: anterior wings dull white, except the apical third, which is glossy 
pinkish white ; the base, costal and outer margins tinged with yellow, one dark grey 
.spot on the disc between the two upper median nervules. Posterior wings glossy 
pinkish white, the costal and outer margins narrowly pale yellow. 

Expanse of wings : 1| inch. 

Hah. Two specimens from Wetter, one from Dili, and one i'rom Halmaheira. 
There are no males in the collection, from any of the above localities, with which they 
can be paired ; but there is a iiiale specimen from Dammer in the collection, without 
any discal spots on the upperside of the anterior wings, and the ends of the veins on 
the posterior wings not tipped with grey spots, which is probably its male. The 
anterior wings of this specimen are more elongate and rather more acute at the apex. 

-1. Elodiua pura >p. nov. 
Male. — Upperside: white. Anterior wings with the apex, from the costa at 
two-thirds from the base to a little below the middle median nervule, obliquely 


( M ) 

ilark greyish black, the inner edge of which is less sinuate than in E. vdhiJa P'eld., 
which in other respects it much resembles. 

Utulerside : pure silvery white, very slightly tinged with yellow at the base. 

Expanse of wings : 1^ inch. 

Hab. Pura, Alor, Larentuka, Adonara. 

The anterior wing.s are comparatively shorter than in E. velleda, and are of the 
same length as the posterior wings. 

5. Revadebra philo -p. nov. 

Upperside: both wings resemble li. phyle Feld., but differ from it as under : On 
the anterior wings the band of setni-hyaline spots beyond the cell is more oblique ; the 
first spot in the band nearest the costa is closer to the second, the third spot is more 
elongate, and the fourth is smaller and situate nearer the outer margin ; the outer 
row of sulimarginal spots is not continued beyond the uppermost median nervule, the 
third and fourth spots from the apex being obsolete. On the posterior wings across 
the disc, a little beyond its middle, is situate a row of spots in pairs between the 
veins, the pair between the subcostal nervules being confluent ; the sulimarginal row 
of small spots which in R. phyle extends nearly to the anal angle is represented onlv 
by two indistinct spots near the apex. 

The tmderside does not differ from the upperside, except that there is a sub- 
marginal row of minute spots in pairs between the veins on the posterior wings. 

Expanse of wings : 2f inches. 

One specimen only, from Rambawa. 

(i. Patosa nubaida sp. nov. 

jMale. — Upjperside: both wings velvety brown, with the costal thiid of the 
posterior wings becoming paler, and the lower part of the cell and the area round it 
slightly darker, but rather paler towards the costal margin about its middle. 

Underside: anterior wings as on the upperside, with the inner margin broadlv 
sericeous whitish brown ; a round spot towards the end of the cell, and three spots on 
the disc beyond the cell : the upper spot, situate above the upper median nervule, 
sublinear; the second and third larger; the second ovate, indented on its inner 
side ; the third, the largest, elongate oval. Posterior wings with the disc crossed 
about its middle by an indistinct curved paler brown space ; a minute spot towards 
the end of the cell, and six rather larger sjiots beyond the cell, the second, third, and 
sixth of which are the smallest. 

The female on the upperside resembles the male, but is paler, with the spots on 
the underside indistinctly visible through the wrings ; on the underside tlie spots on 
both wings are larger. C)n the anterior wings the space above the pale inner-marginal 
area is traversed by an elongate white streak commencing in a line with the lowest 
discal spot and extending nearly to the base, where it merges in the dark brown of 
the rest of the wings. On the posterior wings there is an additional white elongate 
streak, which is situate above the first sulicostal nervule. 

E'xpanse of wings : 3A inches. 

Hah. Halmaheii-a. 

Nearest to Patosa hatesii Feld., but a larger insect ; the absence of the pale outer 
area on both wings of P. hatesii at once distinguishes it from that species. 


( 78 ) 

7. Gamatoba dromhis ^^ll. nov. 

Male. — Uppe)-»ide: both wings dark velvety brown; the basal three-fourths 
of the anterior and the central part of the posterior wings suffused with dull purple 
in certain lights. 

Underside: both wings dark brown. Anterior wings with a spot towards the 
end of the cell and three spots beyond it, of which the first is the smallest, 
and the lowest is the largest and subquadrate ; above the subcostal nervure, between 
the first two subcostal nervules, is a minute spot, and there are two minute subapical 
spots, and two others on the disc between the submedian nervules. Posterior wings 
with a minute six)t towards the end of the cell, and a curved row of five others a little 
beyond it; towards the apex are two rows of spots, between the veins, the inner row 
of four spots rather larger than the outer row consisting of five .spots. 

Fem.^le. — Upperslde: paler than the male. Anterior wings with a rather large 
spot between the two upper median nervules, a little beyond the end of the cell, and 
a minute spot between the two first subcostal nervules ; there is a submarginal row of 
six spots following the contour of the wings, commencing near the apex and ceasing 
with the spot between the two lowest median nervules, the third and fourth spots 
nearly obsolete. 

Underside.: witii all the spots much larger. f)n the anterior wings, beyond the 
cell and curving round it, is a row of five spots, the uppermost small, the second elongate, 
the third hastate, the fourth and fifth the largest and subquadrate ; in the space above 
the submedian nervure is a broad white streak, becoming narrower and obsolete 
towards the base ; a submarginal row of eight smaller spots lietween the veins extends 
from the costa to a little above the posterior angle. On the posterior wings there is 
a round spot near the end of the cell, a curved row of seven spots beyond the cell, 
with a long streak near the inner margin about its middle, beyond which are two 
rows of small spots, the inner row on the disc and extending from near the apex to 
the lowest submedian nervule, and the outer row submarginal in ])airs between the 
veins. 

Expanse of wings : 3i inches. 

Hah. Halmaheira. 

On the upperside the male is scarcely distinguishable from Patosa nubaida : 
on the underside it is nearest to Gamatoba spicidifera Moore, but all the spots are 
much larger and more developed. 

The type-specimen of G. spicidifera in ^Slr. Grose Smith's collection is a mak, 
and has numerous spots on the upperside of the anterior wings, which are likewise 
j)resent in the female of G. dromius. 

8. Neptis mimetica sp. nov. 

Male. — Upperside: greyish brown. Anterior wings with a curved band of eight 
white spots across the disc lieyond the middle : the first, near the costal margin, linear ; 
the second, the largest, situate farthest from the outer margin ; the third, fifth, and 
sixth about equal in size ; the fourth, which is situate between the lowest discoidal 
and uppermost median nervules, consisting of a short streak ; the seventh is 
e.Ktended inwardly at its lower end ; the eighth is oval, and situate on the inner 
margin near the posterior angle. Outside the spots are three rows of brownish white 
bars between the veins, the middle bar the broadest ; ciliae between the veins 
narrowlv white. Posterior wings with the sjiace from the costal margin to near the 


( 79 ) 

discoidal iiervule paler sericeous; the disc is crossed a little beyond the middle by 
a row of white spots between the veins, those from the subcostal to the lowest 
median nervules large and conical, the others indistinct and becoming obsolete ; 
close outside this row is another row of broad whitish brown bars, divided by the 
brown veins, traversed a little above their middle by indistinct brown lines ; beyond 
these is a third row of narrower brownish white bars, followed, a little before the 
outer margin, by a series of indistinct grey streaks. 

Underside: very rufous brown, with the spots and bars as on the upperside ; tiie 
cell of the anterior wings is crossed at its extremity by an indistinct ])aler brown 
streak. 

The femule resembles tlie mule, but is larger and rather jjaler. 

Expanse of wings: male, 2^ inches ; fcuMle, 2\ inches. 

Two inales and five females from Dili. This species mimics Audaneafi orope 
Boisd. 

y. Neptis dohertyi sj). nov. 

M.\LE. — Upperside: greyish black. Anterior wings crossed towards the ajiex 
by a row of three white s[iots placed obliquely, the first near the costa linear, the 
second and third subquadrate. On the disc is a transverse broad band of confluent 
white spots : the uppermost, between the two upper median nervules, subovate ; the 
lowest, on the inner margin about its middle, is elongate inwardly towards the base. 
Between these rows of spots and the outer margin is a row of small whitish spots, 
tho.se towards the apex the whitest, bordered on each side with indistinct bars 
darker than the rest of the wings; there is an indistinct pale streak in the cell. 
On the posterior wings is a very broad white band, which crosses the disc and cell at 
about its midille ; half-way between the band and the outer margin is an indistinct 
pale brown line, bordered on each side with indistinct darker brown bars; ciliae of 
both wings between the veins narrowly white. 

Underside: chocolate brown, with tlie markings as on the upperside. On the 
anterior wings the submarginal row of small spots is more distinct, and the white 
subapical and discal bands are bordered outwardly by indistinct sinuate pale lines ; 
along the lower part of the cell is a basal white line, followed at the end of the cell 
by a narrow subtriangular white spot ; there are two submarginal rows of white lines, 
one in the middle, the other at the posterior angle, bordered outwardly with gi-ey 
scales. On the posterior wings the shoulder is Iwoadly white, followed by a white 
streak which crosses the basal part of the cell and extends on either side of the first 
subcostal nervule ; outside the white discal band is a continuous row of white bars 
following the contour of the wings, with a narrow, rather short, white line above it, 
commencing on the inner margin, and a submarginal band of narrow white lines. 

The female resembles the mule, but is rather larger. 

Expanse of wings : 1| inch. 

Hub. Tenimber. 

10. Melanitis belinda sp. nov. 

M.^LK. — Upperside: both wings olivescent brown — anterior wings very falcate 
truncate at the apex— becoming darker lirown in the middle towards tlie rather oblique 
bright ferruginous brown sinviate band which broadly crosses the wings fi-om (he costa 
at about three-fourths from the base to the posterior angle. The inner edge of Ibis 


( 8") 

baud is verv sinuate, being convex between the upjier and middle and concave 
between the middle and lower median nervnles ; on the outer side of the band, on 
either side of the upi^er median nervule, is an indistinct confluent black spot, in 
which are situate two white spots, the lower sjwt being minute, the other large and 
oval ; between the discoidal nervnles nearer the margin is another minute white spot. 
Posterior wings become darker brown from the middle to the anal angle and near 
the outer margin. Tlie outer margin from the apex to the middle median nervule 
has a well-defiued jiale tawny border, broadest at the apex, narrowing gradually to 
the last-named nemile, where it becomes grey. 

Underside: both wings are mottled brownish grey, with indistinct streaks and 
s[X)ts, as in many of the forms of M. isniene Cram. The ferruginous band on the 
upperside of the anterior wings is represented by a pale indistinct somewhat tawny 
space dusted with brown ; the white spots of the upperside reappear, the upper and 
imder spots being narrowly surrounded by black. On the posterior wings is a large 
curved sepia-brown patch, commencing on the costa near its middle, and extending 
across the wings outside the cell to the middle median nervule ; between the veins 
is a submarginal row of rather small black spots, centred with white and suiTounded 
by pale rings. 

Exjmnse of wings : 3 inches. 

Hab. Adonara. 

Three specimens. The undersides vary, as is the case with many of the species 
of the M. ismene group to which this insect belongs. 

11. Mycalesis merops sp. uov. 

M.\LE. — Upper»ide : dark brown, rather more rufous than jU. nihuus Linn. 
Anterior wings with a large black ocellus on the disc between the middle and lowest 
median nervules, with a white pupil and a narrow tawny ring outside; the basal 
two-thirds of the wings are darker than the outer third, the dark area extending 
from the costa to the inner margin. Posterior wings elongated to the anal angle, 
and becoming paler ; on the disc between the median nervules aud the submedian 
ner\Tire are three black ocelli with white pupils and tawny rings ; the largest 
is in the middle, and the smallest is below. Near the margins of both wings 
is a narrow dusky line, with traces on the posterior wings of an inner sinuate line. 

Underside : both wings purplish grey, the middle third crossed by a broad 
curved darker band, extending from the costa of the anterior to the inner margin of 
the posterior wings; the outside edge of the band is clearly defined by a narrow ])ale 
grey space. On the anterior wings, inside the hand, the cell is crossed near the base 
by a sinuate line, and a subreniform darker spot near the middle : on the disc are 
two small ocelli, one towards the apex, the other between the mi<ldle and lowest 
median nervules ; towards the outer margin are two sinuate dark lines. On the 
j)Osterior wings the dark central band becomes grey towards the base and anal angle ; 
the inner edge of the band, where it crosses the cell, is curved towards the base ; on 
the disc between the veins is a row of seven ocelli with white pupils and tawny rings, 
the first, fourth, fifth, and .sixth being larger than the others; outside the spots are 
two dark lines, of which the inner is very sinuate. 

The female resembles the male, but is larger and paler. 

Expanse of wings : inale, 1| inch ; female, 2 inches. 

Hab. Sambawa, Adonara, and Pura. 


( 81 ) 

Nearest to M. mineus and M. perseus Fabr., l3ut differs chiefly in the elongate 
shape of the posterior wings and on the underside in the shape of the central band. 

12. Mycalesis persa sp. nov. 

Male. — Upperside. : differs from M. perseus Fabr. in both wings being more 
rufous brown, and in the ocellus on the upperside of the anterior wings being larger 
and surrounded by a bright rufous ring. 

On the underside there are only two ocelli on the anterior wings, one near the 
apex, the other between the two lowest median nervules, each surrounded by a pale 
brown outer ring; the pale streak which crosses these wings is much more obscure 
and nearer to the ocelli than in M. perseus. On the jiosterior wings the pale streak 
is Likewise more obscure and nearer to the row of ocelli, and instead of being straight, 
as in M. perseus, it curves outwardly between the lowest subcostal and upper median 
nervules. 

The /emaZe differs from the male in being paler and the ocellus on the uiipcr- 
side of the anterior wings being larger. 

Expanse of wings : If inch. 

Hab. Dili (Timor). 

A series of seven specimens, none of which differ from the type. 


NOTE ON THE STEPHENS ISLAND ROCK-WEEN 
TBAVEIiSIA LYALLI Rothsch.' 

By the HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD. 

WHEN I described this very interesting bird {Bidl. B. 0. C, December 29th, 
1894), although I had nine specimens before me, nothing was known of its 
habits. It has since been re-described by Sir Walter L. Buller in the Ibis (April 
1895), under the name of Xenicus insularis, but the author gives us no further 
particulars, except that the three specimens were Isrought in by the cat. Now I have 
had a letter from Ur. Henry Travers, who tells me that all the eleven specimens (ten 
in my Museum, and the one from which Sir Walter Buller made his description) 
were brought in by the cat. The bird itself has only been seen on two occasions 
alive, when disturbed from holes in the rocks, and was not obtained. It is nocturnal, 
runs like a mouse and very fast, and did not fly at all. 


( 82 ) 


NEW SPECIES AND GENERA OF GEOMETBJDAE 
IN THE TIUNG MUSEUM. 

By W. WARREJSr, M.A., F.E.S. 

Suiii-AMiLY OENOCHROMINAE. 

Adelotypa gen. nov. 

Forewings: with costa straight, or even slightly conca\e, except before ai)e.x, 
where it is shortly convex; apex blunt; hiiulmargiu curved, more strongly towards 
anal angle, which is well marked. 

Ilimlwiw/s: with rounded hindmargin, and aual angle slightly produced. 

Palpi i)orrect ; tongue ? Antennae of ? filiform. 

Neuraiioii: cell about half as long as wing; discocellular indiscernible. 
Forewings, first median at three-fourths, second and third together from lower end of 
cell ; lower radial from centre of discocellular space ; upper fi-om top end of cell : one 
subcostal absent ; the last two on a joint stem from just before end of cell, the other 
two free. Hindwings with costa strongly shouldered at base; costal vein arched 
upwards from base away from subcostal, and terminating half-way along the costal 
margin ; two subco.^tal nervules from top end of cell ; radial from centre of disco- 
cellular space ; medians as in forewings. 

Type : Adelotyjja xanthohrunnea ^^'arr. 

The jwsition of this genus is uncertain and eqiuvocal. The radial of the hindwings 
is distinct ; the arching of the costal vein and the direction of its course are both 
peculiar; I can detect no bar between the costal and subcostal, as in the OrthoslLcinae, 
and am therefore obhged to refer it to the Oenoc/irominae, notwithstanding the 
almost entire difference in its superficial appearance. 

Adelotypa xauthobruniiea sp. nov. 

Forewinc/s : rather deep yellow, with the base, the costa to near the middle, and 
the hindmargin broadly dull chestnut brown ; this marginal region is bounded 
internally by a curved deeper brown shade, and a similar deeper shade is discernible 
immediately before the hindmargin, and reaches quite to the anal angle, whereas 
the marginal fascia itself is interrupted bolow the submedian fold by the yellow 
ground colour. 

Hindwings : rather deeper yellow, with a chestnut brown apical patch, and a 
smaller one at the anal angle; fringes and basal line of fringes in both wings 'bro«-n ; 
base of fringes paler. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen (mouldy) probably brown. Underside like ujiiier, 
Imt the yellow much paler, with three irregular curved series of deep yellow oblong 
spots ; tlie edges of the marginal brown band more distinct as a series of browner 
lunulate spots. 

Expanse of wings : 30 mm. 

One ? from South America (? Chili.) 


( 83 ) 

Afrophyla gen. nov. 

Forewings : triangular ; costa very slightly curved throughout ; apex produced 
slightly ; hindmargin oblique, faintly sinuous, incurved below apex, and convex 
above the anal angle, which is well marked. 

Hindwings : broad, the hindmargin only ciuved, and with a slight elbow in the 
middle. 

Forehead somewhat produced below ; palpi porrect, not long, the third joint 
minute ; tongue present ; antennae (?) filiform. 

Neuration: cell half as long as wing. Forewings with first subcostal at three- 
fourths, anastomosing with the stem of the other four, which rises at seven-eighths, 
and forming thus a rather long accessory cell ; margins of the cell both bent inwards 
towards end: first median at about one-half; second at seven-eishths, third from 
lower angle of cell. Hindwings, subcostal upcurved near base, closely approximated 
to the co.stal for a short distance ; two subcostals on a short stem ; radial from centre 
of discocellular ; medians as in forewings. 

Type : Afrophyla dichordata Warr. 

Afrophyla dichordata sp. nov. 

Forewings: pale whitisli ochreous, slightly dusted with brownish, more thickly 
near base and along costa ; lines brown, the first at one-third, parallel to hindmargin, 
not reaching the costa; second curved fi-om costa close before apex to inner margin 
at two-thirds ; a brown cell-spot ; fringe brownish. 

Hindwings: rather paler, not so much dusted with fuscous, with a single brown 
submarginal line, which is more distinct towards the inner margin ; a brownish cell- 
dot, and the fringes browni.<h. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous much suffused with fuscous. Underside 
like upper, but the lines less marked on the forewings, and more distinct on the 
hindwings. 

E.xpanse of \vings : 36 mm. 

One ? from Tauta, E. Africa. 

Nearcha benecristata sp. nov. 

Forewings: pale whitish grey, with a slight ochreous tinge; very sparsely 
dusted with fine blackish atoms ; costa ochreous yellow to beyond the middle ; first 
line indicated by three black spots, on the median and submedian veins and inner 
margin respectively; cell-spot ocelloid, black-edged; exterior line curved outwards 
in the middle of the wing, and inwards in its lower course, represented by black vein- 
dots edged posteriorly with pale from the costa to the first median, thence to the 
inner margin by a thick black streak ; submarginal shade dark grey, not reaching 
anal angle, and darkening towards the costa, which it attains close to the ajiex; 
fringe concolorous, witli a row of black dots at the end of the veins. 

HindAvings : with a central dark grey thickish line or shade, and the marginal 
area dark grey, almost blackish at the inner angle. 

Top of face, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings, or even paler. Face 
and pal))i black. Underside more or less suffused with smoky grey, with a large 
blackish cell-spot on each wing. Abdomen with a black-edged tuft of hair on either 
side of the second segment above, and a second, more greyish tuft below on the 


( 8-1 ) 

sides. Hindwings beneath with a lot of white hairs, and with a hirge black-tipped 
tuft below the costa, and a smaller one at end of the cell. 

Several examples from Australia ; a tj ii> the British Jluseum from Thursday 
I slaud. 

Leptoctenopsis nom. nov. 
Leptoctenifitn Warr., \o\ itatks Zooluhuak, 1., p. :'>7'2 (1894) being preoccupied, 
I pro[iose the aliove name for this genus. 

SiBi-AMiLY EUMELEIXAE. 
Eumelea rosalia Cram. 

Cramer's type, from ,\inl)ciina, represents a very distinct-looking insect, with pure 
yellow fringes, rosy wings, and a yellow basal streak on the forewings. To this no 
siiecimens hitherto seen, as far as I know, actually correspond. If then, as seems 
probable, Cramer's figure is to be considered as inexact, iadovicata Gruen., which does 
occur in Amboina, would ap})ear to be the most likely rei)resentative of it. And so, in 
the Zeller collectiou, there were two examples, from Amboina and Morty respectively 
— answering precisely to an example in the British Museum collection from Amboina 
— which were labelled, the one rus(dia Cram., the other romdiata Fab. ; neither agree- 
ing with Cramer's figure, and both referable to the redder forms of ludovicdta. For 
the present, however, consideiing the great vai-iety of local forms which exist in the 
insects of this genus, I prefer to leave Cramer's species as distinct. 

Eumelea sanguinata. 
Eimielea rosalia Westw., Dime. Sal. Libr., .xxxvii., p. 21.3, I'l. Lxxxix., fig. 4. 
Wlk., xxii., p. 809 (part). 

Meyr., Pr. Linn. Soc. iV.S.W., 1890 (ii. 4), p. 1197. Australia. 
? „ „ Meyr., Tc. £■. S., 1886, p. 190. Solomon Islands, New Britain. 

This form appears to be confined to the easternmost portion of the Indo-Malayan 
region. There are six specimens in the British Museum collection which can be 
included under this head : four ? ? from Cerain,New Guinea, North Australia, and the 
Kei Islands respectively, and two (JcJ from the Kei Islands and Celebes. Of these the 
? from Ceram and tiie 6 from Celebes represent a blurred and suffused variety, while 
the pair from the Kei Islands have the red varied by a si)rinkling of yellow over the 
wings. The remaining two ? ? from New Guinea and North .Australia are the reddest 
of all, and are most likely the form which Mr. Meyrick has identified as rosalia Cram. 

Slui-amily CYLLOPODINAE. 
Atyria Hiib. 
Differs from Cyllopoda Dahn. in the c? antennae, the shaft of which is thick, 
broad, and flattened, and armed with dense fascicles of cilia. 
Type : A. isis Hvih. 

Atyriodes gen. nov. 
Distinguished from Atyria lliih. liy having the S antennae beset with pairs of 
curved cilia. 

Type : AtyHodea apjyi'oximans Wlk. {Ckrysauge). 


( 85 ) 

Erilyces gen. nov. 
Distiuo'uished from Lijces ^VIk., to whicli if is otherwise closely allied, by the <? 
antennae being pectinated. 

Type : Erilyces fiavissima Wlk. (Lyces). 

Paratyria gen. nov. 
Distinguished from CyUopoila Dalm., Aty^Ha Huh., and the other allied genera, 
by having simple antennae in hotli sexes. 

Type : Paratyria damn. Schaus {('yllopoda). 

Scaptia Wlk. 

The single insect which stands as the type to this genus is distinguished from 
all the allied forms by having the ? antennae almost as strongly pectinated as in 
the cJ. 

Type : Scaptia, int-ercepta Wlk. (C'hrysauge). 

Smicropus nom. nov. 
Micropiis was already used in the Birds (1808). 


nov. 


Smicropus angusta sp. nr 

Like S. longalis (Hiih.) and S. simjdex (Keld.), but with the black border, 
especially in the hindwings, very much restricted. The outline of the yellow smface 
resembles that of longalis, being gradually rounded near the costa, without the slight 
notch that is visible in simplex (PVld.). 

Four SS from the Felder collection from South America, another from Colombia. 

Smicropus latifasciata sp. no\-. 

?. Like longalis (Hiib.), but with still broader black margins above, while the 
black border of the hindwings beneath reaches beyond the border alio\e, and shows 
through the yellow ground colour, as a dark shade on the upperside. 

One ? from Cayenne, from tlie Felder collection. 

Subfamily DYSPHANIINAE. 

EUSCHEMIDAK ArcT. 
Dysphania aui-iplaga sp. uov. 
Wings rather deep purjilish hyaline, with the usual deep purplish markings. As 
regards the forewiugs, very much like aurilimhata Moore : the hindwings difier 
in ha\ing, in the S, the anal angle only broadly yellow and the inner margin 
narrowly so ; in the ? the yellow is much deeper in colour and much broader along 
the inner margin, and is continued in the form of spots to the inner angle of the wing 
along the hindmargiu. Abdomen of S l)ale liluish white with black segmental 
rings ; anal segments, sides, and belly wholly yellow : of the ? wholly white 
without rings, with anal segment and underside yellow. The hindwings, when fresli, 
show a decided elbow in the middle of the hindmargiu, as in semiflava Warr. 
Expanse of wings : J', 84 mm. ; ? , 72 mm. 
One cJ, two ? ?, from Gunong Ijan. 


( 86 ) 

Dysphania berusteinii. 

Helemuh bernsteinii Keld., lieine A'ov., PI. civ., tig. 2, S  Waigiou. 

In bernsteinii Feld. there is, on the upperside of forewing.-;, only a .single yellow 
al)breviatefl fascia and a small yellow dot beyond it, and on the hindwing.s a large 
yellow .spot. On the underside of the hindwings is the commencement of a sul)- 
marginal yellowish fascia. 

Dysphania confluens sp. nov. 

Like D. remota Wlk., from ^Ivsol and Batchian, but with the three white spots 
umeh enlarged, subquadrate, and conHuent ; corresponding to JJ. auristriya Wlk. in 
the yellow-belted series. Hindwings, as in D. remota, unmarked. 

One S from Obi Island. 

Dysphania doubledayi. 

Nazis douhledayi iSnell., l^ijd. v. But., 188 1, ]j. i)(i. 

Euscliema nudayanus Wlk., ii., p. 407 (nee Gueri. 

Hazis malayaria Guen., PhuL, ii., p. 189 (nee Guerin). 

Gu^rin's inalayanus is, as Snellen says, quite different : in it, the abdominal 
margin, as well as a patch at the anal angle, is yellow. Guenee's reference is plainly 
to this sjjecies, as he speaks of the yellow iiinule. It would appear to be a ratlier 
common island form. 

Dysphania flavidiscalis sp. no\ . 

In the forewings like i>. auriplaga. Wan:, but the paler hyaline spaces duller, 
and the dark purple markings coarser and thicker. The markings of the hindwings 
are a dark basal bar, an oblong thick cell-spot, an irregularly angulated fascia, and a 
series of submarginal spots, sometimes prolonged to join some small marginal ones, 
all dark purjile. Of the costal one-third, the basal half is white, the rest pale purple, 
but the whole of the inner-marginal half is golden yellow. Paljii and face brown and 
white; collar purplish, W'itli a line of yellow in the middle, and some white in front 
behind the eyes. Thorax pale bluish white, with a dark jiurplc hand in the middle, 
and another at base of abdomen, which is wholly yellow. 

One ? from Burmah. 

Expanse of wings : 78 mm. 

Dysphania latiflava sp. nov. 

Foreioings : deeji purple, broken up by whitish hyaline blotches; a fine oblique 
one from inner margin near base, a curved blotch of three before the discal spot, a 
small round one beyond the discal sjjot. and an irregular sulimarginal band, con.sisting 
of three flattened oblong blotches, a thinner one below them, a large (|uadrate oiie, 
placed farther from hindmargin, and three or four small irregularly placed spots at 
anal angle. 

Hindnnngs: with rather more than the ba.sal half dark purple, with a hyaline 
space in centre, and sending out rays along the veins into the yclloin outer half, which 
contains a series of dull dark oblong blotches towards the inner angls, the two last 
only distinct. 

Face and collar wholly yellow; thorax deep purple, rather paler bclnnd ; 
abdomen with a dark pur]>le belt at base, yellow with brown rings. 

Kxjianse of wings : cj, 90 mm. ; ? , 84 mm. 

A ]>air from New (iuinea. 


( 87 ) 

Dysphania poeyi. 

Deileptena poeyi Gueriii, Voi/. ib: hi Cuquillc, PI. xix., fig. ?>. Tvjio in H. ('. 
Offack. 

Hazis mars Boisd., Ent. de i' Astrolabe, Pt. 1, Lep., p. 205. 
„ „ Boisd., Voy. de la Goquille, Zool., vol. ii., p. 283. 

Euschema mars Wlk., ii., p. 408. 

Hazis martiaria Guen., PhaL, ii., p. 19(1. 

In this form the white belt consists of three large spots and one small contiguous 
white spot. In the hindwings there is a small whitish spot. Underside of tlie fore- 
wings with a broader white belt; of the hindwings with an interrupted submarginal 
orange fascia. 

Dysphania semiflava sp. nov. 

tj. Foreivlngs : hyaline bhiish wliile, with the veins and all the usual markings 
purplish black ; costa concisely dark ; discal spot large, oblong, followed towards anal 
angle by a small oblong lilotch lietween first and second median, and this again by a 
narrow inwardly oblique blotch to, inner margin ; these blotches are preceded by four 
hyaline blotches, the two uppermost of which are the largest and clearest, the lower 
two duller and cur\-ing inwards towards base ; they are followed by six hyaline blotches, 
the upper three flattened, oblong, the fourth square, the lowest two small, close to anal 
angle ; the apical one-third is occuiiied by four oblong lunate hyaline blotches. 

Hindtvings : with the base, the costa narrowly, all the veins, a broad central blotch 
from costal vein to near inner margin, a zigzag submarginal line, an irregular row of 
black spots between the veins and a marginal row of lozenge-shaped spots, all black ; 
base of wing beyond basal bar, and the two spaces beyond the submarginal band 
opposite the cell, pale bluish ; all the rest of the wings bright yellow. 

I have made the description from what is probably the ordinary form : the other 
S has no hyaline blue at all in the hindwings, and not only so, but the whole basal 
one-third of the forewings bright yellow, the two pale spaces before the discal sjiot 
being partly bluish and partly yellowish. P'ace and front of collar yellow in both 
examples ; frontlet, collar, tips of patagia, and base of abdomen black ; patagia, thorax, 
and base of abdomen whitish blue in the one, wholly yellow, like the abdomen, in the 
other. 

Both (J i from Kias. 

Expanse of wings : 78 mm. 

'J'he species is especiallv distingnisliable by the outline of the hindwings, which 
are not rounded, Init straight from the inner angle to the third median, with deep 
indentations between the veins ; at the end of the third median is a prominent blunt 
elbow, from which to tlie anal angle the hindmargin is wavy. 

Dysphania supergressa sp. nov. 

Closely allied to I), imildi/iuiiis Guer. and J), recessa Wlk. ; but while recfssa 
has no vellow at all, and m.alai/anus a iimall blotch at anal angle and along inner 
margin, in supergressa. the gilded area extends as far as the second median nervule, 
forming a large and cons]iicuous anal blotch. In markings and shape of wings there 
is no difference. 

Two ? ? , one from Borneo, 78 mm., as large as the other species, the other from 
Gunong Ijau, Perak, only (),> mm,, darker than the Bornean example and with only 
one spot in the centre of the hinilwing. It is possible that this latter represents 
Guende's minervaria. 


( 88) 

Subfamily PSEUDOTERPN INAE. 

Mimanclria gen. nov. 

Suiierficially extremely like E^ipi-lMk Meyr., but distinguished bv having the 
? antennae pectinated, though not so strongly as in the S  
Type : Mimarulria insularis ^^"arr. 

Metallolophia gen. nov. 

forewings narrower than in the allied genera, cut away at the anal angle; 
antennae of S thick, be.set with very short, stout jiectinations ; abdomen with 
metallic crests on first three segments. 

Ty[jp : j]/. i-itiicostti \\'lk. (ITypochroma). 


Si mwMii.v (fEOxMETKlXAK. 
Chloractis gen. nov. 

Fm-ewings: elongate; costa slightly arched throughout ^ apes acute; hind- 
margin elbowed at end of thii-d median, straight or slightly concave above, oblique 
lielow ; anal angle distinct. 

Hindwings: with a distinct angle at end of third median; hindmargin thence 
to anal angle straight ; anal angle rectangular ; inner angle rounded off, the hind- 
margin above the elbow being simply sinuous. 

Scaling fine and semitransparent. Antennae of c? pectinated ; palpi and mouth 
parts damaged ; hind tibiae ^vith four spurs. Neuration normal. 

Type : Chloractis pulcherrima Butler (Calothysanis). 

Colutoceras gen. nov. 

Foreivings : with costa straight for three-fourtlis, then slightly curved ; apex 
bhmt ; hindmargin curved : anal angle distinct. 

Hiiubrimjs : broad, the anal angle produced, and hindmargin fullv rounded. 

Antennae of t? well pectinated ; palpi rostriform ; second joint flattened, rough 
scaled; third joint small, pointed, droojung ; tongue very feel)le ; hind tibiae "of 
S with two pairs of adjacent spurs, and a tuft of hairs. Neuration normal. 

Type : Colutoceras dihUa Warr. 

Colutoceras diluta sp. nov. 

Forewi/ngs: pale apple-green, with tlie costa paler; the lines very indistinct, 
slightly paler; the first at one-third curved outwards and edged e.xternallv with 
faintly darker green ; the second, quite near the hindmargin, to which it runs parallel, 
does not reach the costa, and is faintly curved outwards towards the anal angle ; this 
is edged with darker green internally ; cell-spot indistinct, reddish. 

Hindiolngs: the same, but the lines still fainter. 

Head, face, and antennae white ; thorax and abdomen pale green; palpi white, 
tinged with pinkish externally. Underside whitLsh green, with the celUspots dark. 

Expan.se of wings : 36 mm. 

One c? from Kiushiu, .lapan. 


( 89 ) 

Dyschloropsis gen. nov. 

Foreivini/s : shaped mucli as in Heuustola Warr. 

Hindwings : with hindmargin not rounded. Init twice hent, once just below the 
apex, and again at the end of the third median ner\ule ; anal angle prominent. 

Antennae of S shortly pectinated, of ? sinijile. Forewings green ; hindwings 
whitish. 

Type : Dysehlcn'opsis impararia Gueu. 

I have not seen this insect; but, from the tigure given by .Millicre, it certainlv 
cannot be left in Eucrostis, and the outline of the hindwings is different from that 
of all other genera of the snbfamilv. 

Gelasma albistrigata sp. nov. 

Forewings : jiale green, shagreened with white : an indistinct jialer curved basal 
line, .slightly edged externally with darker green ; a regularly ilenticulated second 
line, internally dark green ; discal mark ereseentic, dark gi'een. 

Hindwings : the same. 

Fringe concolorous ; vertex and shaft of antennae white; pectinations, palpi, and 
face rusty brown ; thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings. Underside nearly 
white. 

Fxpanse of wings : ? , 4G mm. : c?, 08 mm. 

Japan. 

Meg'alochlora viridescentaria. 

Geometrina viridesctiiUiria .Motschl., Et. Eat., 1800, p. 3(5. .Tapan. 

Motschl., Bull. Mosc. 1866, i., p. li»U. 

? Chlm-ochroma spunsaria Breni., Lep. E. Sib., p. 77, PI. vi., fig. 25. 

Geometrn „ S. & W'., Cat., No. 2057. 

Megalochlora „ Jleyr., Tr. E. S., 1892, p. 95. 

In tlie Bidl. Mosc, loc. cit., ^lotschulsky says that his viridescentaria very 
much resembles Bremer's G. sponsaria. \\'hetlier it be identical, or only congeneric, 
strictly, his generic name Geometrina should, on the score of priority, stand for the 
genus, instead of Meyrick's Megalochlora ; but the use of the word Geometrina 
for a genus, when tlie whole subfamily is so frequently denoted by the term 
Geometrinae might be olyectionable.* 

Mesurodes gen. nov. 

Distinguished from Urospila Warr. and Orniihospila Warr., to both of which 
the typical species bears a superficial likeness, by the palpi and antennae. The 
palpi are extremely short and weak, and the antennae (?)much thickened towards 
the base. In the other genera the palpi are strongly developed, especially in the $, 
and the antennae of the ? filiform and slender throughout. The angulation of the 
hindwings is intermediate between the two. The c? will no doubt show otlier )ioints 
of di ffeience. 

Ty])e : Mesurodefi erichlora ^leyr. (/odts). 

Miantonota gen. nov. 

Forewings: Iriangidar; cost a hardly arched ; ai)ex blunt; hindmargin curved ; 

inner margin straight ; anal angle well ex]iressed. 

* In my opinion it is much more ol3Jectional>le to ab.audon tlic Law of priority than to accept the name 
of Gnotnrti'iiui.—K. J. 


( 90 ) 

Hindwinifs : broad, with tlie hindmargin distinctly elbowed at end of third 
nicdian ; anal angle square, rather produced. 

Antennae of S with short even pectinations, the terniinal third s?ubserrale ; of 
? simjjle, very finely subserrate beneath. Palpi of d porrect, short ; second joint 
hairy, third minutely rostriform ; of ? longer. Tongue present ; hind tibiae of (? 
thickened with pencil of hairs, with three spurs, one at end, the other two above ; 
abdomen in both sexes with the middle segments tinged witli red above. 

Type : Miantonola intei/rii W-.u-r. 

Phrudocentra gin. no\. 

Allied to Miantonota Wnrr., l)nt differing in the following points: the himl- 
niargin of forewings is not evenly carved, but bulging in the middle, and slightlv 
concave above and below, the apex of the wing thus appearing more pointed ; the 
antennae of the ? are perfectly filiform, not subserrate ; and while the <S palpi agree 
with those oi Miantonota, the ? are long and slender, just as in the genus Aniaodes 
and its allies ; the hind tibiae of the c? are thickened w'ith a pencil of hairs, but are 
entirely devoid of spurs. In scaling luid coloration tlie genus approaches Melocldwa 
and Dichorda. 

Type : Phrudocentra jjupilhiMi, W'arr. 

Pyrochlora gen. uo\ . 

Forevdngs : with costa gradually arched throughout ; apex blunt, more 
produced in ? than (? ; hindmargin oblii|uely curved, in the ? very slightly 
sinuous ; anal angle distioct. 

Hindwings : broad; the anal angle produced and square; hindmargin faintlv 
curved. 

Palpi very short, porrect, not reaching iieyond face; tongue present; antennae 
shortly l)ectinated in both sexes, the aiiical half ciliated ; hind tibiae of t? with two 
pairs of stout spin's. 

Type: Pyrochlom rhanin VvMn. (Phal. Gconi.) 

Slhkamily STEKI{IIIX.\K. 

ACinALlDAE AKT. 

Antitrygodes gen. nov. 

Kesembles Tri/r/odes Guen. in sliape of wings, but ditVers in the following 
]ioints : the pal|)i are shortly iqiturued in front of face, not porrect, as in I'l'yyoden ; 
the hind tibiae of the c? are thickened and flattened, smooth, without spurs, and the 
hind tar.si aborted, as in Ptychopoda Stph. Though bearing a strong sujjerficial 
likeness to Trygodes, the species have markings of a quite different character. In the 
American genus the three transverse denticulated lines are parallel to one another 
and to the hindmargin; in the Indian, on the contrary, the first line is nearly 
straight, the .second oblique and minutely dentate, the third curved outwards towards 
the anal angle, and not parallel either to the second or to the hindmargin. 

Nearation : cell nearly half as long as wing ; first median at two-thirds, sccoikI and 
third from lower angle of cell ; lower radial i'rom above centre of discocellular, upper 
from upper angle of cell ; last four subcoslals on common stem, fir.sl approximated 
to or anastomosing with their stem. Hindwings with the radial from above centre 
of discocellular; two subcostals from upper angle of cell ; medians as in forewings. 

Type : Antitrygodes divisario, ^\'lk. (Macaria). 


( 91 ) 

Chlorerythra gen. nov. 

Forewiags : elongate; eo.sta stiaiglit till shortly before apex, which is proiiiinoiit ; 
hindmargin oblique, straight. 

Hindiuings : with rounded hindtnargin, and anal angle jiroduced and square. 

Palpi rostriform, drooping ; tongue present ; antennae of cJ strongly pectinated 
to the end ; hind tibiae of d with four spurs. Neuration normal. 

Type : Chlorerythra rabriplaga Warr. 

Distinguished from both diamptolomd, ^^'arr. and 'Trnmiiuht Saalm. by tlie 
rounded hindiniirgiu and decide<lly [iroduced anal angle of the hindwings. 

Chlorerythra rubriplaga sp. nov. 

Foreioings: pale green, with an oblique red-brown stripe from inner margin 
at two-thirds towards apex, which it does not reach ; this stripe is edged externally 
by a pale pinkish ochreous stripe ; fringe vinous red, with a darker basal line, 
preceded by a pale pinkish ochreous streak along the hindmargin. 

Hindiuings: ochreous tinged with green; fringe concolorous, but with a thick 
red basal line. 

Thorax concolorous with forewings, abdomen with liinilwings; face and }jalpi 
red-brown ; vertex and antennae white. Underside pale yellowish green on inner 
half of forewings, suffused with rosy brown near base and along the costa, and with 
ochreous dusted with reddish towards a]iex ; a reddish oblique line from before apex, 
just where the line is wanting above. Hindwings greenish ochreous, thickly sprinkled 
with reddish, and with a straight reddish line before hindmargin. 

Expanse of wings : 32 mm. 

Several of lioth sexes from South Africa. 

Cnemodes Guen., Phal., ii., p. o. 
Guenee placed under Cnemodes three species: hlrcarlu, castaria, and 
indignaria. Hircaria is identical with H. S.'s Semaeopus serrilinearia, both 
names, generic and specific, being prior to Guende's. Sernueopics must therefore 
stand for serrilinearia ( = hircaria Gn.) and for castaria. which is congeneric. 
Cnemodes may be retained, however, for Guenee's third species, indigmirla, which 
differs in several points. 

Conchocometa gen. nov. 

Allied to the group of Plallsodcs, etc., but characterised by the following points : 
hind tibiae of tj with two, of ? with four, spurs of very unequal length ; basal 
segments of abdomen of c? armed with Haps of scales, one at each side being smooth 
and very glossj'. 

Type: Conchocoineta sahulosa Warr. 

Conchocometa sabulosa sp. nov. 
Foreivings : pale dull sand colour, thickly dusted with darker sandy and fuscous 
atoms ; the fuscous atoms thickest along the costa ; basal, central, exterior, and two 
snbmarginal lines dark sandy, the exterior alone marked by very dark red vein- 
jioints ; an indistinct dark cell-spot ; fringe concolorous, with a row of deep red spots 
at the base between the veins, and a row of similar-coloured dots in the fringe 
o])posite the ends of the veins. 

Hindxuings : the same, but the cell-siiot distinct, brown-black. 

8 


( 92 ) 

Face dull brownish above, paler below ; palpi pale ochreous beneath and on the 
inside, bright rosy outside, like the forelegs ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen sandy. 
Underside of forewings pale ochreous, suffused towards base with dull rosy, with the 
basal fnnge-s{X)ts and exterior line reddish ; of hindwings uniform ochreous, with only 
the fringe-spots reddish. 

Expanse of wings : 34 nun. 

1 (J, several ? ?, fi'om Palawan. 

Cosymbia angeronaria sp. nov. 

Fweit'ings : canary yellow, more or less covered with transverse red striae! 
a curved thick red central shade ; the two lines indicated by larger red spots, the 
exterior line of spots being followed by a narrow space of cleai-er vellow ; fringes 
yellow with base reddish ; cell-spot small, whitish edged with red. 

Hindirings : the same. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous. Underside dull brick-red, with yellow 
fringes. 

Expanse of wings : 2'2 mm. 

S. America. 

Craspedia erubescens sp. no\-. 

Forewings: ochreous flesh-colour, with sparse blackish dots; the lines pale brown' 
not denticulated, rather thick; first near base, fi-om about one-third of costa to one- 
fourth of inner margin, marked with dai'ker on the veins and inner margin ; second 
beyond middle, angulated on upper radial, then oblique and parallel to hindniai'gin to 
middle of inner margin ; third wavy at five-sixths, containing two blackish brown 
bilobed blotches, one opposite the cell, the other above the inner margin, the line 
itself becoming black on their inner edges ; marginal area darker, with the subterminal 
line showing slightly paler and wavy ; fringes concolorous, with two or three minute 
dots below apex at their base ; discal dot brownish, indistinct. 

Hindwings: with lines as in forewings, but without blotches; cell-spot small, 
black, beyond first line. 

Vertex, thorax, and abdomen concolorous ; face and palpi brown-black. Underside 
paler, with the lines dark grey ; forewings much suffused with cinereous. 

Expanse of wings : 36 mm. 

One (J from the Khasia Hills. 

Craspedia rufilinea sp. nov. 

Nearest to C. sir/wZaWrt .Moore. Cinereous flesh-colour, nuicli more thicklv and 
decidedly speckled with dark atoms, especially along the costa ; inner line and median 
line indistinct, blurred ; cell-spot black, small, but distinct (in similaria it appears as 
a very faint ochraceous ring) ; exterior line formed of black vein-dots, hardly connected, 
with a double reddish angulation at each of the two usual indentations (not, as in 
similaria, with a black double angulation succeeded by a reddish blotch) ; a distinct 
row of small black dots at base of fringe between the veins, and a smaller black dot in 
the fringe opposite each vein. Hindwings like forewings, but with cell-spot large and 
black. Abdomen concolorous, much speckled with black, and with black dorsal spots. 
Underside duller; in the forewings much dusted with cinereous, and with the outer 
line dark, denticulated. 

One (^ from Ceylon. 

A much darker and stronger looking insect than similar in Moore. 


( 93 ) 

Craspedia rufistigma sp. nov. 

Forewings : jmle stone-colour, tliickly dusted with tine lilack atoms; the lines 
very indistinct; third line denticulated, darker opposite the cell and above inner 
margin, wliere it is followed bj' some orange scales ; discal spot stone-colour, thickened. 

Hindvjings : like forewings, with an oval orange cell-spot; fringes concolorous, 
with two rows of dots, one basal, the second beyond, intermediate. 

Thorax and abdomen concolorous ; vertex and shaft of antennae nearly white ; 
face and palpi brown above, whitish below. Underside [learly whitish, with costa 
of forewings and all lines distinctly darker ; basal line of fringes thick, dark grey ; 
end of the veins followed by a small dark spot in the fringe. 

Expanse of wings : 38 mm. 

Several S S from the Khasia Hills. 

Craspedia sordida sp. nov. 

Aniiodes tvalkeri Hmpsn., I. L. II., viii., p. 29, No. 805, PL clvi., fig. 7, nee 
Butler. Type in British Museum. Nilgiris. 

Nearest C. walker i Butler, from Ceylon, but much darker, the ? ? entirely 
smothered with smoky cinereous ; central shade thick, and in the hindwing passing 
outside the cell-dot and throwing a finer arm round it on the inside, so forming a kind 
of ocellus (in walkeri the central shade passes wholly within the cell-spot). The c? is  
paler, more like the c? of walkeri, but with only a thickening of the black exterior 
line at the two usual indentations, instead of a black blotch ; the <S antennae have 
fascicles of cilia, while in walkeri they are simply ciliated, and the cilia are shorter. 

Three ? ¥, one (J, in British Museum from the Nilgiris. 

Craspedia sordida, aberr. multiscriptata uo\-. 

All the lines strongly marked, dark ochreous and cinereous ; basal area nearly 
filled up with dark grey ; third line with two dark blotches geminated, followed by a 
line of grey wedge-shaped marks ; fringes with dark grey spots at base, and smaller 
grey intermediate spots beyond; discal spots iirominent, dark grey. 

One c? from the Nilgiris. 

Craspedia spilodorsata sp. nov. 

Wings bone-coloui-, like Craspedia discaia Warr. froin the Solomons, liut without 
the ochreous tinge ; discal spots smaller ; exterior line ochreous, black only on costa 
and in the two inward sinuses, opposite the cell and above the inner margin ; the 
shade following darker than in discata and with a rufous tinge in the two sinuses ; 
fringe with a small black dot at base between the veins, and another in the fringe at 
the end of the veins. In the hindwings the exterior line is rufous throughout. Head, 
face, thorax, and abdomen as in discata, but the abdomen is marked down the centre 
by a row of dark spots. Underside like upper, but with the markings, especially of 
the hindwings, fainter; the forewings partly suffused with dull fuscous. 

Expanse of \Tiugs : 22 mm. 

(S (? from Oinainisa, Timor. 

Craspediopsis gen. no\. 

Distinguished from Craspedia by the very strongly pectinated antennae of thi- cj, 
as well as by the much larger size of the insects. 

Type : Craspediojjais paUivittula JNloore {Anisodes). 


( 9-i ) 
Craspediopsis bimaculata sp. nov. 

Forewings : ochreous stone-colour; all the lines very indistinct; first indicated by 
brown dots on veins ; second faintly denticulated at two-thirds beyond the faint 
brownish cell-sj>ot ; third subterminal, sinuous, with two chestnut brown blotches, one 
quadrate o|)posite the cell, the second irregularly oblong above inner margin; the 
upper one is followed obliquely above it by a small brown dot ; fringes concolorous. 
with small brown dots at end of veins in the upper half of wing. 

 Hindwimjs : with two lines, the first before the small dark cell-spot at one-third, 
the second denticulated at two-thirds, each marked bj' a brown spot on inner margin. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous. Face and palpi black-brown. Under- 
side duller, tinged with cinereous, with the lines and spots distinct, blackish. 

E.vpanse of wings : 56 mm. 

Several S cJ from the Khasia Jlills. 

Dichromatopodia gen. nov. 

Foremings: with costa curved; apex blunt ; hindmargin obliquely curved. 

Hindwings : with fullv rounded hindmargin. 

Antenna? of ^ pubescent ; palpi slender, upcnrved in front of face ; tongue 
present; hindlegs of <S aborted, ai-med with two expansible tufts of hairs, the inner 
one dark and curled, the outer iiale. 

Type : D. sigiUata Wlk. (Pyrinia). 

Dichromatopodia pallida s)). nov. 

ForewiiWjs : pinky drab, the lines darker, but very faint ; first at one-third curved, 
second at two-thirds curved and denticulate ; a dark cell-spot, followed by a dull 
central shade ; fringe concolorous, with a fine basal line, interrupted by minute pale 
dots at the ends of the veins. 

Hindwiiujs : like forewings, with the second line only, and a linear white, .some- 
what raised, cell-spot. 

Thora.x and abdomen concolorous ; vertex and antennae whitish ; face red-brown. 
Underside flesh-colour, with no markings. 

E.xpanse of wings : 26 mm. 

One ? from the Amazons in the Felder collection. 

Dichromatopodia rubella sp. nov. 

Foreioings : semitransparcnt, pale liriok-rc-<l, witli the lines darker; first at one- 
third curved, indistinct; second at three-fourths, slightly curved outward.s, and 
ibllowed by a paler line ; fringe darker red, like the lines ; cell-spot white, red-edged. 

Hiiuh.rings : like forewings, with the cell-spot and outer line only. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous. Underside much paler, glossy, without 
markings. 

Exjianse of wings : 21 mm. 

One (J from Jamaica. 

Dysephyra gen. nov. 
Foreivings : with costa gradually curved from base to apex; apex rounded: 
hindmargin obliquely curved. 

Hindwings: rounded ; hindmargin of liotii wings distinctly crenulated. 


( 9.5 ) 

Palpi upcurved, short; terminal joint pointed. Antennae of t? subserrate. 
filiated throughout their whole length, the ciliatious long and slender. 

Type : B. discopunctaria U.S. (Dosithea). 

Distinguished from Heterephyra Warr. by the structure of the c? antennae and 
the outline of the wings. The scaling is also much loo.ser and coarser, that of 
Heterephijra lieing fine and dense. 

Eois laevitaria. 

Eois laevitaria Hiib.-Crey., Zutr., v., p. 20, No. 437. figs. 873, 874. Georgia. 

Acidalia ., Guen., Phal., i., p. 471. 
Wlk., xxii., p. 7iy. 

EiMcididia flwldata Pack., Mon. Geom., p. 319, PI. x., tig. 36. Florida. 

For referring Packard's Eiuwidalta jioridata to this species I rely on the 
following considerations. The tyjie of Packard's genus Euackkdia, viz. sericeariii, 
is described as having, so to speak, a piece bitten out of the hindmargin of the 
liindwings, and this holds good of the other species referred to the genus; but 
Packard expressly savs of his jloridfiia that the hindwiugs are rounded. 

Eois latimarginata -p. nov. 

Forewintjs : straw-yellow, with costa narrowly purplish; both wings with a 
broad purplish marginal border, the inner edge of which is sinuous ; the yellow 
ground-colour reappears just before the fringe, which is wholly straw-colour, and 
forms a larger spot at the anal angle ; a small ])urple cell-spot in each wing. 

Vertex of head and antennae straw-colour; face and collar purplish chocolate. 
Underside like upiier. 

Expanse of wings : 12 mm. 

One ? from Jai>an (Yokohama?). 

Gnamptoloma gen. nov. 

For&wings : with costa straight, but suddenly convex before apex, which is 
falcate ; hindmargin with a most evident angle about the middle ; space between 
apex and this angle ^■ariably excavated ; lower half from the middle to the anal angle 
always straight, not curxed, as in OchodonUa Led. 

Hindwinijs : with distinct projecting angle. 

Antennae and pal[ii as in Tiiiwiulva. Neuration normal. JIarkings : a straight 
line from before the apex of forewing to centre of inner margin of hindwing, a large 
pale-centred cell-spot in forewing, and a small white-centred spot in hindwing. 

Type: 0. aventiarm Guen. (Timandra). 

Heterephyra gen. nov. 

Forewi'ivja : broad; costa straight, convex before apex; hindmargin entire, 
curved ; anal angle distinct. 

Hindwings : broad with well-rounded hindmargin. 

Palpi upcurved in front of face; antennae of S thickened, with fascicles of cilia 
which are longer near base, and decrease in length till about the middle, where they 
disappear, the apical half being sul)serrate and pubescent ; tongue present ; hind 
tibiae and tarsi of cJ aborted, with a thick curved tuft of hairs. 


( 96 ) 

Neuration : cell half the length of wings. Forewings, areole double ; first 
subcostal nervule from before ajiex of areole ; common stem of second, tliird, and 
fourth from apex of areole, whence also the fifth; radials as usual; second and third 
median nervules from lower angle of cell ; first at three-fourths. 

Type : Heterephyra lateritlaria H.S. (Zonosoma). 

Leptomeris alboverticata ^[>. nov. 

Foreivings: pale grey, thickly duslt-d or sufl'used with dull dark grey as far 
as the subterminal line, which is paler, and with two indentations, one opposite the 
cell, the other above the inner margin ; the dark ground-colour is deejiest imiiicdiately 
before the submargiual line, and is preceded by a fine denticulated blackish exterior 
line ; marginal area beyond the submarginal line with a dark grey fascia ; fringe 
dark grey, preceded by a very regular series of neat black basal sjiots, before which 
the extreme hindmargin is pale; cell-spot small, black. 

Hindvnngs : like forewings, but scarcely so dark. 

Face black ; antennae reddish ; vertex clear white ; thorax and abdonieu dark 
grey. Underside dull cinereous, with the pale submarginal line shown, and a blackish 
line along the base of the fringes. 

Expanse of wings : 16 mm. 

Oiuainisa, Timor. 

Lipomelia (?) curviplena sp. nov. 

Fm-ewlngs : dull brick-red, the lines dark fuscous; first near the base, most 
distinct on costa ; second from just beyond the middle of costa to middle of inner 
margin, thick, slightly wavj', nearly parallel to hindmargin; third from costa at three- 
fourths, wavy at first, runs obliquely outwardly almost to hindmargin, the lower half 
of which it skirts ; at the anal angle it is bent upwards and curved round again so as 
to end on the inner margin close to the middle line ; costa from liase to middle aiid 
all the marginal space fuscous ; discal spot linear, white, raised, placed on the middle 
line; fringe chequered, with a dark fuscous basal line. 

HindvAiigs: like forewings, the median line more wavy; the exterior very 
indistinct ; discal dot white, small, placed before the middle line. Undenide duller, 
with two fuscous lines on each wing; one median, thick; the outer curved and 
denticulate, not corresponding to the outer line above, but more parallel to hindmargin. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen dull brick-red. 

Expanse of wings : 24 mm. 

Santos ; S. Paolo. 

The hindmargins of both wings are crenulate, and the anal angle of hiudwings 
s(iuared. 

Lipomelia (?) varia sp. nov. 
Forewings: ochreous flesh-colour, suH'iised with fuscous and rosy; lines brown; 
first from before one-third of costa to before one-third of inner margin, acutely 
angulated on the median before the discal mark ; .second from two-thirds of costa 
to middle of inner margin, irregularly dentate and sinuous, angulated outwards 
on the ui)per radial, then forming two oblique curves inwards; third from five- 
si.xths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, like second, but not exactly jiandlel 
to it; marginal area smoky brown, edged above concisely by an obli(iue line 
from apex to and through the angle of second line; the tliird line is followed 


( 97 ) 

by a thick dark shade ; discal mark white, angulated, finely edged with brown, 
placed in an irregular yellow patch, extending fi-om first to second line ; the 
brown marginal area is extended, but paler, as far as the second line ; fringe brown, 
with a fine darker line, interrupted by minute pale dots at end of veins. 

Hiiidwings : with a straight thick brown basal line, continuing the basal arm 
of the first line of forewing ; second line like that of forewing ; third regularly 
dentated; basal and marginal area rosy, the inner angle tinged with brownish; central 
area yellow, with costal space brownish ; discal spot large, oval, dark brown with pale 
centre. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen rosy cinereous, the base of abdomen i)ure rosy ; 
face, palpi, and antennae red-brown. Underside pale dull yellowish, tinged with 
dull rosy towards the margins, with the lines and cell-spots indistinctly brownish. 

Expan.se of wings : 38 mm. 

(.)ne ? from Rio Demerara. 

The only example being a ?, its generic place must remain doubtful; it is 
probably related to L. mitranaria Wlk. 

Pisoraca Wlk., .xxiv., j). 1079. 

Ephyra Gueu., FJad., i., p. 406. 
? Wlk., .xxii., p. 635. 

Acidalia Wlk., xxiii,, p. 769. 

Anisodes Wlk., xxvi., p. 1583. 

Trirachopoda Hmpsn., 7. L. H., ix., p. 147. 

Pisoraca bitactcUa Wlk., xxiv., p. 1079, is manife.stly identical with Guent5e's 
Ephyra lyciscaria Guen., Phal., i., p. 406. The hind tibiae of the c? of this insect 
are armed with the three spurs characteristic of Hampson's genus Trirachopoda. and 
this generic name must consequentlv give place to the earlier Pisoraca^ of Walker. 

Pisoraca penumbrata sp. nov. 

Fm-ewings : warm sand-colour, denselv dusted with fine reddish atoms; costa at 
base and all the lines reddish fuscous ; first line indistinct, oblique, twice curved, 
preceded by three reddish dots on the subcostal and median veins and the submedian 
fold ; second line thick, oblique, rising on inner margin near basal line, ending on 
costa at three-fourths, strongly denticulated on the veins ; exterior line marked by 
vinous dots on the veins, connected by a fine fuscous line ; two irregular thickened 
submarginal shades separated by the pale interrupted submarginal line ; fringe pale 
ochreous, un.spotted, rather glossy, with a small red dot at base at the end of each 
vein, and a larger reddish spot in each interval ; cell-spot large, red-brown. 

Hbidwinga : the same, but with a reddish band at extreme base, and cell-spot 
triangular, with paler centre. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings. Face ])ale ochreous, reddish 
brown above ; palpi pale ochreous, with the top liright reddish. I'nderside pale straw- 
colour; in the forewings much dusted and suffused with ro.sy, with the discal and 
fringe spots and the exterior and central lines ro.sy ; bindwings with the e.xtorior line 
indicated by red spots, two or three red clouds beyond, and the fringe-dots reddish. 

Expanse of wings : 36 mm. 

One S from S. Celebes. 


( 98 ) 
Rhodostrophia anomala sp. nov. 

Forewings : semidiaphanous, dull linereous with a greenish tint; three 
transverse lines, darker grey, denticulated and wavy, more or less parallel to 
hindmargin ; first at one-third, second in the middle, third at three-fourths; a faint 
submarginal shade ; fringes concolorous ; cell-spot small, indistinct. 

Himlwings : paler, with only two transverse lines, one antcmedian, on which is 
the dark cell-spot, the other postmedian. Underside duller, with the markings 
fainter. 

Head, thorax, and aI)domen concolorous. 

Expanse of wings : 34 mm. 

S S only from the PVlder collection, without locality. 

Akin to R. chilenaria Blanch., but smaller and with narrower wings. 

Rhodostrophia bicolor sp. no\ . 

Forewings: somewhat glo.<sy, dull bronzy olive, dusted with vinous scales, and 
with the lines and fringes vinous ; Krst line at one-fourth, bent below costa ; second 
at two-thirds slightly sinuous, followed immediately bj' vinous scales, which reach 
more or less to the third line, and so form a fascia rather than a line ; third at five- 
sixths, slightly dentate, approaching second line on inner margin ; <-ell-spot reddish. 

Hindwings : pale straw-colour, tinged along inner margin with grey, with two 
grev-ish faintly dentate lines, one in the middle, the other half-way between it and 
hindmargin; cell-spot dark grej' ; fringe glossy grey, tinged with vinous. 

Head and thorax concolorous with forewings, abdomen with hindwings ; face and 
palpi dark brown. Underside yellowish, tinged and dusted with rosy; subterminal 
line only distinct, thick, denticulate, rosy ; fringes rosy at the tips. 

Expanse of wings : .S6 mm. 

Both sexes fi-om Kukli (?N.W. India). 

The ? is thickly suflfused with reddisii, so that the cross lines are comparatively 
lost, and the ground-colour is greener. 

Rhodostrophia bisinuata sp. no\-. 

Forewings : dull oehreous cinereous, \ery much like R. curvata W'aiT. from 
Bhotan, but the forewings more pointed, and the submarginal line twice sinuate, not 
simply curved, as in the Indian species just mentioned, nor with a single sinus, as in 
trilineata Warr. 

One ? from Japan, the same size as crirvatd ^^'arr. 

Though I have not seen a d , the position of this species can scarcely l)e doubted. 

Rhodostrophia curvata >\<. nov. 

Foretoings : dull oehreous cinereous, duslod with darker, with tlie lines (hdl 
reddish; costa hardly darker ; a distinct small dark cell-spot; the two lines as in 
tniineala Wan-., but the subterminal curved, hardly sinuous ; in the hindwings this 
line is very mucii nearer the hindniargin. Underside pale oehreous, with the three 
lines distinct. 

Expanse of wings : Mli mm. 

One c? fi"om Bhotan. 


( 99 ) 

Rhodostrophia dentilineata sp. nov. 

Forewinris : ochreous cinereous, suffused with darker, and pepjiered witli fuscous 
atoms; first line at one-third, curved, darker on veins; second and third parallel 
to hindmargin, at two-thirds and five-sixths respectively, dark grey, denticulated ; 
the ground-colour is paler immediately beyond each line ; fringe tinged with rosy, 
with a row of dark spots at base ; discal spot dark grey, distinct. 

Hinrhviwjs : paler, with small dark cell-spot, and one indistinct curved line, 
submarginal. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen eoncolorous ; \ertex paler; face (y) dark brown. 
Underside ochreous, sufll'used and dusted with ferruginous; tlie outer line-^ faintly 
darker. 

Expanse of wings : 42 mm. 

Four c?d" in Felder collection without precise locality, placed among !>ikkiin 
insects, but more like Butler's Chilian species. 

The hind legs are long; the hind tibiae with three spurs (r2); the antennal 
ciliatious lengthened. 

Rhodostrophia olivacea -sp. nov. 

Fm-eivinr/s : dull yellowish ulive, sufi'used in parts with dull rosy; discal spot 
round, brown ; a slightly curved oblique fascia beyond the middle dull ros}', followed 
by a fine subterminal line, which is denticulated inwards, and forms a series of small 
curves outwai-dly, the teeth oppjosite the cell and above the inner margin being 
rather nearer the base of the wing than the others; fringe broadly rosy, deeper rosy 
in the basal half, and preceded by a rosy shade along the extreme hindmargin. 

Hindivings : paler yellow, with fringes as in forewings, and a fine submarginal 
line corresponding to that of the forewings. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen eoncolorous ; face deep olive brown. Underside 
brighter, suffused with brighter rosy, with the lines rosy, and distinct towards the 
costa. 

Expanse of wings : .32 mm. 

One ? from Darjiling, from Dr. Lidderdale's collection. 

This may be the ? of Butler's mra, of which only c? c? are known; but it is 
much larger, more ro.sy, and the suliterminal line takes a diiierent course. 

Semaeopus ancillaria sp. no\ . 

Forewings: dull greyish flesh-colour, presenting a somewhat mealy appearance from 
the dark scales being loosely scattered over the paler ground. Markings exceptionally 
faint : a slightly darker curved basal line, a very vague curved median shade, and a 
fine denticulated submarginal line, which tends to show black or dark points on the 
veins ; the first line is at one-fourth and the outer line at five-sixths ; discal spot barely 
visible; fringe eoncolorous, with slightly darker basal line. 

Hindivings: the same, with the discal spot plainer. 

Face and palpi dull red: thorax and abdomen eoncolorous witli wings; vertex 
and shaft of antennae white. Underside i)aler, whitish, with costa of forewings reddish 
tinged, and the outer line fairly distiuci. 

Expanse of wings : 26 mm. 

One cf from South America. 

Smaller than the other species. 


( 100 ) 

Timandra commixta si), nov. 

This seems (juite distinct from any of the Indians forms : the costa of the fore- 
wings is broadly dark from base to apex, and sometimes tinged as well with reddish ; 
the fringes and hindmargins of both wings are sufi'used with red, just as in amata 
Linn., while the ground-colour is very thickly strewn with dark cinereous atoms. 

Three cJ 6 from West Java. 

Traminda Saalm., Madag., ii., p. 49C. 
The genus was left undescribed by Saalmiiller himself, but was published by V. 
Ileyd. with the species (lecessata Saalm. ( = Timandra atroviridnta Siiahn., Ber. S.G., 
188it, p. 293) for type, figured on PI. .xiv., fig. 262. The figure and description leave 
no doubt as to the distinctness of the genus. It agrees well with the genus Gnam- 
ptoloma Warn, but the hindmargin of the forewings is entire, not angulated or falcate. 
The species vary in colour from gi-een to pink, just as in that genus. 

Traminda ocellata sp. nov. 

Forewings: pale green, with a round white cell-spot edged with reddish, and a 
ri-d basal fringe line. 

Hindwimjs : with a large white cell-spot, edged with red-brown, forming a 
diamond-shaped blotch ; fringe as in forewings. 

Face and palpi reddish ; thorax and abdomen pale green. Underside paler, with 
the cell-spots distinct, and an exterior line on both, parallel to the hindmargin and 
marked by dark spots on the veins. 

Expanse of wings : 32 mm. 

One ? from South Africa. 

Zalissolepis gen. nov. 

Foreivini/s : ample; costa evenly arched throughout ; apex distinct, but not pro- 
duced ; hindmargin oblique, straight ; anal angle rectangular. 

Hind/ioings : broad ; costa and inner margin quite straight ; hindmargin hardly 
curved, but with an indistinct elbow in middle. 

Palpi quite short, porrect ; tongue present; antennae of S with long fine 
ciliations, of ? with very short ciliations, appearing merely pubescent ; hind tibiae 
of S, as well as tarsi, short and aborted, without spurs ; of ? (?) with four spurs; scal- 
ing exceedingly smooth and glossy ; markings indistinct ; fringe not concolorous. 

Type : Zalissolepis subviolaria (iuen. {Amaurinia). 

Zeuctoneura gen. nov. 

Forewings: with costa straight, l)ui curved at base and before apex; apex pro- 
duced, subfalcate ; hindmargin crenulate, elbowed at the end of the third median, 
oblique below, concave above ; anal angle well marked. 

Uindwings : with their hindmargin strongly crenulate, witli a larger and deeper 
sinus opposite the cell. 

Antennae of ? simple ; palpi damaged. Xeuration as in Tri/godes, but the two 
sulx-ostals of the hindwings are on a very long common .stem, parting cpiite near the 
hindmargin. 

Type : Zeuctoneuixi geminata sp. nov. 

Distinguished from Trygodea Guen., independently of the iieuration, liy its 
smaller size, more falcate forewings, and more deeply crenulated hiii(Kvings. 


( 101 ) 

Zeuctoneura geminata sp. nov. 

Forewings : ochreous liyaliue, semitransi)arent ; costa narrowly fuscous ; basal and 
subbasal lines angulated in the middle, formed of aggregations of blackish atoms; 
central line fuscous, slender, angulated below the costa and approximated in its lower 
part to the subbasal line ; a submarginal twice-bent fascia, which is greyish below 
the costa and black in the middle and above the inner margin, traversed down the 
centre by the pale exterior line and cut by the paler median nervules ; a grey marginal 
shade, separated from the submarginal iascia by a submarginal line consisting of pale 
interrupted spots, that at the apex being much the largest ; fringes pale ochreous, 
chequered with dark at the ends of the veins. 

Hlndivings : with a narrower, denticulate, dark-edged, submarginal curved fascia, 
and a greyish tinge before the dark basal line of the fringes; discal spots ochreous, 
thickened. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous. I'nderside like upper. 

Expan.se of wings : 20 mm. 

One ? from Novo P'riborgo. 

Amaurinia (iuen., Pkal., i., p. 385. 

Guen^e's genus Arrumrinia is a great mixture. His first two species from 
Ceylon and Borneo are true Geometrinae, and may be removed at once. Of his three 
South American species, he knew the S of one only, hyperythrana. Of the other 
two, neutraria and suhviolaria, he had only S ? . Subvlolaria is a true Sterrhid, 
but the antennae of the <? are ciliated only, the ciliations being long and fine, while 
in the ? they are quite short, and the term pubescent will apply to them. Hypery- 
thrana (and, I believe, neutraria, which is evidently closely allied) is an Asthenid, 
with pectinated antennae in the S and very short palpi in both sexes. To these 
two species, along with olivacea Feld. (described as an lodis?), the generic term 
Amaurinia must be restricted, and the genus placed in the Astheninae. 


StBi-.\MiLV ASTHEMXAE. 
Amphibatodes gen. nov. 

Foreinngs : elongate ; co.sta strongly convex at base, then nearly straight ; ai)ex 
rounded ; hindmargin cm^ved, very oblicjue. 

Hindivinga : with hindmargin rounded, subcrenulate. 

Palpi upcurved in front efface; antennae f?) filiform ; hind tibi;e of ? with two 
spurs; tongue present. 

Xeuration : forewings, cell not half as long as wing, broad; first median just 
beyond half, second shortly before, third from close to, end of cell ; radials as usual ; 
fifth and common stem of the first four subcostals from apex of areole. Hindwings 
with costal anastomosing with subcostal for two-thirds of cell; discocellular angu- 
lated: two subco.stals and last two medians on a short stem. 

Type : Amphihatodes unilineata W'arr. 

It seems impossible to locate this species in any existing genus; at the same 
time it is to be regretted that the only exanijile is a ? , and of unknown origin. 
Superficially it reminds one a little of Canibogia. 


( 102 ) 

Amphibatodes unilineata sp. nov. 

Wings orange, suffused with darker, with no markings beyond a small dark cell- 
spot and a dark brown central line on both wings. Head, thorax, and abdomen 
concolorous. Underside duller. 

Expanse of wings : 20 mm. 

One ? in poor condition ; without iiiiy indication of locality, but which 1 believe 
to be African. 

Anchiphyllia gen. now 

Intermediate between Pkyllia Blanch, and Sarvacena U.S. 

Furewings : ample, triangular; costa nearly straight, arched at base, and 
conve.x before apex; apex produced, blunt, more prominent in c? than ? ; hind- 
margin obliquely curved, faintly indented below the apex in the i. 

Ilindwinf/s : ample; costa curved, inner angle prolonged into a blunt apex 
in ?, into a blunt hook in the S ; hindmargin rounded towards anal angle. 

Abdomen of d with prolonged anal tuft, and a lateral tuft on each side of the 
penultimate segment; abdomen of ? short and stout; antennae simple in both 
sexes; forehead shelving in front; i)alpi triangular, porrect, the apex in the same 
plane as the forehead. Neuration normal. 

Type : ^4. pellicata Feld. (Sarracena). 

The type of pellicata Feld. is a <?, and I have only seen c?cJ. The type of 
(kdinaria Feld. is a ? , and possibly the other sex. 

Anthemoctena gen. nov. 

Forewings: triangular; costa straight, slightly curved just before apex; apex 
blunt ; hindmargin obliquely curved. 

Bindiviwjs : with well-rounded hindmargin. 

Foieliead flat ; palpi very short ; antennae of c? with long and fine ciliations ; 
hind tibiae of c? ^Tith two strong spurs, on the inner side, one above the other. 

Neicratimi: cell rather more than half the length of wings; first median at 
seven-eighths, .second and third close together from lower end of cell. In the hind- 
wings the costal anastomoses with the subcostal for two-thirds of the cell. Scaling 
fine and close. 

Type : A. lineata sp. uov. 

Anthemoctena lineata sp. nov. 

Forewings: pinky ochreous, with deeper pinkish oblique lines; costa metallic- 
brown in certain lights ; from the apex of the wing four ochreous curved lines run 
obliquely to the inner margin, the first near tlie base, the second in the middle ; 
these two are separated by a broad reddish band; the other two are finer, and 
separated only by a fine pinkish space ; fringe pink. 

Hindtvings : yellowish ochreous, slightly dusted with pinkish, and with traces 
of the four curved pinkish lines towards the hindmargin ; fringe as in forewings, 
with a plain reddish basal line. 

Tiiorax and abdomen ochreous tinged witli pink, the thorax glossy. Underside 
of forewings wholly pink, the lines hardly showing through : of hindwings ochreous 
much sufiused with pink. 

Expanse of wings : 18 mm. 

Several from South .\frica. 


( 103 ) 

Anthyria Sninh.. Tr. E. S., 1892, n. 2. 
1 proposed the geuus Aidliyria for grataria Wlk., not liuviug iiotic-t-d that 
Mr. Moore, in his description of his genus Pse twZasttoia, assigned pectinated antennae 
to the ? as well as to the S , the very point to which I drew attention. My genus 
Anthyrvt therefore, as merely equivalent to PseadaMhena iMoore, must sink. Col. 
Swinhoe, however, in his diagnosis of the genus, makes the S antennae simple ; if 
this should hold for the ? of his species lole, which does not appear congeneric with 
grataria Wlk. and the other species of Pseudasthena, his Tianie may be retained 
for that species. lole differs from the species of Pseudasthena in the shape of the 
hindwings, which have a double projection in the middle of the hindmargiu, as well 
as in the ijuite different character and jiosition of the markings. 

Cambogia (?) bifilata sp. nov. 

Foi'eivings : pinkish fawn-colour, with two slender, pale ochreous, transverse 
lines; fir.st at one-third, dentated below the costa, then vertically curved to the inner 
margin ; second at three-fourths, running nearly straight towards anal angle for two- 
thirds, then bent inwards, and again out wards just before inner margin ; both lines are 
slenderly edged with darker fawn, the first externally, the second internally ; a waved 
lirownish central line, and a less distinct subterminal line, the latter edged with 
paler; fringe concolorous, with a rather hright pale basal line, which is preceded bv 
a series of slender curved lines ; cell-spot lilackish, distinct. 

Hindwings : the same, with no l)asal line. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous. Underside paler, with all the mark- 
ings duller, and the exterior line thicker. 

Expanse of wings : 24 mm. 

One ? from Santos. 

Very different in outward appearance from the rest of the genus : the hindwings 
have a distinct angulation in the middle of the hindmargiu. 

Cambogia flavotaeniata sp. nov. 

Forewings : red-brown, with six darker transverse wavy lines, two near the 
base, one central beyond the blackisji cell-spot, and three in the outer third, of which 
the two last are very faint ; exti-eme hindmargin and fringe pale yellow ; the 
red-brown tint of the wing becomes paler towards the yellow margin, and forms 
a darker angulation in the centre of the hindmargin, which extends into the vellow 
fringe. 

Hindwings : like forewings, with only two distinct cross lines, and the hind- 
margin and fringe uninterruptedly yellow. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings ; face deep red-l>rown ; vertex 
and antennae whitish. -Underside ]iale dull ochreous, suffused with dull red-brown, 
and with traces of thi'ee dark lines on each wing beyond the middle. 

Expanse of wings : 24 mm. 

Two cJ c? from Corcovado. 

Cambogia particolor sp. nov. 
Foreu'i'iigs : yellow, witli reildi.~)i c-nsla, and a broad brick-red fascia bevond the 
middle, which is concisely edged internally, and is interruiited at the anal angle bv 
the yellow ground-colour ; three or four sinuous red Hues can be traced across the 
fascia ; hindmargin and fringe yellow ; costa witli one or two red spots befoi'e apex. 


Hind/mings : the same. The basiil halt of both wiugs is clear vellow ; but in 
the forewings some faiut traces exist of reddish lines near the base. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish ; face reddish. Underside like upper, 
but much duller. 

Expanse of wings : 24 mm. 

One S from ."\Iara\al. 

Cambogia pyraliata sj). nov. 

Fm-ewings : glos.sy yellow, with deeper yellow markings, consisting of tive or six 
thick curved lines, more or less indistinct ; cell-spot deeper yellow. 

Hinchvings : tlie same. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen deep yellow. Underside duller. 

Expanse of wings : 20 mm. 

One c? from the Felder collection, ? locality. 

Superficially this insect reminds one of the species of the Pyralid genus Harltala 
Moore. 

Cambogia sanguilinea sp. no\ . 

Forewings : deep yellow, with the lines blood-red, which, as usual, are most 
distinct along the costa ; three or four, indistinctly marked, towards the base before 
the red cell-spot ; exterior line geminated, twice augulated, the outer branch thicker 
than the inner ; subterminal line also thick ; in the intervening space are traces, 
towards the costa and in the middle, of a line between them ; fringe and hindmargin 
deep yellow, with a few scattered red scales, and tlnee or four minute red dots at 
base of fringe below the apex. 

Hindwings : the same, without the basal lines. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen red tinged with yellow. Underside dull yellow, 
in the forewings much suffused with dull reddish. 

Expanse of wings : 20 mm. 

One ? from St. George's. 

Cambogia trinotata sp. nov. 

Forewings: pale yellow, the lines vinous fcrruginou>, diffuse and coalescent, .so 
tliat only three costal spots — one large, triangular, before the middle, and two 
smaller, irregular, beyond it — and the hindniurgin and fringes are left yellow; there 
are two curved dark red fasciae near base, and three beyond the middle ; the suffusion 
is less complete near the base. 

Jlindwings : yellow, with a basal blotch, a small one on the inner margin 
before the middle, another beyond tin" middle, with a third on the di.sc, and a 
geminated suhmarginal band, ferruginous; this band in the middle projects into the 
hindmargin. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen reddish ; vertex yellowish ; face bright red. Under- 
side like upper, but very much duller. 

Expanse of wings : 24 mm. 

One ? from Jamaica. 

Judging from the description, I conclude that this .species must come near to 
bermellada Dogniu, from Loja, Ecuador. 


( 105 ) 

Discoloxia geu. nov. 

Foreivings : with costa very gradiuilly curved; a]iex rectangular; hindmargin 
vertical, only slightly curved, subcrenulate. 

Hindivings : rounded, subcrenulate. 

Forehead somewhat protuberant ; [jalpi very short, not attaining the front of 
face ; tongue weak; antennae of c? subserrate, pubescent. Neuration normal ; but the 
discocellular in both wings is remarkable for its extreme obliqueness. 

Type : Discoloxia obliquisir/na Moore (Cidaria). 

Discoloxia megaspilata sp. no\ . 

Foreivings : whitisli, dusted with greyish fuscous, and with numerous dark grey 
undulating lines, which are most distinct towards the costa; four of these can be 
detected at about one-third, oblique from the costa, then vertical, slightly sinuous and 
dentated; the costal arm of the fourth forms a line with the oblique black linear 
discal mark; outer edge of central fascia geminated, the costal arm only distinct, 
followed by a further series of four undulating and dentate lines; the fuscous grey 
dusting is thickest towards the hindmargin, which has a row of thick black dashes 
at the base of the fringe. 

Hindivings : whitish, with traces of several undulating grey lines towards the 
hindmargin, which are most distinct on the inner margin : a row of black dashes 
along the hindmargin, as in forewings. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen dark grey. Underside dull grey with indistinct 
markings. 

Expanse of wings : 24 to 26 mm. 

Both sexes from Japan. 

It seems to be near to V. semistrigala Chr., but there is no black cell-spot in 
the hindwings, as in that species. 

Subfamily TEICHOPTEEYGINAE. 
Aloba gen. nov. 

Foreivings: broadly triangular ; costa straight ; apex blunt ; hindmargin liowed. 
not very oblique. 

Hindvmigs : of ? rounded, with round hindmargin ; of J narrow, elongated, 
subtriangular, without any lobe. 

Palpi very short ; forehead rounded ; antennae of ? simple, filiform ; of J 
thickened and pubescent. 

Neuration: of ? usual; of S, hindwing, costal unconnected witli subcostal; 
cell exceedingly short, hardly visible; subcostal branches on long common stem; 
radial from centre of discocellular; median nervules only two; submedian and 
internal absent. 

Type : Aloba cinerea Bart.-Calw 

Carige sinuosa sp. nov. 

Forewings: wood-brown, thickly covered with short transverse fuscous and 
blackish strigae, the blackish atoms being most prominent and dense towards the 
anal angle; lines black edged with ferruginous, sinuous; the first at one-third, twice 
curved ; the second at two-thirds, running at first inwards from the costa, then 
forming a large outward curve to near inner margin, before which it is again bent. 


( 106 ) 

followed bv a pale ferruginous line ; both lines are blackish only in their lower half, 
becoming broader above ; subtertuinal line pale, irregularly dentate, most distinct 
towards the anal angle, where it traverses the blackish scaling; veins towards the 
hindmargin paler ; a small black costal spot between the lines, and two more before 
apex ; discal sjiot linear, lilackish, edged witli ferruginous ; basal area and ui)per pai't 
of central area marked with ferruginous; fringes ooncolorous. 

Hindwings : darker and duller, vnth a single central bent dark line, edged with 
ferruginous. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings. Underside pale strav.- 
colour with cinereous markings. 

Expanse of wings : 20 mm. 

One <S from (iunong Ijau, Perak. 

Dysethiodes gen. nov. 
Like Dysethia 'Wan: in all respects, except in the structure of the S antennae, 
which are fully [jectiuated, instead of being, as in Dysethia, ciliated. 
Type : Dysethlodes ocifptarin Swinh. (Coremia). 

Dystypoptila gen. nov. 

Like Sauris Gueu., but distiuguisLed from it and idl the allied genera by the 
shape of the hindwings of the c?, which form a triangle with the hindmargin 
concave ; the scaling of the hindwings is very close and dense, and the fringe longer 
than in the forewings. At the base of the inner margin is a very minute lobe. The 
neuration of this wing cannot be made out, in consequence of the density of the 
scaling, without denudation. 

Type : Dystyjjoptila Mawjuhiris W'ai r. 

Dystypoptila triangularis >\'. nov. 

Forewings : olive gr<-en, with thick purplish black lines, much as in Sauris 
hirudinata Guen. ; one close to base, two zigzag, forming the edge of basal patch ; 
a fine one down centre of space between basal patch and central fascia, the inner 
band of which consists of two and the outer of three thick black wayy lines, which 
become confluent towards inner margin; the pale space beyond with a tine dark 
central line, then a double dark semi-confluent fascia, followed by a denticulate line; 
a row of dark spots at base of fringe, which is green. 

Hinduings : dark puriilish brown, with reddisli oi'hreous fringes. 

Head, palpi, face, antennae, and thorax pale olive; abdomen olive dusted with 
imrplish. Undersidi^ of lioth wings uniformly dull fuscous; fringe of liindwing> 
reddish ochreous. 

Expanse of wings : 20 mm. 

t)ne S from I'adang, Sumatra. 

Holorista usta ^p. nov. 

Forewings: pale olive, with darker olive and purplish black sinuous lines, the 

darker tints prevailing in the ? . In the c? these markings are browner, and are 

restricted to the outer edge of the basal patch, the curved discal mark and a costal 

hlotch above it, a geminated line at the outer edge of the central fascia, and another. 


( 107 ) 

interrupfed, before the subterminal line, and to the series of sjiots at base of the 
fringes. In the ? , the edges of the central fascia, all the markings on the costa, and 
those corresponding to the dark markings of the S, are greenish black, while the 
spots at the l>ase of the fringe are nearly confluent. 

Hiiidwings : of ¥ smoky cinereous; of the $ whitish grey, with the central area 
appearing as if scorched : the tail dark grey. 

Head, face, palpi, antennae, and thorax pale olive ; verte.'c still paler. 

Expanse of wings : (J, 32 mm. ; ? , 34 mm. 

A pair from (huKPUg Ijau, Perak. 

Remodes auricula sp. nov. 

Very much like R. lobata N\'arr. from Padang, but the dark markings become 
narrowly purplish on the costa; a purpUsh patch in the middle of the central fascia 
opposite the cell, followed by two purplish streaks towards the hindmargin, which are 
both interrupted in the middle by the pale submarginal line ; fringe-spots distinct ; 
a purplish spot on the first median nervule below the incision, and three on the sub- 
median nervule. 

Hiadivings : whitish, with a very small lobe at the base. 

Underside olive fuscous, with a dark spot on middle of the costa and below the 
incision on the hindmargin. Head, thorax, and abdomen olive; antennae black. 

Expanse of wings : 32 mm. 

One d from Gunong Ijau, Perak. 

Remodes lobata sp. nov. 

Forfiivings : pale olive green, with alternate darker and lighter green wavy lines; 
a row of dark purplish spots at base of fringe, and traces of dark streaks in the central 
fascia on the submedian nervure and the median nervule. 

Hinchvings : with fringe dull smoky grey, with a rather large ear-shaped iuciim- 
bent lobe at the base of the inner margin. 

Head, palpi, and thorax olive green ; antennae black. Underside cinereous, 
tinged with reddish. 

Expanse of wings : 32 mm. 

One c? from Padang. 

The example above described is in very pooi- condition, but appears quite dis- 
tinct from R. auricula., from Gunong Ijau. 

Tympanota gen. nov. 

cJ. Foreivings : elongate; costa faintly arched throughout; apex subacute; 
hindmargin \ery oblique, hardly bowed. 

Hindvjings : narrow, with a large ear-shaped sidjerect lobe on the inner margin. 
down which it extends more than half-way. 

Antennae smooth, thickened towards apex, the apex itself pointed; palpi very 
long, as in Remodes and its allies; forehead smootli ; tongue small; legs long; hind 
tibiae (?) without spurs. 

Neuratimi of hindwings in <J : costal not anastomosing with subcostal, but 
connected by bar ; cell broad ; median nervure sinuous ; first median nervule wanting ; 
(he two subcostals from the blunt top end of cell, the two medians from the lower 
end. 

Type : Tympanota erecta V\'arr. 

9 


( 108 ) 

Tympanota erecta sp. dov. 

Fwewings : pale ochreous, with dull olive green and blackish markings, the 
intervals filled up with rufous lines ; basal ])atch small, with its outer edge oblique, 
forming a small angle close above the inner margin ; central fascia with two outer 
dark olive and blackish bands, containing a paler centre, the inner edge angulated 
outwards below costa, and inwards abo\e inner margin, towards the angle of the basal 
patch, preceded on the inner margin by a pale flesh-coloured spot ; the outer edge 
sinuous and denticulate, parallel to the hindniargin ; space between the basal patch 
and central fascia with a narrower dark band of three lines, between a rufons-lined 
space on either side ; a rufous-lined band beyond the central fascia, followed by a 
series of darker wavy lines, with two dark spots opposite the cell. 

Hindwi/ngs and lobe whitish, without markings; fringe chequered with darker. 

Face, palpi, and abdomen ochreous ; thorax darker dusted witii fuscous. Under- 
side pinky ochreous, dull ; all the markings dark grey, on the hindwiugs as well. 

Expanse of wings : 32 mm. 

One S from Kina Kalu, Horneo. 

Si in-AMii.Y EUCESTIIXAP:. 
Cophocerotis gen. nov. 
Allied to Lissopsis Warr. and Mamnopteryx I'ack., but distinguished, according 
to Dognin, by the antennae of the S, which are uniseriate in their ])ectinations. 
Tyi)e : Cophocerolis jaspentn. Dognin. 

Palaeoctenis Meyr. {=Heteropsis Guen.)has similar antennae in the S ; but the 
type of the genus, testaria (inen., is from North Africa, while C. jasjieaUi Dogn. is 
from South America. 

SrBFAMii.v TKPHKtHJ.VSTLN.VK 
Dochephora gen. nov. 

Fweitdiv/s : elongate triangular; costa nearly straight, slightly convex near 
base and towards apex, incm-ved between ; apex bhmt ; hindmargin strongly curved 
and oblique. 

IIindwi)i;js : elongate willi round hindmargin in ? ; shortened and contorted 
in S. 

Forewings of c? on the npperside with an oval scaled swelling in the middle 
between the median nervure and the submedian fold ; on the underside this appears 
as an oval hollow, with a thickened chitinous edge, fringed with short hairs and lined 
with a bed of rough coarse scales, as in Sebastia Warr., and, as in that genus, the 
S S have a long tuft of hairs from the base, which projects as far as the extremity of 
the discal hollow ; but in Dochephora the ends of this tuft are curved and club-shaped, 
whereas in Sebastia they appear as if sharply cut oft". Hindwiugs of i with the 
neuration quite irregular : the cell is a long oval ; the costal leaves the subcostal 
near the base ; the second subcostal, the radial, and the third median rise all close 
together from the rounded end of cell, which contains towards its apex an oval raised 
space, corresponding to that on the forewings. Abdomen of <S with lateral tufts, those 
on the penultimate segment being conspicuous by their length ; antennae thick, 
simple; palpi rostriform, rather stout; tongue jn-esenf ; hinil tibiae of S willi 
four spurs. 

Type : Dochephwa bvllala Warr. 

This genus is a develo])inent of Ghlorochjstis. 


( 101) ) 

Dochephora bullata sp. nov. 

Foreioings: whitish ciuereous, witli a slight flesh-coloured tinge, suffused witii 
grev and with numerous wavy darker lines ; six of these near the base, making the 
entire basal area darker; the sixth passes through tlie black cell-spot ; exterior line 
curved outwards and wavy, followed by a pale fascia, which has a dark wavy line down 
its centre ; this again by a fuscous fiiscia, edged witli darker and externally denticu- 
lated on both sides; this is succeeded by the denticulate white subterminal line; 
fringe whitish, chequered with dark grey, with a fine dark basal line. 

Hindwings : with six lines, the fourth most distinct, and forming a diffuse fascia ; 
the sixth strongly dentate and blackish ; fringes as in forewings. The S is much 
darker than the ? , with the swelling blackish. 

Face, palpi, top of head, front of thorax fawn-colour ; top of thorax white ; thorax 
and abdomen fawn-colour mixed with white, with the segments darker. Underside 
pale grey with the lines and cell-spots distinct. 

Expanse of wings : 24 mm. 

c? ? . S. Paolo, Brazil. 

Gymnodisca gen. nov. 

Wings ample : forewings with straight costa, curved hindmargin, and blunt ai)ex ; 
hindwings with rounded hindmargin, which is very slightly waved. Eyes large ; fore- 
head projecting below ; paljii three times as long as head, second joint verv long, rough 
haired, third smooth, slender ; antennae simple in both sexes ; tongue present ; hind 
tibiae of c? with foiu' spurs. 

Neuration : forewings, cell not half as long as wing ; discocellular very oblique 
and crooked ; in the c? the subcostal nervure is lient inwards ; first median from 
shortly before end, second and third close togetlier from the end of cell ; lower radial 
a little above tlie end of cell from the oblique lower arm of discocellular ; upper 
radial from upper end of cell, which appears thickened ; areole oval ; fifth subcostal 
and joint stem of second, third, and fourth from the rounded end of areole ; first 
subcostal anastomosing with costal ; areole and space immediately below it beyond 
cell, hyaline, devoid of scales. Neuration of ? normal. Hindwings with discocellular 
oblique and angulated ; two subcostals on a short common stem ; first median at 
three-fourths, second shortly before end, third from the end ; radial from the angula- 
tion of the discocellular. 

Type : Gyranodisca ndyrifusa Warr. 

Distinguished from lildnoprora, to which genus it is closelv allied, l)v the 
hyaline discal patches of the J forewings, and the neuration. 

Gymnodisca rubrifusa sp. nov. 

Forewings : a mixture of green, black, and rosy; basal patch very small; a broad 
greenish central fascia, almost touching the basal patch, and having the outer edge 
minutely waved and dentate; in the S much mixed with blackish, in the ? with 
only the lower half black and some costal spots ; snljuiarginal fascia dark on costa, rosy 
grey beneath, this also in the cJ mixed up with blackish ; space between it and the 
central fascia rosy, except on costa, where it is gi-een ; marginal area greenish, in the 
(J suffused with dark grey and pink scales ; fringe dark green, mottled with blackish. 

Hirulwings: pinky ochreous, with a bronzy appearance, with traces of a dark 
grey basal and central fascia, and an irregular wavy and subinarginal fascia; fringe 
with a dark basal line, and slightly chequered with darker. 


( HO ) 

Underside bronzy with a [liiik tinge; basal half of forewings dark gri>y, edged 
with a dark curved line, which is continued across the hindwings and there has two 
curved lines between it and the base ; a diffusely darker submarginal fascia on both 
wings; hindwings with small dark cell-spot. Head, face, palpi, antennae, and thorax 
]iinkish ochreous ; abdomen ochreous, dusted with darker; apical joint of palpi 
blackish. 

Expanse of wings : 22 mm. 

cJ ? from Gunong Ijau, Perak, and one c? from I'adang. 


Gymnodisca viridescens sp. nov. 

Forewinys : green ; basal area restricted, edged by a short dark line ; central fascia 
broad, nearly approximated to the basal area, forming three blunt angulations on its 
outer edge, one subcostal, one median, and the third above the inner margin ; dark 
grey tinged with rosy, traversed by a number of confused dark grey wavy lines ; cell- 
spot large, black; submarginal fascia marked by a dark costal blotch, and some dark 
clouds towards the middle; otherwise the whole of the marginal area is green ; fringe 
lead-coloured, with darker basal line. 

Hindwings: pale cinereous, with traces of three or four dusky curved fasciae. 

Head, face, pal[)i, and thorax cream-colom- ; abdomen dark grev, the last segment 
on the sides and the whole underside whitish ; palpi externally green. Underside 
pale cinereous, with all the lines darker, and the cell-spots on both wings plain. 

Expanse of wings ; 20 mm. 

One <J from Gunong Ijaii, Perak. 


Helastiodes gen. nov. 

I propose the new genus Helastiodes for those species placed by Jleyrick under 
Pasiphila Meyr. z= Ghlorodystis Hub., but which diifer from true CIdoroclystis by 
reason of the jjectination of the cJ antennae. Guende's name Helastia cannot be 
used, his type H. eupitheciaria being only a small species of the extensive genus 
Xanthwhoe Hiib. 

Type: Helastiodes hilineolaid \\'lk. (Eupitkecia?). 


Pasiphilodes gen. nov. 

A genus of very small species, distinguished, superficially, from its allies by the 
glossiness of the scales, which in certain lights, especially in P. scintiUans, are 
actually sparkling. 

The antennae of the <S are sinijily pubescent, and the small lateral scale-cones (if 
the face insignificant. 

Type : P. lepta Meyr. (Pasiphila). 

Rhinoprora gen. nov. 

A develojjinent of Cldm-odyatis, characterised by the greatly elongated rostrifurm 
palpi. 

Type : B. palpata Wlk. (Eupitkecia). 


f 111 ) 

Rhinoprora reg'ularis sp. nov. 

Foreimngs : green, with the markings reddish fuscous, mixed with blackish ; basal 
patch, central fascia, and marginal area dark ; the intervals green, with a dark grey or 
green central line ; all the dark markings finely edged with blackish wavv Hues ; snh- 
terminal fascia more reddish; cell-spot large, blackish. 

Hindwings : dull grey, with indistinct clouds ; fringe of forewings dark grey, of 
liindwings lighter. 

Underside dull grey, with darker grey markings; the exterior line formed of 
.spots. Head, thorax, and abdomen faded ([iroiialily a mixture of fuscous and reddi.sh) ; 
tip of palpi blackish. 

Expanse of wings : ? , 16 mm. ; (?, 18 mm. 

Gunong Ijau, Perak. 

Very much like Gymnodisca vindescens in markings. The palpi of the ? are 
very much shorter than those of the c?. 

Rhinoprora variospila >i>. nov. 

ForewiiKjs: greenish or greyish green; the cross lines fuscous, mixed with red 
.scales; basal patch edged with a narrow dark hand mixed with red scales, oblique 
inwards ; central fascia with its inner edge also oblique, formed by a similar liand to 
that which edges the basal patch ; its outer edge wavy and denticulate, curved out- 
wards and forming a slight projection in the middle ; the outer half of the central 
fascia from below the costa to near the inner margin occupied by a pale patch de\oid 
of markings, which in the <S is grey-green and in the ? snow-white; subtermiual 
fascia formed of three denticulate dark lines, mixed with reddish scales; marginal 
area green ; fringe lead-coloured, with dark basal line. 

Hiiuhvings : pale grey, becoming greenish towards hindmargin, with three or four 
indistinct darker curved fasciae. 

Head, face, palpi, and thorax pale cream-colour or whitish (? faded) ; third joint 
of palpi dark ; abdomen mixed cinereous and reddish. Underside cinereous with a 
green tint, and dark grey markings. 

Expanse of wings : 18 mm. 

S ? from Guuong Ijau, Perak. 

Of the two examples described, the ^ is slightly smaller than the ? , and grey- 
green instead of green ; but the difference is probablv not sexual. 

Rhinoprora viridata sp. nov. 

Forewings : pale green, with darker green and grey markings ; basal jiatcli small, 
edged with a dark grey line; space between l)asal patch and central fascia with a 
darker green central line ; central fascia broad, edged with dark grey, and suffused 
with dark grey and green, with three or fom- darker lines, which are most distinct on 
the costa ; its outer edge is straight from costa to below middle, where it forms a 
rough projection and is then obliquely retracted to the inner margin before the anal 
angle; the space immediately lieyond it whitish; subtermiual line white, zigzag, 
preceded by dark green patches, one "on costa, one in middle, and a third less distinct 
above anal angle; these patches are continued beyond the line to the hindmargin; 
fringe green, with darker basal line and cliequered with darker; cell-spot hhu-kish. 

Hindwings : pale whitish grey, becoming green towards hindmargin, with traces 
of three or four darker grey curved fasciae. 


( 112 ) 

Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen all faded ochreous (probably green when fresh). 
Underside pale green, with all the lines darker; cell-spots of both wings distinct. 
Expanse of wings : 2'2 mm. 
One c? from Gunong Ijau, Perak. 

Sebastia gen. nov. 

Forewings : elongate ; costa gradually arched ; apex bluul ; hindmargin curved, 
oblique ; underside \vith a tuft of long glossy hairs from the base, half as long as wing, 
covering a smooth space between the median and submedian veins, the centre of 
which is occupied by a dense bed of coarse rough scales. 

Hindivinrjs : with the hindmargin bluntly projecting in the middle, sinuous on 
either side ; the costal area thickened aud contorted. 

Antennae thick, and faintly pubescent in c? ; palpi porrect, shortly rostriform ; 
tongue present. 

Neurallon: forewings, cell half as long as wing; median uervure curved upwards 
at base ; the iirst and second median nervule.s rising near one another shortly before 
end of cell, third from the end ; radials as usual ; fifth subcostal and common stem of 
the other four from end of areole. Hindwings, cell five-.sixths of the len<rth of the 
wing; costal anastomosing shortly with subcostal, then curing away ; two subcostals 
very short ; medians as in forewings, but short. 

Type : Sebastia maleformata W'arr. 

Sebastia maleformata s)i. nov. 

Forewings: pale grey, with a number of darker cur\cd lines, forming a darker 
basal patch, and a darker, broad, central fascia, followed In- a narrow snbterminal one ; 
cell-spot black ; fringe sligiitly chequered, with a dark liasal line. 

Hindwings: whitish, greyer towards inner and hindmargin. with traces of darker 
fasciae. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen grey. Underside glossy, whitish grey, with the 
exterior line dark ; tuft of hair glossy white. 

Kxpanse of wings : 18 mm. 

One S from Santos. 


SuiiFAJiiLY HYDEIOMENINAE. 
Alloeoneura gen. nov. 

Allied to Anticlea and Aniocbe. 

Forewings: with costa faintly curved ; apex bluntly rounded ; hindmargin curved. 

Hindwings : rounded. 

Palpi rostriform, of medium length ; antennae (?) simple, slightly thickened. 

Neuration : cell half as long as wing, broad. Forewings, first median at f3\e- 
sixths, second just before, third from the end of cell ; lower radial, curved at its 
origin, from quite the lower half of the discoceflular ; upper radial from top end of 
cell ; common stem of the second, third, and fourth subcostals from apex of areole ; 
first and fifth close to the apex. Hindwings with the two subcostals shortly stalked, 
and the radial from the centre of the discoeellular as usual. 

Type : Alloeoneura marmorata Warr. 


( 113 ) 

Alloeoneura inarmorata sp. nov. 

Fwewiwjs : pale fuscous, mottled with dark fuscous and whitish ochreous ; basal 
patch with its edge acutely angulated in the middle and denticulate wavy below ; its 
basal half paler; central fascia with an oblong dark fuscous blotch from the costa 
reaching half-way across wing, edged on both sides with whitish, and then three or 
four alternately light and dark sinuous lines, interrupted towards the inner margin 
by these lines, so as to form only a flattened 8-shaped mark ; marginal area dark 
fuscous towards apex and anal angle, paler between, with a jagged white subterminal 
line, distinct only in these darker patclies, followed by a fine blackish scalloped line 
from apex to anal angle ; fi-inge with dark basal line and paler mottlings. 

Hind-wings : reddish testaceous, unmarked ; fringe paler, mottled. 

Head, face, and antennae dark fuscous; tliorax and abdomen paler; legs dark 
fuscous, ringed with pale ochreous. Underside yellow, mottled with fuscous, with the 
markings also fu.scoiis ; hindwings with brown cell-spot, traces of two lines on inner 
margin and marginal fascia. 

Expanse of wings : 20 mm. 

Two (J 6 from Petropolis. 


Ainnesicoma gen. nov. 

Eesemliles Photoscotosia Warr. in size, shape, character of markings, and 
structure, except that the forewings of the S are quite simjjle, having either lost, 
or never acquired, the characteristic mark of that genus, viz. the tuft of long hairs 
along the disc. 

Type : Ainnesicoma simplex Waxv. 


Amnesicoma simplex sp. nov. 

Forewinrj-s : ochreous grey, with dark fuscous shading, lines, and fasciae ; basal area 
dark fuscous, containing a succession of dark fviseous wavy lines, and becoming deeper 
brown towards its outer edge, which is irregularh' sinuous ; exterior line blackish, 
edged internally with fuscous and externally with a narrow pale line, the space 
between it and the edge of the basal area being paler than the rest of the wing ; the 
exterior line forms two small subcostal teeth outwards, then a large concave sinus, 
and several iiTegular convexities below ; marginal area much suffused with fuscous, 
with a pale submarginal line, and a pale triangular subapical space, the lower edge 
of which forms an oblique streak from the apex; cell-.sj»t linear black, in the ? 
embraced within the basal patch, which extends farther than in the <S ; in the ? the 
submarginal line, subapical patch, and central area are decidedly paler than in 
the cJ. 

Hindwings : dull orange with the inner half fuscous grey, with the beginnings 
of some wavy lines above the anal angle, and partly along the hindmargin. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous cinereous. Underside dull cinereous, mixed 
with dull orange on the forewings as well as on the hindwings, the basal area, 
central line, and submarginal area being darker grey. 

Expanse of wings : ? , .58 mm. ; <?, 54 mm. 

A good series from Cashmere. 


( 114 ) 

Brephoscotosia gen. nov. 

c?. Forewings : witli costa shouldered near base at one-third, and again at 
three-fourths, concave between ; ajiex blunt ; hindniargin ol)liiiuely curved, subcrenulate. 

Hindwhigs : with hindniargin rounded, subcrenulate. 

Palpi thick, hairy, as in Pterocypha U.S. ; third joint concealed in second ; 
second triangular and well separated from first; tongue present; forehead produced 
below ; antennae of cj pectinated ; hind tibiae not thickened, with four long s[)urs. 
Forewings covered with a thick bed of hairs, except the marginal area from the 
second costal shoulder to the anal angle. These hairs are particularly tliick and 
tufted beneath each shoulder. 

Neuratimi : cell half as long as wing. Forewings, costal and subcostal strongly 
arched near base ; first subcostal nervule from shortly before the apex of the areole ; 
common stem of second, third, and fourth, and stem of fifth from end of areole; 
radials as usual. Neuration of hindwings normal. 

Type: Brephoscotosia catocalaria Wlk. {Seotosia). 

Camptogramma albinotata Wlk., xx.w., p. 1689, J. 

IMeyrick refers this as the cf to Guenee's In-ujata, the type of which is a ? ; and 
he may be right. But I do not think that (fueuee's description warrants this identi- 
fication. It seem.s to me more likely to be the ? of Walker's hreviaria S , and 
identical with his two ? ? , repentinata and incertata. Walker in his rendering of 
the description of bmjata speaks of a ".macula discalis ex atomis alhis strigaque fusca 
contiguae " ; but I cannot see that this refers at all to the white marginal blotch which 
characterises albinotata Wlk. 

Cirrolygris gen. nov. 

Characterised in the cj by a bed of very fine curled hairs lying along the base of 
the median vein and the submediau fold, those on the fold paler and less curled ; 
palpi rough, jiorrect, the third joint short, pointed ; antennae simple in d . 

Type : C. viomaria Snell. (Eiiholia). 

Felder, observing the hairy underside of the forewings, made it a Lyr/ris, but it 
is really quite distinct Irom that genus. 

EpiiTlioe delimitata sp. nov. 

Forewings: dai-k silvery grey, with dark fuscous lines and markings; basal patch 
fuscous, its outer edge thrice distinctly curved, followed by a parallel thick, somewhat 
interrupted line ; central fascia with its inner edge wavy denticulate, curved parallel to 
edge of basal patch ; the outer edge irregularly dentate, running inwards below the 
middle, so that the upper half of the fascia is twice as broad as the lower; the fascia 
is preceded and followed liy a fuscous line parallel to its edge; subterininal line white, 
jagged, preceded on costa by a black dentate blotch, and beyond the projection of the 
central fascia by two small blackish wedge-shaped marks ; marginal area slightly 
clouded with grey ; fringe grey, preceded by a geminated black dash between each 
vein. 

Hiadwinga: in their basal half blurred fuscous, edged by a dull Lilunlly augulated 
middle line ; whitish j)Owdered with fuscous beyond, with traces of a dusky whitish- 
edged denticulated submarginal line; fringe as in forewings. 


( 115 ) 

Head, thorax, and abdomen cinereous mottled with fuscous; collar and palpi 
wholly fuscous. Underside duller, suft'used and dusted with fuscous, with the 
markings all shown, but dull ; discal spots distinct, lilack. 

Expanse of wings : 40 mm. 

One c? from Larima Co., North America. 

Erebochlora gen. nov. 

Closely allied to Priapodes Warr., but with .simply ro.strate palpi, instead of the 
abnormally prolonged ones that are the distinguishing characteristic of that genus. 
Otherwise the types of the two genera are superficially wondenullv alike. 

Type : Erebochlora tesserulata Feld. (Spargania). 

Hammaptera semiobliterata sp. no\-. 

Foreimngs : whitish ochreous, sometimes pink-tinged ; extreme liase pale, edged 
with a curved dark brown fascia ; inner edge of central fascia formed by an irregular 
bent brown fascia; space between it and basal patch sometimes paler, sometimes as 
dark as tlie two fasciae themsehes ; outer edge of central fascia formed of three lines, 
which produce a dark fascia on the costa only, the pale space of the interior of the 
central fascia interrupting it, and extending to the hindmargin ; the exterior edge 
of the central fascia forms a blunt projection between the second and third medians ; 
submarginal Hue pale, preceded by a red-brown band, broadest on the costa, and 
followed by a fuscous shade ; all alike are interrupted in the middle and reapjicar 
again above the anal angle ; cell-spot dark, linear ; fringe mainly dark fuscous. 

Hindwings: of ? wholly smoky fuscous ; of cJ tinged in parts with paler, aud 
with paler chequered fringes. 

Face, collar, and front of thorax concolorous with pale ground-colour; abdomen 
fuscous, with a dark brovvn basal segment. Underside straw-yellow, freckled and 
suffused with blackish, with, in the forewings, the celkspot, four undulating bent 
lines forming the outer edge of the central fascia, and the margin, black; the margin 
is broadly interrupted by the pale ground-colour in the middle, and contains a small 
pale spot at the apex ; inner margin of forewings whitish. Hindwings with four 
curved dark lines, two in the centre and two towards the hindmargin. 

Expanse of wings : ? , 42 mm. ; cJ, 38 mm. 

Jamaica. 

The ground-colour seems very variable : in the cJ de.scribed it is greyish white ; 
in the ? olive ochreous, tinged with brick-red. 

Hysterura gen. nov. 

Forewings: with costa graduallv curved from base to apex ; apex lilunt ; hin<l- 
margin obliquely curved ; anal angle rounded. 

Hindwings: with irregular outline ; anal angle hardly indicated; inner angle 
bluntly rounded; hindmargin with a prominent projection in the middle, as in 
iSemiothisa, but not so precisely defined. 

Antennae of ? simple, and of tj pubescent ; ftice rounded, slightly projecting; 
palpi rostriform, the last joint drooping ; inner margin of forewings in c? with a 
thick bed of pale hairs, directed towards the costa, and reaching almost to the anal 
angle ; inner edge of hindwings also with a thickened tuft of hair towards the base. 

Neiiratlou : forewings with cell half the length of wing; first median nervnle at 


( 116 ) 

«even-eighths, second and third from lower end of cell ; lower radial from centre of 
diseocellular, upper from top angle of cell ; last subcostal ner\ ule from apex of 
areole ; the other four on a common stem, which rises before the apex of areole. 
Hindwings with both subcostals and last two median nervules on a rather long 
common stem. 

Type : H. multi/aria (Swinhoe). 

Lygridopsis gen. nov. 

Closely allied to Hysterura, but with the hindwings well rounded and slightly 
wavy, without any ])rdjection in the centre of the hindmargin ; forewings beneath 
with only a short tuft of pale hairs, as in Lygris ; otherwise agreeing with Hysterura. 

Type : Lycfridopsia cervimiria (Moore). 

Odezia tibiale Esp. 
The type-form of tibiale Esp. has the white band of the forewings broad, and 
none at all on the hindwings above; in the form vioeroraria Frr. the width of the 
band on the forewings is reduced, the hindwings still remaining all black ; in decisaia 
Wlk. the band on the forewings is like that in moeroraria, but there is a corresponding 
narrow band on the upperside of the hindwings ; in eversmannaria H.S. both bands 
are broadly white, that in the hindwings bulging in the centre. The species may in 
all cases be distinguished by the whole of the fringes of the hindwings being white. 

Orthonama Hub., Verz., p. 331. 
Contains three species: vittdhnta Hiib., No. 3193; lijnata Hiib., Xo. ol9-4: 
aqiiata Hiib., No. 3195. Of these the first and last belong to his previously placed 
genus Coenocalpe, leaving lignata (= vittata Borkh.) as the type of Orthonama. The 
3 antennae are ciliated. To this genus will be referred polygrammata 15kh., obstipata 
Fabr., lutulentata Snell. 

Otoplecta gen. nov. 

Fweivinrjs : with costa arched throughout ; apex lilunt ; hindmargin curved ; anal 
angle distinct. 

Hindivings : with well-rounded hindmargin ; inner margin in the c? broken below 
the middle, with a large scaly Hap from the base, folded over flat on the ujjperside. 

Antennae simple, annulated, in lioth sexes; palpi porrect, shortly rostriform. 

JVeuration of forewings normal. In the hindwings the co.stal anastomoses with 
subcostal to beyond the end of cell, where it curves oS abruptly from the first subcostal 
nervule; the second subcostal rises from near the top of the diseocellular; this is 
augulated, and the radial rises from below the angulation ; lower angle of cell rounded ; 
in the cf the three median nervules rise at equal intervals from the rounded angle, the 
first being distorted towards the inner margin ; in the ? the first rises only just be3'ond 
the middle of cell, and runs straight. 

Type : Otoplecta fricjida Butler {Gwemia). 

Paraplaneta gen. nov. 

Ijike Cataclysme Hiib. in that the uiiper radial and fifth subcostal vein are 
stalked together; but the antennae of the i are as strongly pectinated as in 
XanthorhoU Hiib. 

Type : Paraplatieta conturbata Wlk. {Ld.renlid). 


( 117 ) 

Photoscotosia funebris -p. nov. 

Forewings: dull dark smoky brown; the basal line, slightly curved, the inner 
edge of the central fascia, vertical and wavy, and the outer edge, irregularly jagged, 
and with a projecting beak between the second and third median nervules, all black ; 
cell-spot linear, black; many slender indistinct undulating dark lines can lie 
discerned between the lines ; fi-inge concolorous. 

Hindivings : bright orange ; costa whitish ; inner margin broadly smoky brown ; 
hindmargin from anal angle to radial blackish. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen smoky brown, the abdomen with paler t Lifts. Underside 
of forewings dull blackish, with the disc only dirty white; hindwings orange, with 
dull cinereous inner and blackish hindmargin. 

Expanse of wings : o2 mm. 

One (? from China. 

Photoscotosia velutina sp. nov. 

Forewings: shining pinkish grey, suffused with brownish, and with dark brown 
and black-brown wavy lines ; basal patch small, edged by a nearly vertical line, dull 
nrown; inner edge of central fascia thick, velvety black; exterior line edged with 
velvety black near the costa only, then slender, forming a blunt beak between the 
second and third median nervules, then running inwards to two-thirds of the inner 
margin ; it is preceded by two brown lines, whose course is parallel to itself; central 
space towards costa jiale ; marginal area irregularly suffused with smoky brown, and 
traversed by a paler submarginal line, which is edged on either side with darker ; a 
short oblique apical streak ; beyond the fascia in the paler space between it and the 
submarginal region can sometimes be traced two or three fine wavy lines. 

Hindivings: silky white, with the inner margin smoky, and the hindmargin 
blackish; a grey bluntly denticulated curved line at two-thirds, which in the j is 
only distinct near the inner margin. Fringe of both wings dark grey, with a strong 
black basal line ; fringe of hindwings at the apex only white. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous cinereous. Underside white, smeared with 
grey ; a dark discal line on both wings, which becomes broad on costa of forewing ; 
apical region of forewing smoky black, leaving the extreme apex white ; discal 
marks blackish, linear, more di.stinct than on upperside, that of the forewing being 
there lost in the inner edge of the central fascia. 

Expanse of wings : 54 mm. 

China. 

Plemyriopsis gen. nov. 

Foretvings: narrow; costa straight at first, strongly arched in the latter half; ajM'x 
subfalcate ; hindmargin elbowed at end of second median nervule, above which it 
is slightly, and below it extremely oblicine ; anal angle quite rounded off. 

Hindwings: broad: hindmargin with an elbow at the end of second median 
nervule, on either side of which it is straight. 

Antennae of ? short, laminated ; palpi shortly porrect, triangular ; tongue 
present ; hind tibiae with four spurs. 

Neuration: cell half as long as wing. Forewings, discocellular liiangulated ; 
first median at four-fifths, second and third together from the lower end of cell ; 
lower radial from the lower angle of discocellular. ujiper from the upper angle; fifth 


( 118 ) 

subcostal from the upper end of cell, first ami joint stem of next three togetlier 
from apex of areoie. Hindwings, two subcostals on long stem ; radial from upper 
end of discocellular ; first median at four-fifths, second a little before end. 

Type: Plemyriopsis distincta Wlk. (Erosia) = Dineurodes(J) fiopuloniaDnxce, 
Biol. Centr. Am. Lep. Het., ii., p. 176. 

Plerocymia lliib. 

Plerocymia Hiib., Verz., p. 330. 

Entephria Hiib., Verz., p. 332. 

Onychia Hiib., Verz., p. 334. 

Ortholithu Hiib., Vers., p. 3:58; Led.; S. & W. 

Eubolia Boisd. 

By the law of priority Ortholitha mu.st give place to Plerocymia. Under this 
genus Hiibner placed four species — cervincUa, dubitata, certata, and biliiieala. Of 
tliese certata belong.s to his own genus Calocalpe, dubitata to Triphosa Stph., 
while biiiiieata has become the type of Camptogi-amna Stph., so that cervinata, 
the first-})laced species, is left as type of Plerocymia. 

Priapodes gen. nov. 

Foirvdngs: ample; costa faintly arched; apex obtuse: hindmargin well curved ; 
anal angle indistinct. 

Hindwitigs : ample, somewhat produced at apex ; hindmargin weakly rounded. 

Abdomen (cj) strong, with rather prominent anal segment ; antennae (c?) 
simple ; tongue present ; palpi three times as long as head, horizontally porrect, 
laterally compressed, smoothly scaled ; terminal joint short, button-shaped, second 
joint extraordinarily long; legs long; hind tibiae with four spurs. Neuration normal, 
i-'caling dense : forewings black and green ; hindwings black and white. 

Type : Priajjodes longipalpata (Th. !Mg.). 

A South American genus of large-sized insects. 

PseudocoUix gen. nov. 

Differs from Collix Guen. (1) in having only a small cell-spot instead of a large 
one consisting of raised black scales; (2) in the much reduced length of the palpi. 
Type: P. hyperythra (\l\n\i!-n.'j. 

Pterocypha inangulata sp. nov. 

Forewings: pale grey, pink-tinged ; basal jiatch edged by a straight black line, 
preceded l)y a thinner one ; central fascia edged on both sides inteimally with dark 
fuscous; its inner edge with two indentations, one, subcostal, obtuse; the other 
below the middle, acute ; its outer edge with two prominent lobes, one on either side 
of the second median; on the submedian fold the dark edges of the central fascia 
unite; discal spot black, circled with whitish, and that again with a slender black 
outline; underneath it are two pale oval siiots, obliijuely below one another ; a dark 
apical streak, with the space above it paler. 

Hindwitigs: cinereous, darker towards the hindmargin, before which is a broad 
p.ile curved fascia, preceded by a dark bent line. 


( 119 ) 

Head, thorax, and abdomen cinereous, mixed with paler. Underside ochreous 
Yellowish, with distinct black cell-spots, outer bent line, and marginal fasciae, the 
latter having a small space pale in the middk- of tlie liindmargin and at the apex of 
the forewing. 

Exjianse of wings : 34 mm. 

One ? from Jamaica. Lctrenfia (mcpiinalia H.S., Corr. BL, 1870, p. 189, from 
Cuba, may be the same insect. 

Pterocypha xantholiva sp. nov. 

Forewings (¥): pale ochreous olive, with darker olive fuscous lines and bands; 
basal patch consisting of two inwardly obliijue dark-edged olive bands; extreme 
base and narrow fascia beyond, pale ochreous ; central fascia broad ; its inner edge 
formed by an inwardly oblique olive fascia edged with fuscous, and showing three 
dark lines on the costa ; its outer edge also consisting of an olive fascia, the edges 
of which are formed by dark fuscous lines with another down the centre ; these 
lines form two projecting lobes on either side of the second median ; intervening 
space between the olive edges of the central fascia pale ochreous olive with a dark 
cell-spot ; marginal area consisting of a series of alternate darker and lighter olive 
lines ; fringe dark olive. 

Hindivings : dull orange, sufi'used with smoky fuscous along inner margin, 
wiiere there are traces of the beginnings of several undulating darker lines ; bind- 
margin suffusedly fuscous ; fringe fuscous, with a blackisli basal line, preceded 
by a narrow clear orange s[iace before each denticulation. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen cinereous olive. In the ^ the markings of 
the forewings are more or less hidden and obscured by the pilositj- of the 
surface ; the subterminal line is, however, plainer, preceded by an olive fascia, 
and followed by darker shades; a short black zigzag streak from the apex. In 
the hindwings the inner-marginal half is obscured with dark olive pilose scales- 
Underside yellow, deeper in ? than in ^J; the cell-spots, outer line, and marginal 
fascia black; the apex of both wings and a small space in the middle of the hind- 
margin pale or whitish; before tlie exterior line are traces of another narrower and 
straighter line. 

Expanse of wings : 44 mm. 

(J ? from the P'elder collection — without exact locality given. 

Trichodezia gen. nov. 

Distinguished from Odesia Boisd. by the presence of a long tuft of dark hairs 
towards the inner margin of the forewings on the underside, similar to that wliich 
occurs in Photoscotosia Warr. 

Tvpe: T. alhoviUata Guen. (Odezia). 

Anisomelia gen. nov. 

Forevnnfjs : very broad; costa slightly convex throughout; apex not acute; 
liindmargin uniformly curved ; inner margin sinuate, fringed in its outer half 

Hindivings : small ; hindmargin rounded ; inner margin with a triangular lappet ; 
(in the type this is quite flattened out, in the setting). 

Palpi shortly porrect and slightly hairy ; tongue present ; legs and abdomen 
beneath very hairy; antennae ((^) a little beyond the base thickened and bent, 
coarsely pubescent, almost finely ciliated. 


( 1^« ) 

Neuration : forewings, cell barely one-third as long as wing ; discocellular with 
lower arm very oblique ; first median iiervule from three-fourths of the cell ; second 
just before, third from, the end of cell, which is deeply wedge-sliaped ; lower radial 
from middle, upper from upper end of the discocellular; as far as can be seen 
(without denudation of the type) all five subcostals on a common stem. Hindwings 
with costal widely divergent from subcostal. 

Type : Anisomelia oriolata Feld. (Eratema). 

SrBi-AMii.v PLl'TODINAE. 
Ochroplutodes gen. now 

Closelv allied to Plutodes Gueu. and Arehiplutodes Warr., the antennae being 
unipectinate ; hiudmargin of forewings sinuate, incurved in the upper half, and 
bowed in the lower; hindwings with hindmargin irregular and bluntly elbowed above 
the middle ; wings with no metallic markings, ochreous with fuscous transverse 
striae, as in Fidonia. 

Type : Ochroplutodes sordida, \\<m. 

Ochroplutodes sordida sp. nov. 

Forewi'tijs: pale straw-culour, with the basal and marginal regions dull greyish 
fuscous, consi-sting of an agglomeration of transverse striae, through which the ground- 
colour is in parts discernible, especially at the anal angle ; liasal area angulated below 
the costa on its outer edge; marginal area edged internally with a straight oblique 
line, parallel to hindmargin ; central area with very few fuscous striae, the two lines 
indicated by jiale spaces without any striae at all. 

Hindwings : with the whole surface more or less striated with fuscous, witli a paler 
curved central line or space, corresponding to the exterior pale space on the fore- 
wings, and the hindmargin paler, smeared with yellowish, and with three or four 
blackish marginal dots towards the apex. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous. Underside the same, but duller and 
paler. 

Expanse of wings : 32 mm. 

One (?, probably from .\frica. 

SUBF.\MILY rAl.VADLNAK. 
Cabira H.?^. 

.\kin to Angwonopsia Warr., but with less anqile wings ; distiiigui.shed from 
that genus by the strongly pectinated antennae of the J. 

Tvpe : C'abira ochropurjjuraria H.S. 

The name C'abira was proposed by Sodofifsky, Bull. Mosc, 1837, \-i., p. 17, in the 
place of Gdiera Treitschke, 1825, on the ground that this was too near Caberea 
Lamarx, used in 1816 for a genus of Polyzoa. The name Gabera of Treitschke for 
the well-known I'^uropean species which were referred to it was unnecessary, being 
anticipated by Hiibner's lleilinia. For the South American insect of H.S., which I 
regard as not congeneric with the old-world species of Deilinia, I propose to emjiloy 
SodofFsky's spelling Cabira, as used for this species by H.S. himself 


( 121 ) 

.Sriii'AMiLY DEll-LMINAK. 
Bapta subnotata sp. nov. 

Foreivings : silky -white, with a small brown spot on the costa at one-third, and 
another at two-thirds, indicating the origin of the two transverse lines, which are 
hardly discernible ; cell-spot small, dark. 

Hiwlwings : with a faint brown exterior line, and small cell-spot; fringe white 
in both wings, with a fine brown basal line. 

Head, face, thorax, and abdomen white. Underside white, with the discal s]iots 
only dark. 

Kxpanse of wings : 34 mm. 

One (? from Hakodate, Japan. 

This can hardly be a form of B. bimacalnta Fab. 

Orthobrachia gen. nov. 

Separated from Ster/cniia, and the other genera in which the second subcostal of 
the forewings is wanting, by (1) the d antennae, which are shortly and stifHy bipecti- 
nate to three-fourths; (2) by the second median of both wings rising before the end 
of cell, and by the absence of a fovea in forewings. The wings are longer and stronger 
than in SUyania, resembling those of Heterostegiinia Warr. 

Type : Orthobrachia latifasciata Moore (Stef/nnia). 

Parabapta g<'n. nov. 
Closely allied to Bapta iStph., but characterised by the antennae of the (^,whicli 
are armed with short fascicles of curled cilia, and by the e.xcessiveiy short palpn'. 
Type : Parabapta aetheriata Cxraeser {Bapta). 

ScBFAMiLY BRACCTNAE. 
Bursada fulvimacula sp. nov. 

Forevniigs : with the basal area, and an irregular sinuous band from the costa 
at two-thirds, narrowing out towards the anal angle, rich coppery orange, margined 
with reddish ; rest of the wings black. 

Hindivinfjs : mainly coppery orange; costa and hindmargin black, the latter 
more broadly at apex and anal angle ; inner margin also black, with a black blotcli 
before the anal angle. 

Head, thorax, abdomen, and antennae all black. Underside like upper. 

Expanse of wings : (?, 20 mm. ; ? , 22 mm. 

Five t?c?,2 ? ?,from lafu. 

Nearest Synestia Meyr. from New Guinea, but smaller and much richer coloured. 

Dichostrepsia gen. nov. 

In shape of wings, structure of jialpi and antennae, agreeing with Santjalopsis 
Warr., as also in nenration, except in the following points: in tlie forewings the 
median nervure is abnormally curved upwards close to the base, and the submedian 
similarly curved downwai-ds ; between the median, where it is thus curved, and the 
submedian fold lies an elongated partially scaled bladdery ]iatch. In the hindwings 
the costal is free, but closely aiii)roximated to the subcostal for a short di.stance 
Ijefore the middle of the cell. 

Type : D. Iricolorala A\'arr. 


( 122 ) 

Dichostrepsia tricolorata sp. nov. 

cJ. Foreioinffs : black, with a jagged-edged coppery red patdi on the inner 
margin, from near the base to shortl_v before the anal angle, extending two-thirds 
acroiis the wing; beyond the cell a subipuuhate lemon-yellow patch. 

IJ indtvings : coppery red, with a narrow black border, the line of separation 
being regularh' crenulate. 

Underside like upper, with the following ad<litions: (he forewing has a basal 
subcostal red streak reaching to two-thirds; towards the hindinargin there are five 
elongated pale yellow blotches between the veins; in the hindwings, instead of the 
continuous black border, the veins at their extremity have each an elongated black 
blotch, the intervals being pale yeUow ; fringe entirely black. The red tint of the 
underside is paler than that of the upper. Palpi, forehead, thorax, black ; legs black 
s|)otted with yellow; abdomen yellow, with the dorsal and lateral lines and segmental 
divisions broadly lilack ; face and two spots in middle of thorax yellow ; patagia 
red at the base. 

Expanse of wings : 38 mm. 

One t? from 8outh America, without precise localitv. 

Dichostrepsia unciata sp. nov. 
Wings brown-black ; forewings with a triangular oval red spot beyond the cell, 
nearer the costa than the hind or inner margin. Underside smoky brown : forewings 
with the red patch brighter ; hindwings with veins black. 
Expanse of wings : 30 mm. 
' One S from the Felder collection, from Peru. 
The bladder beneath the median vein is plain enough ; but the distortion of the 
veins is not so great as in the typical species tricolorata Warr. 

Emplocia U.S. 

Forewings: with costa nearly straight ; hindmargin curved, rather bulging. 

Hindwings : with the hindmargin from anal angle nearly straight, curved onlv 
at the apical angle. 

Palpi porrect, terminal joint acute ; tongue present ; antennae of c? well 
pectinated, the pectinations themselves finely ciliated ; hind tibiae with four spurs. 

Neuration: forewings, cell three-fifths of wing: discocellular straight, curved 
outwards just before apex ; first median nervule at three-fifths, second at four-fifths, 
third from end ; lower radial from centre of discocellular ; upper from upper end ol' 
cell, bent downwards shortly after its rise; five subcostals on a common stem. 
Hindwings, cell three-fifths ; discocellular angulated ; costal very closely approxi- 
mated to subcostal for quite half the cell, appearing to anastomose; first subcostal' 
just before end of cell ; medians as in forewings. 

Tyjje : Emplocia bifenestrata H.8. 

A red stripe from the base of each wing, one or more pale sjiots towards apex of 
forewing. 

Mnesipenthe gen. nov. 

Like Sangalopsis in size, shape, and structure ; differing in the absence of 
coloration, the wings being black, with a pellucid white cell-patch, and in the 
neuration. In the forewings the second and third median nervules are strongly 


( 123 ) 

concave to eacli other, the third being bent downwards in the direction of the anal 
angle ; the lower radial is curved parallel to the third median ; in the hindwings 
the fold which divides the cell longitudinally, instead of running straight from the 
discocellular to the hindmargin as usual, is curved down to join the third median 
just beyond half-way; antennae of ? pectinated, shorter than in <S . 
Type : M. subcana Wlk. (Melanchroi(t). 

Mnesipenthe obliquisignata sp. nov. 

Wings dull sooty black with a greyish tinge towards the base, moi'e extensively 
so in the hindwings; beyond the cell in the forewings is an oblique long oval white 
patch crossed by third median as a thread-like dark line ; in sxibcana the blotch 
is subquadrate, and does not reach below the third median. Underside of fore- 
wings dull blackish, with the costa and apical region hoary grey; hindwings dull 
dark grey, with all the veins and the folds between them paler hoary grey. 
Head, antennae, terminal joint of palpi, thora.x, and abdomen blackish grey ; 
face pale grey with darker centre ; tongue, base of palpi, base of patagia, and 
body at base of forewings yellow ; abdomen jialer beneath. 

Expanse of wings : 38 mm. 

Three <? cj and three ? ? , all from Petropolis. 

Nelopsis gen. nov. 

Forewings : elongate, twice as long as broad ; costa slightly curved ; hindmargin 
obliquely curved. 

Hindivings : elongate, the hindmargin rounded, but straighter towards anal angle. 

Tongue present ; palpi porreot ; antennae of (? pectinated as in Sangala Wlk., 
the pectinations being thick to tlie end, oblique, and folding over one another 
beneath ; hind tibiae with four spurs. 

Xeuridion : forewings, cell fully three-fifths of wing; first median at two-thirds, 
second at five-sixths, third from end ; lower radial from centre of discocellular, upper 
from just below upper angle of cell ; last three subcostals on a common stem from 
before upper end of cell ; second subcostal out of first. Hindwings with costal 
approximated to subcostal nearly to middle ; first subcostal rising just before 
end of cell. 

Type : Nelopsis nasuta Wlk. (Mennis). 

Pseudobracca gen. nov. 

Foretnngs : with costa gradually curved throughout; apex blunt; hindmargin 
rounded, more obliquely towards the anal angle. 

Hindivings: with fully rounded hindmargin. 

Antennae of c? strongly pectinated ; foreliead rounded : palpi short, stout, 
terminal joint stumpy ; tongue present. 

Neuration : cell half as long as wing. Forewings, discocellular sinuous; first 
median at three-fourths, second at seven-eighths, third from end of cell ; two radials 
from near together about the middle of the discocellular, the lower curved and 
slightly distorted in its course ; first and second subcostals on a long common 
stem from just before the end of celi, anastomosing with costal; last three subcostals 
on a common stem from the end of cell, the common stem of the third and fourth 

10 


( 124 ) 

anastomosing with the second. Hiudwings, discocellular angulated ; costal approxi- 
mated shortly to subcostal near base ; first subcostal norvule ]iarting before end of 
cell ; no radial ; medians as in forewings. 
Tj-pe : Pseudobracca imitatrix WaiT. 

Pseudobracca imitatrix sp. nov. 

Fwewlnrfs : dull black, with a large irregular whitish blotch on the inner margin 
reaching more than half across the wing, followed b}- an oblique oval whitish blotch 
towards apex ; a submarginal series of white spots, interrupted opposite the cell ; 
three small white spots obliquely placed near the base on the inner margin ; a 
white basal subcostal dash, and a yellow basal oblong spot. 

Hiiuhvimjs: black, with a broad central area white, and a series of eight 
submarginal spots, larger than those in the forewings ; a minute dark discal dot. 

Underside the same, but the base of both wings smeared with yellowish. 
Head and tips of paliii black; face and palpi yellow; thorax yellowish; abdomen 
black, with yellowish lateral streaks, and the penultimate segment wholly yellow; 
underside of abdomen and femora yellow ; tibiae and tarsi grey. 

Expanse of wings : 54 mm. 

One (J from South America. 

Sangala \Mk. 
At p. 384 of vol. ii. Walker placed under Sanrjala the two sjjecies gloriosa 
and coelisigna ; the first of these he subsequent Ij', without noticing it, removed 
into the genus Siosta, vii., p. 1688, leaving coelisigna to stand as type of Sangala. 
The genus is characterised by the peculiar form of the pectinations of the d antennae. 
These are thick, and stifif throughout, with a narrow base ; directed obliquely forward, 
and tending to fold over one another underneath : they var\- in length according 
to the species, being shortest in the tvpe-species, coelisigna Wlk. 

Sangalopsis gen. nov. 

Forewings : broad, triangular, as in Siosta Wlk. ; cosfa nearly straight ; hind- 
margin obli(juel\' curved. 

Hindwings : broad, well rounded. 

Palpi porrect ; tongue present ; antennae of the J with long pectinations, 
each pectination being finely ciliated ; hind tibiae with four spurs. 

Neuration : forewings, cell barely half the length of wing ; discocellular nearly 
straight ; first submedian at two-thirds, second at five-sixths, third from lower 
end of cell ; lower radial from middle of discocellular, upper from upper angle 
of cell ; fifth subcostal from just before end of cell, curving ui)wards so as almost 
to touch the common stem of the other four. Hindwings with costal free, only 
ap[)roximating to .subcostal near the base; first subcostal just before end of cell; 
medians as in forewings. 

Type: S. altera \Mk. (Xelo). 

Sangalopsis lunata sp. now 

Wings dark smoky brown-black ; forewings witii a small diffusely edged bluish 
white lunate mark towards the anal angle, passing across the three median nervules. 
Underside the .same, with the veins^of the hindwings black. 

Expanse of wings : 36 mm. 

Three (?(? from Peru. 


( 125 ) 

Sangalopsis marginata sp. nov. 

Foreioinr/s : coppery red ; costa uan-owly aud concisely black ; inner margin 
and lower half of base diffusely blackish ; hindmargin broadly black, thinning off 
towards the anal angle, tlie edge of the black part forming a regular curve. 

Hmdwings : black. Underside the same. 

Expanse of wings: 38 mm. 

One c? from South America, without e.xact localit}'. 

Siosta Wlk. 

The genus was created by Walker, vii., p. 1G88, for Latreille's 6i/«.sciirtta, without 
apparently Walker's observing that it was the same insect which at vol. ii., p. 384, 
he had described as Saagala gloriosa. I retain the name Siosta, as he expressly 
states that the antennae of the S are subserrate. 

Type : S. bifasciata Latr. (Gallimorpha). 

Subfamily ARKAXIXAE. 
Abraxas cuneifera sp. nov. 

Forewinga : dull yellowish white ; extreme base, a basal line, and a costal mark 
above the black discal spot, darker; basal area yellowish ; a broad yellowish sinuous 
exterior line edged on both sides with black, that on the inner side being nearly con- 
tinuous and much incurved at the costa, that on the outside represented by wedge- 
shaped black marks on the veins and excurved at the costa; hindmargin with a row 
of large black dots. 

Hiailiuings : with a central black dot, and marginal row of bhick clots, as in 
forewings. 

Thorax and abdomen yellowish, the latter with a row of dorsal black blotches ; 
collar and frontlet deeper yellow ; face, pal})!, and antennae fuscous. Underside dull 
whitish, with only the cell-spots black, and a black spot at the base of the hind- 
wings. 

Expanse of wings : 48 mm. 

One ? , unfortunately without locality'. 

Allied to metamorpha Warr. from Sikkim, and fiamsinuata Warr. from 
Japan, but both wings are broader, less elongate. 

Diptychis Feld., Eeise Nov. 

Fweivings : elongate; costa rather abruptly convex at base, then nearly straight 
to apex, which is blunt ; hindmargin very oljlique ; inner margin only two-thirds as 
long as costal. 

Hindivings: two-thirds as long as forewings; hindmargin rounded. 

Palpi short, weak, drooping, slightly hairy beneath ; tongue present ; forehead 
flat ; antennae (c?) thick, laminated ; hind tibiae short, swollen, with a tuft of hair 
above. 

Neuration : forewings, cell three-fifths of length of wing ; discocellular straight ; 
lower margin of cell towards end inclining inwards; first median nervule at two- 
thirds, second at seven-eighths, thii'd from lower end of cell ; louver radial from a 
little below the centre of discocellalar ; n])per radial from upper angle of cell ; third, 
fourth, and fifth subcostal nervules on a common stem from shortly before end of 


( 126 ) 

cell; fifth leaving at about one-fourth, third and fourth separating at one-half; fir^*t 
and second apjiarently free; second approaching the stem of the other three- 
llindwings, costal, .strongly formed, is curved downwards, closel}- approximated to 
subcostal for half the length of cell, away from the costa towards the middle of the 
v.ing ; costal then curves right away into apex ; first subcostal starts from before the 
end of cell, which is still more inclined inwards ; second subcostal from angle of celh 
reaching hindmargin in its middle, the first reaching it half-way between the second 
and the costal, so that the three costal veins together occupy fully half the wing ; 
discocellular straight ; no radial. Both wings have the inner margin so wrapped 
round that the veins cannot be distinguished; the fold is probably natural, as in the 
.\frican genus Paraptychodes Warr. 
Tyiie : Diptychia geometrina Feld. 

siBFAMii.Y ascotixap:. 
Blepharoctenucha gen. nov. 

Forewings: with costa straight, curved only just before ape.x ; hindmargin very 
oblique, bent at one-third below apex. 

Hinchvings ; with hindmargin only slightly- curved, broadly creuulate. 

Forehead hairy, prominent ; tongue present ; antennae of <? with shaft thickened, 
bidentate, each tooth with a fascicle of cilia; palpi short, thick, terminal joint 
invisible. 

Like Medasina Moore, but first subcostal of forewings from cell, not out of costal. 

Type : B. virescens Butler ( Hemerophila). 

Bronchelia scolopaiea. 

Phal. Xoctua scolopaiea Drury, Exot. Ins., ii., PI. xxii., fig. 1, App. ii. Jamaica. 
Aids scolopaccn Westw., Edn. Drwy, ii., p. 40, PI. x.xii., fig. 1. 

Westw., Dune. Nat. Lib)-., 37, p. 218, PI. xxvii., fig. 2. 
Bcai-mia „ H.S., Cott. BL, 1870, p. 187. Cuba. 
Gundl., Contr. Ent. Cuba, p. 402. 
,, Moeschl., Partorieo, p. 2G4. Portorico. 
Bro'dchdia „ Wlk., xxi., p. 45H. 

„ matronaria Guen., Phal., i., p. 288, ? . Cayenne. 

Wlk., xxi., p. 455. 
„ transitaria Wlk., xxi., p. 453, <J. Type in Brit. Mus. 8. Domingo. 

„ nyctalemonaTiay\'Vs.., xxi., p. 454, J ?. Type in Brit. Mus. 

S. Domingo. 
The species may be recognised by the upstanding hairs which are si)arselv 
scattered over the whole surface of the hindwings. Mr. ^Moore was wrong in making 
Drury's insect identical with the Indian E. pardicelata of Walker. Hence, 1 
imagine, tlie omission of the species by Druce. 

Ectropidia gen. nov. 

Forewings: elongate, narrow; costa straight for three-fourths, then elbowed and 
curved; apex blunt and rectangular; hindmargin curved, in its lower half very 
oblique ; anal angle obtuse. 


• ( 1-'" ) 

Hind/wings : in ? with rounded liindmargin ; in J produced in centre and wavy ; 
anal angle distorted, with some thick layers of hair on the underside, and the hind- 
margin liefore the angle incised. 

Abdomen of S with tufts of hair towards anus. Antennae of S with geminated 
cilia for two-thirds, then simple ; ? antennae simple throughout. Palpi (as far as 
can be made out) .short, stout; tongue present; hind tibiae of <J thickened, with a 
pencil of hairs and four spurs. 

Type : Ectropidia exprivmt'i Wlk. (Acidalia). 

Hymenomima gen. now 

Foreivim/s : short and broad; costa straight; apes blunt, rounded; hindmargiu 
curved. 

Ilindwiiifjs : with hindmargiu strongly curved and rather irregularly and 
abruptly produced in the middle. 

Forewings in the c? with a very large circular scaleless fovea. Antennae in 
both .sexes pectinated, more strongly in J than ? ; tongue small ; palpi triangular, 
.short, drooping ; hind tibiae of c? with four short spurs. Neuration normal ; but 
I'adial of forewings rising from decidedly above the centre of the discocellular. 

Type : Hymenomima cogigaria Moeschler (Boarmia). 

Phanerothyris gen. nov. 

Forewings : elongate ; costa straight ; apex rounded ; hindmargiu oblique, slightly 
wavy ; anal angle distinct. 

Hindwings : broader than forewings, with i-ounded liindmargin. 

Forewings of <J, instead of the fovea at the usual place, with an elongated 
hyaline space along the underside of the median vein, extending half-way from the 
first line to the base. Palpi obliquely upcurved, the second joint short ; tongue 
present ; antennae of the (J subserrate, pubescent ; hind tibiae thickened with four 
very short spurs. 

Type : Phanerothyris inceHaria Leech {Boarmia). 

Prionomelia gen. nov. 

Forewings : elongate, with costa straight, apex blunt, hindmargiu oblique ; anal 
angle well defined. 

Hindiuings : with round hindmargiu. 

Palpi very short and stumpy ; tongue present ; antennae of S shortly biserrate ; 
hind tibiae with fom- short spurs. 

Xeuration : cell more than half as long as wings. Forewings, first median at 
two-thirds ; second and thii-d from lower end of cell ; radials as usual. Hiudwiugs, 
costal approximated to subcostal for nearly half the length of cell ; first subcostal and 
second median nervule from just before the end of cell ; first median at two-thirds. 

Type : P-riononulia grisea Warr. 

Symmetroctena gen. nov. 

Forewings: elongate; costa nearly straight, slightlv curved towards apex, which 
is blunt; hindmargin curved, not very olilique. 

Hindivings : with well-rounded liindmargin. 

Antennae of S with neat straight pectinations for five-sixths ; palpi very short, 
slender; tongue present ; hind tibiae with four spurs. 


( 128 ) 

Neuration : forevrings, cell more tlian half the length of wing, narrowed towards 
the extremity ; first median at three-fourths, second at seven-eighths, third from end ; 
radials as usual ; all five subcostals on a common stem from seven-eighths. Hind- 
wings, costal approximated to subcostal for quite half the length of cell ; first 
subcostal and second median from just before end of cell ; first median at three- 
fourths ; radial from centre of discocellular. 

Tyjie : S. ftvmoaa Warr. 

A genus of small, rather delicate insects, with rather sparse scaling and fine 
veins. 

Symmetroctena fumosa sp. nov. 

Foreivings : grey, with dark grey suffusion and markings; central fascia broad; 
its inner edge vertically curved, blackish, at one-fourth, geminated, the intervening 
space sometimes filled up with blackish ; the outer edge denticulate, from three- 
fourths of costa, curved outwards below costa, then inwards to inner margin just 
beyond middle; an outer dark dentate line from costa before apex, approximated 
to outer edge of central fascia in its lower course; fringe chequered, pale and iliirk 
grey. 

Hindwinfjs: whitish, with the hiudmargin becoming smoky grey, bcnuud an 
indistinct subniarginal line. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with forewings. Underside dull whitish, 
speckled and suffused with grey, with the outer line shown by a .series of dots; 
cell-spots small, dark. 

Expanse of wings : 2G mm. 

Two <? c? from Queensland. 

Zygoctenia gen. nov. 

Forewings: ample; costa straight, slightly convex just before apex; hindmargin 
curved, somewhat bowed, slightly wavy. 

Hindwings: with hindmargin irregular, wavy, rather squared in the middle. 

Palpi porrect; third joint distinct, drooping; tongue present; hind tibiae 
thickened, hairy, with two pairs of spurs; antennae of S of peculiar structure, the 
outer side of the shaft being armed with fascicles of cilia, and the inner with short 
velvety scales, almost the apical half being filiform. The underside of the hiudwings 
at the anal angle and along the submedian fold is covered with long hairs. Forewings 
with distinct fovea. Jseuration normal. 

Type : Zytjoctenia cinerosa Warr. 

Zygoctenia cinerosa sp. nov. 

Forewings: ashy grey, the lines dark fuscous; first near base angulated near costa; 
second from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, sinuous, denticulated, 
marked more clearly on the veins; subniarginal line pale, preceded by a fuscous 
shade ; discal spot round, blackish. 

Hindwings: the same, but with no basal line. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen all cinereous ; scales of the inner side of antennae 
mottled dark and light. Underside dull cinereons ochreous, darker towards the hind- 
margin; hairs at the anal anjjle tawny. 

Kxpan.se of wings : CO mm. 

One c? from Adonara, collected bv Dohertv. 


( 129 ) 

Subfamily SCOTOPTEKYGINAE. 
Catascia fiimosa ^^p. nov. 
Very close to ventraria Guen., but the forewings more rounded at the apex ; 
both wings smoky fuscous, with only the central area towards the costa slightly paler; 
the markings always very indistinct. Underside like ventraria, but with a sub- 
marginal fascia always darker. 

A long series from Japan, sliowing no variation at all. 

Parascotia olivacea sp. nov. 

Wings : dull tawny fuscous, with an olive tint ; central area darker, limited 
towards base by a slightly paler curved fascia, and externally by a pale denticulated 
one, which is recurved towards the costa ; the first pale fascia is absent on the hind- 
win^s, which therefore have the whole liasal two-thirds darker ; an indistinct dark 
cell-spot on forewings. 

Underside darker, with a pale oclireous whitish curved marginal fascia, more 
incurved towards costa. Head and thorax concolorous ; abdomen black, witli pale 
segmental rings ; beneath pale ochreous. 

One S from the I-Vlder collection, from Spiti, N.W. India; the same size as 
tenebraria Esp., but of quite a different tint. 

Subfamily FIDONIINAE. 
Ematui"ga bilineata sp. nov. 

Wings: pale cinereous, almost entirely covered with fuscous strigae. 

Fweiuings : with two darker curved fuscous lines, one near base, the other exterior ; 
an indistinct dark cell-spot ; a faintly indicated darker central shade and submarginal 
shade ; fringe concolorous, with a row of long blackish spots at the base. 

Hindioings : the same, but the two curved lines close together, both beyond the 
cell -dot. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen cinereous; shaft of antennae annulated black and 
white, the pectinations black. Underside yellowish ochreous, with faintly darker 
.strigulations. 

Expanse of wings : 24 mm. 

One (? in the Felder collection, without a label itself, but placed along with 
several insects from Knysna, South Africa. 

Fidonia{?) ordinata Wlk., xxiv., p. 1038, the type of which is a j , and, like the 
present in.sect, of unknown locality, may be identical. 

Subfamily SELIDOSEJHNAE. 
Anagoge (?) nigrilineata sji, nov. 
Wings: dull reddish brown, finely sprinkled with black atoms. 
Foreivings : with costa broadly dark blackish brown, and with two similar-coloured 
transverse lines; the first at one-third, vertical, straight or slightly wavy; the second 
fi-om costa before apex to inner margin at four-fifths, oblique and slightly concave 
outwards ; a small black cell-spot. 

Hindwings : with only the second line, and this running paraHel to the liind- 
margin. Fringes concolorous. 


( i:it' ) 

Head, face, thorax, and abdomen all concolorous. Underside paler, duUer, lets 
reddish, with the markings hardly visible. Underside of abdomen and the legs, much 
paler ; the legs long and slender ; hind tibiae of cJ with four very long spurs. 

Expanse of wings : 38 mm. 

Jamaica. 

Cidariophanes gen. nov. 

Forewiw/s : twice as long as broad ; costa curved at base, then nearly straight to 
apex, which is blunt and rectangular; himlmargin irregularly waved, vertical above, 
the lower third oblique ; anal angle rounded off. 

Hiiuhvhigs : rather elongate; hiudmargin wavj-, with lioth angles rounded. 

Abdomen of S short ; palpi porreet, short ; second joint hairy, third smooth, small ; 
antennae simple, but thick ; hind tibiae thickened, with four spurs. 

Neuration : forewings, cell rather more than half the length of wing ; first median 
at five-sixths, second and third together from lower angle of cell ; radials as usual ; 
la.st subcostal from just before end of cell, first four on common stem from five-sixths. 
Hindwiugs, costal approximated to subcostal for three-fourths of cell ; two subcostals 
from upper angle ; first median at five-sixths, second a little before the end of cell, 
third from the end ; this and the second subcostal both curved inwards, and the space 
between them consequently narrowed. Scaling smooth, the markings reminding one 
superficially of Cidaria. 

Type : G. ischnopterata Warr. 

Di.stinguished from Ischnopteris Hi'ib. by the shorter abdomen and wings and 
the generall}- weaker build. 

Cidariophanes ischnopterata sp. nov. 

Forewings: with basal patch and central fascia olive-brown, the latter finely 
edged on both sides with darker; the inner edge nearly vertical, with two teeth 
running into the fascia, the upper acute, the lower obtuse, preceded first by a fine 
whitish line, and that by a pale greenish ochreous fascia; the outer edge dentate, 
wavy, forming a broad blunt projection in vavlwmg. folloioed by a white line and 
greenish ochreous fascia ; subterminal line whitish, irregularly jagged, i)receded on 
costa by a triangular fuscous lilotch, and above the anal angle by a narrower oblong 
one; marginal area irregularly clouded with fuscous, with an oblique whitish streak 
in the middle from the subterminal line, running into the fringe ; fringe fuscous, 
mixed with olive, and with pale lines at the ends of some of the veins, and with black 
white-edged basal spots between the veins; central fascia with a dull dnrk cell-spot; 
base of the wing in the middle with a small white dot. 

Hindwiugs : dull cinereous ochreous, tinged with olive; two dentate dark lines, 
edged externally with paler, from the inner margin before the anal angle, the upiier 
one not continued across the wing ; fringe concolorous, with black spots at base between 
the veins ; discal spot large, brown. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous olive. Underside pale cinereous ochreous, 
tinged with olive and dusted with olive fuscous ; the forewings darker, and slightly 
suffused with rosy ; all the markings faintly showing through ; cell-spots very large, 
brown, distinct. 

Expanse of wings : ,30 nun. 

Brazil. 


( 131 ) 

Lithina triumbrata sp uov. 

Foreiuings: pale mouse-colour, with three transverse dark gi-ev lines, often verv 
indistinct; the first at one-fourth, bent inwards below the costa ; the second, the 
thickest, slightly sinuous, from a little beyond centre of inner margin to costa at five- 
sixths, below which it is incurved ; third subterminal, parallel to hindniar<rin ; all three 
are sometimes marked with dark dashes on the veins; fringe concolorous. 

Hioidwinr/s : paler, with a very indistinct darker central shade. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous ; frontlet whitish ; face and antennae rusty. 
Underside of both wings alike, glossy pale mouse-colour, with a single curved thick 
darker shade at two-thirds on each wing. 

Expanse of wings : S, 40 mm. ; J , 36 mm. 

Several of both sexes from Cashmere. 

Oenoptila mixtata. 

OxydUi mixluta Guen., Fhal., i., p. .50, S  Brazil. 
„ „ Wlk., XX., p. .51. 

Stetjania ('^) transitana Guen., I'hal., ii., p. -IG, j, PL xiii., tig. 4. ? Brazil. 
Wlk., .xxiii., p. 8G3. 

Angeronaiy) expulsaria Wlk., xx., p. 242, j . Type in Fry coll. Kio Janeiro. 

Omiza(':') alexonaria Wlk., xx., p. 248, S . Type in Brit. Mus. ? Locality. 

For the identification of Ox. mixtata Guen. I am indebted to I\Ir. Schaus. That 
expulsaria Wlk. is identical with mixtata Guen. I think is certain. 

The form alexonaria Wlk. is the reddest of all, and most, if not all, the 
rxamples of it that have come under my observation are from Jamaica, whence also 
proliably Walker's type. Guenee's transitaria, the locality of which is queried as Brazil, 
may be this form. The distinctness of the markings varies much, according to the 
amount of dark reddish suffusion. 

Sericosema gen. nov. 

Distinguished froiu SdiJosemn, with which it has been hitherto placed, by the 
very much elongated and roughened palj)!, the more closely and shortly pectinated 
antennae, and the silkier, less varied scaling. The margins of the wings also are not 
crenulate. 

Type: Sericosema jtUttrnaria Guen. (Seliclosema). 

Trichostichia gen. no\. 

Foreivings: with costa faintly curved; apex rounded; hindmargin curved ; anal 
angle rounded. 

Hindwings : with hindmargin entire, rounded. 

Abdomen of ^ elongate, as in Ischnopteris Hiib., with hairy expansible anal 
fnft. Forehead with a blunt conical protuberance; palpi porrect ; fir.st two joints 
hairy, third short, blunt, with appressed scales ; tongue present. Antennae of 6 
filiform, slender; hind tibiae very large, swollen, with four short s]iurs. U]>per 
surface of hindwings shaggy with hairs, which form a dense tuft near the base of 
the inner margin, and are arranged in double layers along each vein, their direction 
lieing transverse to the vein, the hairs themselves slightly curved and crisp, and 
directed towards the base of the wing. 


( 1-2 ) 

Newratimi: cell rather longer than half the wings. I'orewings, first median at 
four-fifths, second close before end of cell, third from the end; radials as usual, both 
curved downwards towards the hindmargin ; first and second subcostals on long 
common stem rising about half-way ; third, fourth, and fifth on a stem rising shortly 
before upper end of cell, the second united by a bar with the stem of the third and 
fourth. Hindwings, costal shortly approximated to subcostal close to base ; two 
subcostals close together from end of cell ; no radial ; medians as in forewings. 

Type : Trichostichiu bijinita Wlk. (Sijrtodes ?). 


Subfamily CATOPYKKHINAP:. 
Calletaera gen. nov. 

Fweioings : elongate triangular ; costa straight or slightly indented ; apex 
prominent, but blunt : hindmargin obliquely curved. 

Hindtvlngs : with hindmargin crenulate, and a slight tootli in the middle. 

Palpi short, pon-ect ; antennae in cJ shortly but distinctly pectinated ; forewings 
with fovea ; legs long and weak ; hind tibiae in d thickened, with four spurs. 
Xeuration as in Bithiodes \Varr. 

Tvpe : Calletaera ruptaria Wlk. (Macaria). 

Calletaera grisea s]). nov. 

Foreitrings : dull stone-colour, dusted with black atoms, and more or less 
suffused with olive-grey; this suffusion is deepest in the basal region, along the 
costa, and towards the anal angle ; lines very indistinct, starting from small dark 
costal spots ; the first dull olive, curved outwardly ; the exterior forming an angle 
below the subcostal, then running obliquely basewards, denoted only by blackish dots 
on the veins ; submarginal line jmle, irregularly dentate, rather near the hindmargin ; 
fiiuge concolorous, dotted with black towards the apex, and with a fine black basal 
line, which swells out into sjx)ts between the veins. 

Hindwings : the same, but less suffused, so that the markings are clearer ; the 
exterior line more distinctly formed of dark teeth ; this is followed, and the sub- 
terminal line distinctly preceded, by a dull olive-grey shade, the two shades forming 
together a kind of dark broad fascia. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous. L'nderside jjaler, with the markings 
very distinct ; both wings with a broad dark submarginal fascia, followed, in the pale 
marginal interval, by a line of dark cm-ved blotches. 
Expanse of wings : 30 mm. 
One (J from Nias Island. 

Calletaera sabulosa s|). nov. 

Forewings : sandy oclireous, dusted wit ii fine transver.se fuscous striae ; base 
much clouded with darker, hut without any distinct basal line ; cell-dot small, before 
the centre, followed immediately b}' an oblique slightly undulating dark central line ; 
exterior line fine, dark, interrupted, only distinct at costa and inner margin, followed 
)5y a broad dull grey fuscous fascia, the outer edge of which is dentate, but not 
marked by a distinct subtermiual line ; fringes concolorous, with small black dots at 
the end of the veins. 


( ia3 ) 

Hinchvinr/s : the same, but the lines more rust-coloured than fuscons ; tlie 
hindmargin decidedly crenate. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen cont-olorous. Underside with ground-colour rather 
bright straw-colour, with the markings dark brown and very distinct. 

Expanse of wings : 22 mm. 

(.)ne c? from Engano. 

Petrodava albicatena sp. nov. 

Wings : dull reddish brown. 

Forewings : with three very indistinct dark curved lines, one near the base, 
another in the middle just beyond the black cell-spot, the third exterior, starting 
from a blacki-sh costal spot. 

Hindwings : with the second and third lines blackish on the inner margin, the 
latter followed by a black spot below the costa. 

Head and thorax concolorous; abdomen wanting. Underside liright reddish 
ochreous, with a .small black cell-spot in each wing ; exterior line in both wings 
represented by a series of white lunules, dark-edged internally. 

Expanse of wings : 40 mm. 

One ? , without any record of locality. 

Osteodes semicolor sp. nov. 

Fm'eiuiwjs : yellowish ochreous, du.sted closely with darker ; costa brown, spotted 
with black ; a faint cm-ved darker ochreous ba.sal line ; a darker ochreous linear 
cell-mark ; exterior line dark lirown, obtusely angulated below costa ; marginal one- 
third dark wood-brown, with a paler ochreous oblique shade from apex to the angle 
of the exterior line, touching an isolated round black blotch. 

Hindwings : the same, but the basal one-third only is pale ochreous, and the 
marginal two-thirds brown. 

Thorax and abdomen concolorous with the paler portions of wings; face, palpi, 
and collar with the darker ; fringes chequered brown and black. Underside brighter 
yellow, with coarser stronger dark brown striae; cell-spot black; marginal area less 
den.se, brown, with two partially parallel blackish fasciae ; exterior line denoted by 
blackish spots on the veins. 

Expanse of wings : 32 mm. 

One ? from Liu-Kiu Islands ( = Riu-Kiu = Loo-Choo). 

This species differs slightly from the African type of the genus; the forewings 
are more jiroduced at the ajiex, and the palpi are shorter. 

Nadagarodes gen. nov. 

Fwev)ings : triangular; costa nearly straight, becoming convex towards ajjex, 
which is bluntly rounded ; hindmargin oblique, all but straight ; anal angle well 
expressed. 

Hindwings: broad, with hindmargin somewhat irregularly rounded, and with 
a perceptible but blunt elbow in the middle. 

Palpi horizontally jiorrect, reaching a little beyond face; third joint small^ 
liluntly rounded, somewhat drooping. Antennae of S with short even obliqvie pecti- 
nations, which decrease gradually in length towards apex ; hind tibiae stoutish, with 
four short spurs; forewings with shallow foveal impres.sion near base. 


( 134 ) 

Neuration : cell decidedly short, barely one-third as long as wing ; discocellular 
vertical ; veins straight ; first median of forewings at tliree-fourths, second and third 
from lower end of cell ; radials normal ; five subcostals on common stem. Hind- 
wings, medians as in forewings ; first subcostal starting just before upper end of cell. 

Type : Nadagarodes niysolala Wlk. {Nadagura). 

Akin to Calletaera Warr., but the margins of the wings are entire, not 
crenulate ; the nature of the scaling and character of the markings are also dififerent. 
In these respects it superficially mimics Alex Wlk. 

Parosteodes gen. nov. 
Osteoiks Meyr., Pr. Linn. Soc. iV.^'. U'. (ii., vi.), 1891, p. 589 (part), nee Guen. 
This genus is very closely allied to iNleyrick's Di.scahaa, but the forewings of 
the ^ have a di-stinct fovea, which is wanting in that genus. 
Type : Ptirosteodes procurata Wlk. (Tephrina). 

Si-BFAJiiLY SE.MIOTHISINAE. 
Dysmigia geu. nov. 
Distinguished by the cJ antennae, and the semiapterous ?. The pectinations 
of the S antennae are long, and placed widely apart from one another. 
Type : Dysmigia loricaria Eversm. (llalia). 

Gubaria tricolorata sp. nov. 

Foreivings : brown, tinged with luteous towards the base, more purplish black 
towards the hindmargin ; a duU white spot near the middle of the base, followed by 
a black basal line ; just before the middle a broad straight white vertical fascia, not 
quite reaching the costa, and flanked on either side by a deep black line, that on the 
outer side being itself followed liy a fine tawny line which reaches only as far as the 
middle of the wing; a small white spot towards the apex, with sometimes a still 
smaller one above it, and a larger white blotch at the middle of the hindmargin; 
fringe dark, with a minute white spot at the extreme apex, and with three white 
spaces ojiposite the intervals between the tluee median nervules and the fiist median 
and the submedian fold, separated by a brown dash opposite the two nervules. 

HindimTigs : like forewings, but with a broad tawny orange band beyond the 
dark line exterior to the central white fascia ; two white spaces in the fringes at the 
apex, and two only, not three, on the anal side of the central elbow. 

Head and thorax brown-black ; face and palpi tawny orange ; abdomen orange 
tinged with cinereous. Underside like npjier, but the basal half of both wings bright 
tawny orange. 

Expanse of wings : 30 mm. 

One ? from Engano. 

Semiothisa subinarmorata. 
Macaria (i*) sid>mannom(a \\'lk., xxiii., i>. 8S7, J. Tyjje in Urit. Alus. 

Hudson's Bay. 
„ irregulata Wlk., xxiii., p. 890, S. Type in Brit. Mus. New 

York. 
Semiothisa granitatu Pack., Moa. Geom., p. 285 (part). 


( 135 ) 

The types of these two insects are, it- seems to me, quite distinct from any 
of the forms of S. granitata Guen. ; the first line is distinctly curved outwards, as 
in succosata Zell. Neither is in perfect condition, hut it is possible that they may 
be identical with Zeller's species, the two examples of which in the British Museum 
collection from the Zeller collection are almost perfect ; in that case Walker's 
name SMfomarmorato would stand for all three; but for the present it will be safer 
to keep them apart as distinct but kindred species. Packard sinks them all as 
synonyms of granitata. 

Xenimpia gen. nov. 

Foreivings : with costa straight from base to three-fourths, then curved ; apex 
produced, lihint ; hindmargin with a distinct tooth at the end of the fifth subcostal 
and third median, concave between the teeth, and more faintly between the ai)ex 
and the upper tooth, oliliquely curved in the lower half; inner margin sinuous, 
incurved in middle, bulging at anal angle. 

Hirulwings : with costa strongly sinuous, forming a strongly developed rounded 
shoulder at base ; the apex produced into a bluntly rounded projection ; the anal 
angle square; a slight concavity below the apex, between it and the tooth at the 
end of the second subcostal, and a semicircular cavity opposite the cell. 

Antennae of ? simple ; palpi porrect, second joint loosely haired, third slender ; 
tongue weak. 

Neuratlon : cell half as long as wing. Forewings with discocelhilar strongly 
angulated, the lower arm oblique, faint ; first median at seven-eighths, second and 
third together from lower angle of cell; lower radial from above the angle of the 
discocellular, upper from top angle of cell ; five subcostals (apparently) on a common 
stem from shortly before the end of cell. Hindwings with costal rising away from 
subcostal in the projecting shoulder, curving down and appiroximating to subco>tal 
for some little distance at one-fourth, then curving away into the costal margin ; first 
subcostal leaving just before end of cell ; discocellular hardly angulated ; medians 
as in forewings; no radial. Scaling dense and mealy; in the central area rather 
diaphanous. 

Type : Xenimpia erosn Wan. 

Xenimpia erosa sp. nov. 

Forewings: whitish, thickly and coarsely dusted, and in parts suffused, with dark 
mouse-colour ; first line fine, acutely angulated below the costa, from the costa at 
one-third to inner margin at one-fifth ; second line slightly curved, dark, parallel 
to hindmargin, from costa at two-thirds to inner margin at two-thirds, followed 
by an irregular fuscous shade, which is broadest towards inner margin ; subterminal 
line indicated only by two or three dark spots towards apex; fringe darker; the 
central area towai'ds the second line, and in a less degree towards the inner line, 
is whitish, without so much dusting, and semidiaphanous ; it is traversed by an 
indistinct fuscous cloud, which becomes obsolete towards the costa. 

Hindwings : the same, but with no inner line. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous. LTiderside like upjier, but tinged with 
tawny, and with a broad tawny brown fascia in both wings beyond the outer line. 

Expanse of wings : 36 mm. 

(hie ? from the Congo. 

There is also an example unnamed in the British j\Iuseum. 


( vm; ) 

St'iiFAMiLV F.NXO.MINAE. 
Acrotomodes gen. nov. 

Foremnga : elongate ; costa sinuous in ? , being concave before apex ; almost 
straight in ^ ; apex in ? produced, in S nearly rectangular ; liindmargin bowed, 
more strongly in ?, where it is also indented below apex; anal angle well marked. 

Hindwings: triangular, both angles well marked, and the hindmargin hardly 
curved. 

Antennae pectinated in both sexes, less strongly in tlio ? ; forehead flat: palpi 
short, upcurved close in front of face; tongue present ; liind tibiae of S slightly 
thickened, with two jiairs of uneven spurs. 

Type : Acrotoniodes kepaticata \\'arr. 

This genus is manifestly akin to Hygrochrama H.8. 

Acrotomodes hepaticata sp. nov. 

Forewhigs : hoary grey, with the lines and markings dull liver-colour, the whole 
irregularly peppered with blackish dots; first line from a little before the middle 
of costa, angulated outwards on the subcostal, then running obliquely inwards and 
sinuate to the inner margin just before the middle ; it is preceded by a parallel 
thick brownish fascia; second line similar, just beyond the middle, running parallel 
to the first ; mai-ginal area irregularly filled up with brownish clouds on the paler 
ground-colour, the submarginal line appearing as a slightly glossy sinuate pale 
fascia, becoming almost white at apex, before which is a dull brownisli triangle ; 
fringe liver-brown. 

Hindwings: like forewings, the two lines reproduced, the first near the base, the 
second in the centre. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen pale grey ; face and palpi reddish. Underside 
reddish cinereous, much mottled with coarse blackish freckles, and sufl'used in parts 
with whitish ; a broad reddish brown line from apex of forewings to innei margin 
at three-fourths, continued, slightly bent, across hindwing, parallel to hindmargin. 

Expanse of wings : 38 mm. 

One ? from S. Paolo. 

Acrotomodes puma sp. nov. 

Foreioings: pale dull flesh-colom-, tinged with olive, and freckled with white 
scales; first line very indistinct, about the midiUe; at first obliijue outwai'ds, then 
sinuous inwards, olive-brown ; second line brown, fine and distinct, from two-thirds 
of inner margin straight towards apex, before which it is angulated and retracted 
to a brown costal blotch; this line is marked l)_v small black dashes on the veins- 
sulimarginal line indicated only by some faint olive-brown clouds. 

Uiiuhiiiiga : darker than forewings, with the second line continued in a sinuous 
course across their centre ; fringes darker. 

Thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings, the former becoming whitLsh in 
front ; vertex and shaft of autennii* pure white ; face, palpi, and pectinations of 
antennae reddish brown. Underside ochreous fawn-colour, the forewings with a 
reddish brown line from just before apex to the inner margin at two-tliirds. 

Expanse of wings : 34 mm. 

One S from the Amazons, in the Felder collection. 


( 1- ) 

Aenictes gen. nov. 

Foreiuini/8 : with costa gently cmn'ed ; apex blunt, rectangulm- ; hindmargin 
vertical in upper half, oblique in lower ; a blunt but strongly marked elbow just 
below the third median uervule; anal angle distinct. 

Hindwings : with a decided angulation at end of third median nervnle, with the 
hindmargin on either side straiglit. 

P'orewings with a large fovea. Antennae of <S simple ; forehead |)roduced below ; 
palpi porrect, short ; hind tibiae of 6 with four spurs. 

Neuration: cell half as long as wing. Forewings with first median at two-thirds, 
second and third together from lower end of cell; radials as usual; second, third, 
and fourth subcostal nervules on common stem, fii'st and fifth free. Hindwings with 
costal a]>proximatpd to subcostal shortly near base; first subcostal before end of cell ; 
first median half-way ; no radial. 

Type : Aenictes nyparia Wlk. (Xematocampa). 

Anisoperas gen. nov. 

Forewings : with costa all but straight, with a small shoulder at base ; apex 
distinct, slightly produced ; hindmargin witli a distinct angulation in the middle, at 
the end of the third median, somewhat concave above, but straight below, without 
crenulations. 

Hindimnigs : with hindmargin distinctly crenulated, and with a small but dis- 
tinct angulation in the middle. 

Palpi short, stout, upcurved ; terminal joint minute. Antennae of <S minutely 
serrate and bristh', of ? filiform ; tongue present. IS'euration normal. 

Type : Anisoperas atropuiictaria Wlk. (Azelina). 

The genus is akin to Tetragonodes Guen., but the c? antennae and the ontline.s 
of the wings are quite diff'erent. 

Asestra nom. nov. 

Pseiidosestni Butler, Tr. E. S., 188i!, p. MSO. 

Butler, on introducing this genus, said that it was verj' near to Sesfra Wlk. 
from New Zealand, and after giving Lozograinma ohhisarla (obtusata) Wlk. as its 
type, went on to describe his new species bella from Chili. Now obtusaria Wlk., 
= hnineravia Wlk. from New Zealand, is as much a Sestra aaflexata \Mk., = fusi- 
plagiaia Wlk., the type of the genus. It seems inevitable, therefore, that Pseudo- 
sestra Butler, as a generic term, must sink. For the species bella which lUitler 
referred to it I jiropose the new generic name Asestra. 

Azelina bicolor sp. nov. 
Foreimngs : with the basal two-thirds deep chestnut-brown ; the marginal one- 
third reddish cinereous; first line deeper brown, from costa at one-fourth, at first 
oblique, forms first an acute projection, then a bluntly rounded one, to the inner 
margin at one-third ; on the costa it is preceded by some paler scales ; second line, 
edged internally with deeper brown, outwardly with paler, forms a very shallow sinus 
from costa to third median, thence a deeper one to the submedian fold, and again a 
shallow one to inner margin ; the projection on the submedian fold is more rounded 
than that on the third median ; discal mark hyaline, narrow, angulated ; marginal 


( 138 ) 

area with a darker cloud from costa just beyond the exterior line to the anal angle ; 
of the submarginal spots the top four are white, the fifth black, the second and fifth 
being much larger than the rest. 

Hindiuinr/s : with basal two-thirds dark brown, edged with paler, with a small 
<lark cell-spot; inner margin whitish ochreous dusted with fuscous; four upper 
marginal spots white and black, lower three black, the second and fifth being much 
the largest. 

Head, face, and thorax dark red-brown ; abdomen more cinereous. Underside 
dull red-brown, dusted with pale ochreous; the cell-sijots oval, dark, with pale edges ; 
second line darker, irregular on forewings, strongly and acutely dentate on hind- 
wings; inner margins of both wings and hindmargin of hindwings paler; costa of 
forewings often spotted with whitish. 

Expanse of wings : 56 mm. 

A long series of both sexes from Jamaica. 

Azelina (V) nasuta sp. uov. 

Forewings : dull fuscous, with deeper suftusions ; first line dark brown, at one- 
third, forms two rounded projections, the upper one the most prominent, and is 
preceded by a whitish dot on the median and submedian veins; second line sinuous 
from costa at five-sixths to inner margin at iom-i\i'ths, folloived by a whitish dot on 
each vein ; this line is preceded by a straight oblique diffuse olive fuscous shade ; 
marginal area with a fuscous cloud from the costa just beyond the outer line to the 
blunt jirojectiou in the middle of the hindmargin, and with two irregular diffuse 
clouds from the anal angle upwards ; discal spot faint, whitish ; apex produced into 
a blunt tooth, a blunt downward projecting tooth at end of upper radial, and a blunt 
squared tooth below the second median. 

Hindwings : like forewings in colour, with a straight dark pale-edged line at 
two-thirds; hindmargin with a blunt tooth, as in the forewings, below the .second 
median. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings. Underside ochreous 
cinereous, with the cell-spots black, that in the forewings linear, in the hindwings 
oval ; exterior line in both wings whitish, nearly straight ; marginal area beyond 
the line fuscous, with a whitish space at the anal angle in the forewings; in the 
forewings are two small whitish subapical marginal dots, and in tlie hindwings one 
large white one. 

Expanse of wings : 38 mm. 

One ? in the Felder collection, without locaUty. 

Brachysema gen. nov. 

Forewings: short and broad; costa nearly straight, slightly indented at three- 
fourths ; apex produced, pointed ; hindmargin indented just below ajiex, then strongly 
bowed and rounded. 

Hindwings : kite-shaped, with a slight elbow in the middle of tlie hindmargin, 
on either side of which it is straight. 

Antennae (?) minutely subserrate ; forehead fiat; pal|ii short, porrect ; tongue 
present. 

Keitralion : cell more than half as long as wing; first median at two-thirds, 
second close before end of cell ; radials as usual ; last four subcostals on a common 


( 139 ) 

stem rising shortly before upper angle of cell ; iirst at four-fifths, anastomosing with 
costal. Hindwings, with the costal approximated, but not closely, to subcostal for 
half the cell : first subcostal and second median just before end of cell; first median 
at two-thirds. 

Type : Brachysema acrotoviiat'i \\'an-. 

The diagnosis of this genus is made from a ? . 

Brachysema acrotomiata sp. nov. 

Forewinijs : wood-colour, dusted with blackish atoms, with an olive-brown 
suffusion ; lines diffuse, thick, edged on the veins with dark olive scales ; first curved, 
at one-third ; second oblique from just beyond middle of inner margin, where it is 
broadest, nearly to apex, before which however it is retracted to a brown costal spot ; 
submarginal line indistinct, indicated by three or four small fuscous olive blotches ; 
central area palest, with an olive-brown cell-spot; basal and marginal ai-eas suffused 
with reddish olive ; fringe fuscous. 

Hindtulngs : like forewings, Ijut without any inner line. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings. Underside straw-colour, 
thickly and coarsely sprinkled with brown, with the lines, veins, and hindmargin 
diffusely brownish. 

Expanse of wings : 28 mm. 

One ? from South America. 

Callerinnys clathraria sp. nov. 

Foreiuings : yellowish straw-colour, with tawny fuscous siiecklings and markings ; 
the lines coarse and tliick, and edged with darker ; first at the base, acutely angulated 
outwards ; second in midwing, angulated in the cell, and geminated below the 
angulation, the lower arm both of this and the basal line running parallel to hind- 
margin : third line double, almost contiguous, parallel to hindmargin from eosta to 
inner margin ; hindmargin dusted with tawny, and all the veins yellowish ; a more or 
less di.stinct tawny line from the angulation of the basal line horizontally to the 
hindmargin ; fringe yellowish chequered with dark fuscous. 

Hindwings : the same, but with the double central fascia in the place of the basal, 
and a large black cell-spot in the clear space between the lines ; veins all yellowish. 
The pale yellow intervenal spaces in parts have a tendency to become bleached. 

Underside the same. Head, thorax, and abdomen all yellowish. 

Expanse of wings : <?, 22 mm. ; ? , 26 mm. 

A pair from Padang. 

Caripetodes gen. nov. 

Forewings: elongated; costa straight; apex bluntly rectangular; hindmargin 
curved, slightly elbowed in middle ; anal angle distinct. 

Hindwings : with well-rounded hindmargin. 

Thorax liairy ; antennae of S pectinated to the tip: jialjii weak, short, hairy; 
forehead hairy: tongue present : pectus hairy ; hind tibiae of J with four short spurs. 

NeuraUon: cell nearly two-thirds the length of wings. Forewings with first 
median at three-fourths, second and third both together from lower end of cell. 
Hindwings, costal approximated to subcostal for a short distance near base ; two 

11 


( 1-1" ) 

suhc-ostals and last two medians together from upper and lower angles of cell ; no 
radial. 

T3'])e : Caripetodes Icnmetaria Felder (Colotois). 

Recalls Caripeta Wlk. from North America. 

Cartellodes gen. nov. 

Forexoings : with costa evenly curved from base to ape.x ; ajjex hlunt ; hindmargin 
slightly curved, not very obliciue ; in ? the ape.x is slightly i>ro(luced and sliariier. 

Hinchvings : with hindmargin only slightly curved. 

Forewings with a distinct fovea ; palpi short, hardly reaching beyond face ; 
antennae of c? simple, rather thick ; tongue present ; hind tibiae with four spurs. 

Neuration : cell half the length of wing; first median nerviile at three-fouiths, 
second and third from lower end of cell ; last four subcostals on common stem from 
close before end of cell ; first subcostal free, appro.vimating at a point to costal. 
Sealing thick and dense. Markings : an oblique line across both wings, as in 
Oxydla Guen., of wliich the onlj' species is a small counterpart. 

Type : Cartellodes levis Th. Jig. (Drepanodes). 

Digonodes gen. no\. 

Fm'eivings : with costa nearU- straight ; apex i)rouiinent, rectangular ; hindmargin 
slightly but distinctly elbowed at end of third median, straight above, oblique below. 

Hindvnngs : with rounded hindmargin. 

Antennae of S stout, thickly pectinated to ajiex; forehead slightly rounded; 
palpi horizontally jion-ect ; second joint hairy; third minute, button-shaiied ; legs 
stout ; hind tibiae with four spurs. Neuration normal. 

Type : D. ovarin Guen. (Apicui). 

Resembles Digonis Butler, but the c? antennae are pectinated, and the whole 
insect is more stoutly built. 

Drepanodes complana sp. no\. 

Forewings: ochreous flesh-colour, sparsely dusted here and there witli black 
scales ; lines darker ; first, very indistinct, at one-third, curved, edged internally with 
paler ; second from two-thirds of inner margin straight towards apex, before which it 
is retracted to costa, followed by a pale line; cell-spot indistinct, black, with paler 
scales round it ; fringe darker, like the lines ; hindmargin slightly sinuous. 

Uindivings : with the second line continued straight across the centre ; a small 
black cell-spot ; fringe as in forewings. 

Underside more ochreous, thickly dusted with fuscous; the cell-spots distinct ; 
the lines hardly visible. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorons with wings. 

Expanse of wings : 34 mm. 

One S from South America. 

Epig'ynopteryx gen. nov. 

?. Foreu'ings : with co.sta evenly curved ; apex acute, tending to become sub- 
falcate ; hindmargin with a decided blunt elbow at the end of the third median 
nervule. 


( 141 ) 

Hindwincjs : with a similar elliow, the hindmargin on either side of the elbow 
being straight. 

(J. Foreiuings : with apex blunt, not produced ; hindmargin simply curved, with 
no elbow. 

Hindmargin of hindwings simply rounded 

Antennae of ? simjile or very minutely subserrate ; of ^ strongly pectinated 
almost to the tips, the pectinations twice as long as in Gynopteryx Guen. Palpi very 
short and weak ; tongue present. Neuration normal. 

Type : Epigynopteryx niodesta Butler (Marada ?). 

Euclidiodes gen. nov. 

Foreiviwjs : broad, short ; costa arched near base, then straight to apex, which is 
bluntly rounded ; hindmargin \ertical, curved only towards anal angle, which is 
nearly rectangular. 

Hindwings: broad, with rounded hindmargin. 

Forehead prominent ; antennae of c? simple ; palpi porrect, second joint hairy ; 
third small, indistinct ; hind tibiae of S with four spurs. Scaling close and dense. 

Neuration: cell half as long as wing. Forewings with first median at three- 
fourths, second just before end, third from end of cell : radials as usual ; second, 
third, and fourth subcostals on common stem from some distance before end of cell ; 
first and tifth free. Hindwings with costal closely approximated to subcostal to near 
end of cell ; first subcostal nervule just before end of cell ; medians as in forewings. 

Type : Euclidiodes ophiusina Butler (Heterophleps). 

Eusarca fasciata sji. nov. 

Forewings : ochreous, dusted with pale tawny fuscous ; the lines darker ; first from 
beyond two-thirds of costa, augulated before the dark olive cell-spot, then running 
inwards, denticulated, to inner margin just before middle ; .second line from close 
before apex, which is blunt, to inner margin just beyond middle, approximated there 
to the first line ; space between the lines darker olive fuscous, especially close to the 
lines themselves. 

Hindiviiigs : with an olive tawny line and internal shade from middle of inner 
margin half across the wing. Underside duller. 

Thorax and abdomen concolorous. Face, [lalpi, and pectinations of antennae 
olive. 

Expanse of wings : 24 mm. 

One (J from Petropolis. 

The specimen above described is considerably worn and fa<led, Imt is apparently 
new. 

Eusarca fractilineata sp. nov. 

Forewings : ochreous with a more or less strongly expressed greenish tint, thickly 
dusted with fuscous atoms ; costa fuscous violet ; lines olive-green ; first at one-third 
angulated in mid-cell ; second from inner margin beyond middle, hardly flexuous 
towards apex, then retracted to costa, followed by a paler line ; from the middle of 
costa an oblique streak, ending above the dark cell-spot ; marginal area sometimes 
with dark blotches, one central, one above anal angle. 

Hindwings: with outer line continued across them a little before the middle^ 
sometimes with a faint dark blotch towards centre of hindmargin. 


( M-^ ) 

Abdomen ochreous ; head and thorax greyish oehreous ; face blown. I'liderside 
rather briglit yellow, dusted thickly with dark brown, and with all the lines strongly 
marked, dark brown ; subterminal line dark brown ; sometimes the hindniargin wholly 
suffused with brown. 

Expanse of wings : 38 mm. 

Two cj cT from Colombia. 

The hindmargin of both wings is very distinctly elbowed in the middle. 

Eusenea pulverosa sp. nov. 

Forewings : mouse-coloured, suffused in part with tawny, and almost wholly 
covered with darker transverse fuscous streaks; first line from beyond one-tliird of 
costa to beyond one-third of iiuier margin, dark fuscous, forming three slight outward 
curves ; second line fuscous, oblique, sinuous, from just before apex to two-thirds of 
inner mai-gin ; the central area and the part of the marginal area contiguous to the 
outer line suffused with tawny ; extreme hindmargin pale mouse-colour, with the 
fringes ; a row of minute black dots before the fringes; cell-spot small, pale. 

Hinchui'iu/s : paler and duller; a dark transverse line from two-thirds of inner 
margin, vanishing half-way across the wing, followed l)y a lengthened pale patcli, and 
^vith the whole of the space about the anal angle tawny; hindmargin and fringes as 
in forewings. 

Head, face, and thorax dark fuscous ; abdomen paler ; frontlet and shaft of 
antennae whitish. Underside dull cinereous, tinged with feiTuginous, especially in 
the hindwings; the exterior line in both wings partially darker. 

Expanse of wings : 38 mm. 

( )ne cJ from Petropolis. 

Halesa epionata. 

Ih-epnnodes epionata Guen., Plud., i., p. G8, ?. S. Domingo. 
Wlk., XX.. p. 70. 
tellesaria Wlk., xx., ji. 71, ?. Type in Brit. Mus. S. Domingo. 
„ pionaria Wlk., xx., p. 71, ? . Type in Brit. !Mus. S. Domingo. 

? „ „ Druce, Biol. Centr. Am. Lep. llet., ii., p. 29. 

„ jjap/w'arm Wlk., XX., p. 72, ?. Type in Brit. Mus. S.Domingo, 

fticescma Wlk., XX., p. 73, ?. Type in Brit. Mus. Jamaica. 
oemearia Wlk., xx., p. 73, ? . Type in Brit. JIus. S. Domingo. 
„ nicoaria Wlk., xx., p. 74, <S. Type in Brit. Mus. S. Domingo. 

Hyperythra artiyiisaria Wlk., xx., p. 125, ?. Type in Brit. Mus. .Tamaica. 
Hyposidra ochrea Butler, Pr. Z. S., 1878, p. 492, cf. Type in Brit. !Mus. Jamaica. 
„ var. spadicearia Moeschl., Ahh. Senck-Ge.s., xiv., iii., p. fi7. Jamaica. 

I think these so-called species are only forms of one variable insect. Whether 
Druce has rightly identified his three ? ? from Central America I cannot say. The 
? would ajipear to be mucli commoner than the S. The difference between the 
cjc?, as exemplified by the ty[ies of nicoaria Wlk. and ochrea Butler and all the 
forms of the ? , is no greater than obtains throughout the genus H(desa. In his 
description of the various forms of the ? Walker always speaks of the forewings as 
" very falcate." His species nutriaria, a ? also, from S. Domingo, seems distinct ; 
this he gives as "falcate" merely: three examples, all c?t?, in Mr. Rothschild's 
collection, from Jamaica, appear to correspond ; these have the antennae fully 
pectinated, and must tlierefore be referred to the genus Fatalene. 


( 1^- ) 

Heterarmia gen. nov. 

Forewimjs : with costa nearly straiglit, imperceptiljly indented at middle ; apex 
rounded ; liindmargiii obliquely curved, very faintly waved. 

Hindunngs : with hindmargin rounded, and subcrenulate. 

Palpi short, porrect, terminal joint .'^mall ; tongue pre.sent ; antennae of J with 
strongly developed fascicles of cilia, at right angles with shaft, diminishing in size 
at base and towards apex; legs long; hind tibiae not thickened, witli four spurs; 
fovea of forewings weak. Neuration normal. 

Type: Heterarmia hiittneri Hedem. {Boa.rmia). 

Characterised by the structure of the J antennae. 


Hydatocapnia gen. nov. 

Foreu'ings : broad ; costa arched uniformly from base to ape.K, which is subacute ; 
hindmargin vertical, slightly bowed ; anal angle well marked. 

Hindu'ings : with well-rounded hindmargin. 

Antennae of S ciliated ; palpi slender, porrect ; hind tibiae slightly dilated ; 
forewings of S with fovea covered with hair. Forewings with last three subcostals 
stalked from upper angle of cell; second absent, first free ; both wings with second 
median from lower angle of cell. 

Type : Hydatocapnht marginata Warr. (Zamarada?). 


Hygrochroa distans sp. nov. 

The Japanese counterpart of the European syvingaria L., but certainly distinct : 
the third line of the forewings is never represented as a line, but as a series of 
vein-spots on a paler space, and the second line, which in syvingaria runs obliquely 
into the third at the subcostal angle, runs parallel to the line of spots the whole way, 
both above and below the angulation ; the hindmargins of the wings do not appear 
to be so deeply crenulated. 

A S and ? from Japan, of the ^ame size, or nearly so, as syringaria L. 


LasiopS gen. nov. 

Forewings: elongate; costa straight; apex pointed, slightly jiroduced ; hind- 
margin of cJ faintly crenulate, of ? strongly denticulate. 

Hindvnngs : narrow, elongate, with crenulate hindmargin. 

Thorax and pectus lanuginous ; vertex, forehead, and face hairy; forehead with 
a projecting shelf of hairs above ; palpi witli second joint hairy, third fusiform, 
smooth, drooping; tongue present: legs hairy; antennae of c? with short stout 
oblique regular pectinations, of ? subserrate. In the hindwings the costal is 
approximated to subcostal for more than half the cell. 

Type : Lasiops ckilenaria Feld. (fiolotois). 

In the type-species the ? is grey, with wcll-delined markings ; the S whitish, 
with the markings very indistinct. In Felder's 9 the body of a cJ has been wi-ongly 
affixed, but the frenulum is thai of a ? . 


( l-ll ) 

Lissostolodes gen. nov. 

Forewings : narrow, elongate; costa gradually curved, convex for two-tliirds and 
before apex, slightly inflected between; apex [uoduced, pointed; hindniargin with 
a blunt elbow at end of third median, somewhat concave above, straight and oblique 
below. 

Ilindwings : elongate triangular; hindmargin nearly .straight, witli a ,-niall 
prominence at end of third median ; anal angle rectangular ; inner angle rounded. 

Antennae (?) serrate, with short bristles; forehead produced below; palpi 
porrect, short, the last joint minute ; tongue present ; scaling close and furry. 

Neuration : cell half- the length of wing; discocellular luuular; first median at 
two-thirds, second just before end of cell ; radials as usual ; last subcostal just holbre 
end of cell, npcurved and approximated to the joint stem of the other four, which 
rises at two-thirds and anastomo.ses with the costal, llindwings, costal approximated 
to subcostal shortly, near base only ; first subcostal and second median just before 
the angle of cell ; first median at two-thirds. 

Type : Lissostolodes subcarned \^'alT. 


Lissostolodes subcarnea >p. nov. 

Forewin(/8 : pinkish ochreous, tinged with olive, and frosted with paler scales ; 
first line, at one-third, curved and bent below costa, slender, ferruginous, preceded 
by a thick olive shade, which towards the line is dusted with pale scales; second line 
oblique, nearly straight, from just before apex to inner margin at two-thirds, like first 
line, hut followed by the oli\e shade ; a marginal irregular fascia of mixed olive and 
whitish scales, the inner edge of which is rather darker, and forms the subterminal 
line ; the central area between the lines is dusted with paler scales, and contains 
a distinct dark cell-spot. 

Hinduings: with the basal two-thirds pale pinkish ochreous; cell-spot small, 
dark ; a slightly curved olive-brown line from the inner margin at two-thirds, which 
vanishes half-way across the wing, the wing beyond it being dull oli\e with a pinkish 
intermediate space. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings. Underside ferruginous; 
costa of forewings ochreous, speckled with fuscous; inner half shining whitish ; the 
transverse lines marked with olive scales, those forming the middle line themselves 
mottled with whitish scales. Hindwings with the cross line and hindmargin olive, 
dusted with whitish scales. 

Exjianse of wings : 48 mm. 

One ? from Santos. 

Mesaster gen. nov. 

Forewings: with costa nearly straight; apex blunt, rectangular; hindmargin 
decidedly elbowed in middle, very oblique, and slightly concave helow ; anal angle 
strongly indicated. 

liiiuhvings: with hindmargin with two blunt angulations, at the ends of the 
first subcostal and third median nervules, between which it is concave ; straight or 
slightly wavy to the anal angle, which is bluntly produced. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen stout ; antennae of S biserrate, each serration with 
a fascicle of .short cilia ; face smooth ; palpi upturned, thick, third joint very small. 


( 1-1.> ) 

smoothly scaled; tongue present; hind tibiae with two pairs of unequal spurs. 
Scaling close and thick ; discal mark of both wings semitransparent. 

jVeuration : cell half the length of wing ; first median at five-sixths, second 
and third together from end of cell ; radials as usual ; last four subcostals on common 
stem, first free. Hindwings, costal approximated to subcostal shortly some way from 
base; subcostals and last two medians from the ends of cell. 

Type : MesaMer alhidisadd, VVarr. 

Mesaster albidiscata sj). nov. 

Fcrewings: dull chestuut-brown, with ilaiker markings; first line farther from 
the base than usual, dark brown, forming three or four short curves externally ; second 
line strongly angulated towards the apex, from the angulation running obli(iuely 
and somewhat irregularly waved parallel to hindmargin, preceded e.xcept in the 
angulation by a darker brown shade, and followed by a slightly lighter one ; its 
costal arm is followed by an irregularly lunate whitish dark-chequered costal spot, 
which does not quite reach the apex ; a brownish cloud near the anal angle ; discal 
spot white, semitransparent. 

Hindwings: with a wavy dark central line, edged, as in forewings, inwardly by 
a dark shade and externally by a paler one ; discal mark as in forewings. In a 
second specimen the ground-colour is paler, tawny wood-colour, with the markings 
showing plainer, and covered with transverse darker striae, which are all but hidden 
by the darker ground-colour in the other specimen. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen rather paler brown than the wings; segmental 
divisions of the abdomen darker. Underside much gayer; basal two-thirds of 
forewings a mixture of purplish grey and rich fulvous ; marginal third lustrous 
purple with tawny blotches; apical spot pure cream-colour; hindwings purplish grey, 
with a sinuous submarginal curved line, edged inwardly witli bright fulvous, and 
followed by fulvous blotches along the margin; palpi and ppctus bright fulvous. 

Expanse of wings : 30 mm. 

Two 6 (? from Padang. 

Miantochora gen. nov. 

Forewhifjs : with costa straight, becoming faintly convex before apex, which is 
blunt; hindmargin witli a blunt elbow at the end of the third median, above 
which it is .slightly concave, and very oblique below it. 

Hindwings : kite-shaped, with the hindmargin straight on either side of a well- 
marked angle in the middle. 

Antennae of c? with very long ciliated pectinations to five-sixths of their length, 
the basal joint swollen; forehead hairy; eyes large; palpi stout, blunt, porrect ; 
hind tibiae with four spurs, slightly dilated ; fore tibiae thickened with hairs. 
Neuration normal, forewings without fovea. 

Type : Midntochora inacquilinea Warr. 

Miantochora inaequilinea sp. nov. 

Forewings: pinkish oclircous, the liasai three-fourths more or less thickly 
sufl'used with ferruginous, and speckled with blackish atoms; basal line from about 
one-third of costa to one-third of inner margin, jjreceded by pale scales and followed 
by a second dark curved interrupted line, wluch is most distinct on costa and in 


( 1-1« ) 

the middle; second liue from co.-ta just before ajiex to the inner margin just before 
the anal angle, forming two large curves with an acute angle Ijetween them on 
the radial, preceded by a parallel darker interrupted line ; discal blotch dark, 
suffused ; a small dark blotch beyond the angle of the exterior line, and a ferruginous 
patch along the middle of the hindmargin ; the costa and the basal area are 
rather paler than the median; the marginal area is paler than both. 

Hindivings : with a straight thick brown line from inner to anal angle, beyond 
which the wing is pale pinkish ochreous, the basal portion being ferruginous, more 
or less mottled and suffused with darker, with a dark cell-spot. 

Collar and alidomen i)ale pinkish ochreous ; thorax more ferruginous. Underside 
paler, with the exterior line formed of blackish vein-spots. 

Expanse of wings: 48 mm. 

One d from South America. 

Genus Microg'onia U.S., Auss. Schm., fig. 348 (1855). 

I'oUn U.S., Auss. Schm., figs. 41G; 485. 
Cralopiera H.S., Auss. Schm., figs. 483, 484. 
Mucronodes Guen., Phal., i., p. 48 (1857). 
Oxydia Guen., Phal., i., p. 52. 
Choerodes Wlk., xx., p. 20. 
Litbada Wlk., .xxxv., p. 1571 (1866). 

Guende's generic term Oxydia, must, by the law of [)riority, give place to 
Microgonia, H.S. His own genus Mucronodes, founded on two ? ¥ only, is itself 
anterior. Herrich Schaeffer's species rhodaria, the type of Mio-ogonia, is the cJ 
either of Guencp's ? ? , or of a closely allied form. 

Microgonia apidania Cram. 

Phal. Geom. apidania Cram., Pap. Ex., iii., p. Ido, I'l. celii, figs, c, d, ? J. Sm-inam. 
Oxydia „ Mlk., xx., p. 51. 

Moeschl., Abh. Z. B. IVr. V^ien, 1881, p. 397. 
f>ruee, B\ol. C'entr. Am. Lep. IM., u.. p. 26. Mexico: 
Panama. 
apidaniata Guen., Plad., i.. p. 58. 
„ clarataduen., Phal., i., \t. 57, S  Cordova. 

Wlk., .XX., p. 48. 
,, .. Druce, I.e., p. 25. 

hispata. (iuen., Phal., i., p. 58, S . N. j-'riborgo. 
Wlk., XX., p. 52. 
„ gastropachata Guen., Phal., i., \i. (>'2, ?. Brazil. 

„ ,, Wlk., XX., p. 55. 

? „ ,, var. Druce, I.e., ]>. 27, I'l. xliii., fig. 10, ?. Me.xico. 

„ ulpiscaria Wlk., xx., p. 64, J. 'I'ype in S. C. Brazil. 

batesii Feld., Reise Nov., PI. cxxii., fig. 16, cJ. Type in K. C. Amazons. 

Cramer's figure D of apidania is most certainly the same as hispata Guen. 
His figure C (said to be the t?) is evidently meant to represent a $ (compare 
gastropachata) ; the sexes were probably reversed. According to Druce, I.e., " out 
of a large variety of examples the uppersides vary infinitely, some being dark 


( 147 ) 

brown, with the Hues hardly visible, others pule with the lines quite distinct ; but 
the undersides are little variable." This will help us to understand why the species 
(at all events in the c? cj) has been so often re-described. Guen6e's clnrata represents 
a cf in which the common line is pale and broad, and in which also the suhmarginal 
white dots on the veins stand out clear. He says himself, " It has exactly the cut 
of hispata." This last has the hne dark, marked on the outside with white dashes, 
as in the ? , and not united to the dark apex; in brUesii Feld. the apex is dark, 
and joins the line; alpiscaria Wlk. merely represents a particular form of hispata 
Guen. The ¥, described only once, by Guene^e, as rjastropdch/ila, is \-ery differently 
shaped and marked, but the underside will show its identity with the various forms 
of the ?. f am not certain about the variety, so-called, oi gustropachalii, figured 
by Druce. 

Microgonia olivacea sp. no\ . 

\ei\- \ariable. but distinguislie<l from vesulUi, Cram, by the much sharjier 
subfaleate apes of forewings and the outward bulging of the hindmargin below the 
subapical concavity ; the black blotch on the upperside of the hindwings never shows 
through on the underside. Like vemdia, the vertex is white : in what I shall call the 
type-form the basal and marginal areas are oli\e-green, the central area being reddish 
ochreous ; a faint central shade round the black cell-spot ; the submarginal line is 
denoted by dashes on the veins, sometimes black, at others white ; in a second form 
the whole ground-colour is whitish ochreous, dusted and suffused with olive-green, the 
suffusion being densest along the hindmargin and before the second line ; in this 
form the second line, instead of being dark brown, is merely olive edged broadly with 
whiitish ; a third form is wholly slaty drab, with the two lines and central shade dusky 
olive ; in a fourth the marginal area is pinky drab, and the whole inner two-thirds deep 
olive-green, deeper towards the exterior line; and again, in a fifth form, the whole 
wing is dull olive, and the exterior line white. All these forms are c?c?. The only 
$ is, like the last, wholly olive, with the exterior line dark. In all cases the hindwings 
resemble the forewings, but have a large black blotch on the upperside on the costa 
beyond the transverse line. The undersides differ considerably. In the ty])e-form 
the basal two-thirds of forewings is dull yellow mottled with brown, the marginal area 
being olive-brown ; in the others the whole under surface of both wings is nearly 
uniform browu with an olive tinge, while in tlie 5 the whole sm-face is much mottled 
with darker ; in all the forms the apex of the forewings is smeared with white, and 
a curved exterior line is visible inside the upper exterior oblique line, starting from a 
dark costal mark, and often denoted only by dark spots on the \'eius. The only $ is 
of the same size as the S S , and as disticJiata Guen. 

8ix c?<?, one 5 , all from Jamaica. 


Microgonia reuipuncta sp, nov. 

Foreiviwjs : glossy, pale olive fawn-colom-, with faintly darker olive trans\-erse 
striae; first line olive at one-third, vertically sinuous ; second line olive, edged with 
paler, from two-thirds of inner margin direct towards apex, before which it is aliruptly 
deflected to the costa, and becomes then dark chestnut-brown ; the pale line which edges 
it is followed on the costa by a reniform spot edged with the same tint of chestnut- 
brown, and filled up with ]in\p brownish olive; above the anal angle is an olive 
suffusion. 


( 148 ) 

HindwiiKjs: like forewing-s, but the whole of the marginal area beyond the line 
is sufifused with olive, and contains an indistinctly marked zigzag darker line ; a 
minute black cell-spot in each wing; fringes dark olive, with the wing jialer at 
their base. 

Tliorax and abdomen concolorous with the wings. Face, palpi, vertex, and collar 
chestuut-brown. Underside paler, cinereous olive, sufifused in forewings along the 
hindmargin with brownish. 

Expanse of wings : 48 mm. 

One c? from S. Paolo. 


Microgonia sociata sp. nov. 

Like Twctwitaria Wlk. and distichata Guen. above ; but the oblique line is straight, 
and slightly waved at the veins. The underside is ochreous drab, with a few scattered 
neat blackish spots, traces of a curved exterior line, and two large blackish blotches, 
one on each wing, that on the hindwing corresponding to the black blotch of the 
upperside, that on the forewing being on the inner margin before the anal angle. 

Expanse of wings : 72 mm. 

Three <S <S from S. Paolo and Petropolis. 

Microgonia vesulia. 

Ph(d. Geoni. vesulia Cram., Pap. Ex., iii., p. 79, PI. ccxl., figs, ii, c. Surinam. 
Oxydia „ Wlk., xx., p. 53 ; xxvi., p. 1481. 

„ „ Moeschl., Surinam, p. 396. Surinam. 

„ „ „ Jamaica, p. 67. Jamaica. 

„ „ „ Portorico, p. 257. Portorico. 

„ „ Druee, Biol. Centr. Am. Lep. Het., ii., p. mi. 

„ vesuliata Guen., Phal., i., [i. 60. 

Hulst, Ent. Am., 1886, ii. 3, p. 47. S. Florida. 
Choerodes transponens Wlk., xx., p. 20, cJ. Type in Pirit. ."Nlus. S. Domingo. 
Oxydia agliuta Wlk., xx., pp. 54, 63 (part ?). 

A-arjliata H.S., Con: BL, 1870, p. 186. Cuba. 
„ qmidriagliata Gundl., Contr. Ent. Cuba, p. 397. 

„ aromata Bruce, I.e., p. 27, PI. xliii., fig. 11, V. Type in Schaus 

collection. Mexico. 

Fillet between antennae always white. As a rule the .lamaica forms vi' the 6 <i 
are darker than those from South America. 

In (t(jli(da Guen. the fillet is never white. 

Microxydia gen. nov. 

Foretv inr/8 : short and broad; costa evenly arched from ba.se to apex, which is 
bluntly rectangular; hindmargin oblique, faintly curved. 

Hindivinf/s : with hindmargin entire, fairly rounded. 

Forewings with fovea ; palpi very short, weak ; tongue present ; antennae 
lamellate, thickened towards base ; hind tibiae with four spm-s. Nem-ation normal ; 
scaling glossy. 

Type : Microxydia orsitaria Guen. {Stegania). 


( 149 ) 

Mimogonodes gen. nov. 
Very closely allied to I'drni/uiimU's ( iueii., (littering only in having the S antennae 
simply filiform instead of pectinated. 

Type : Mimogonodes constricta Warr. 

Mimogonodes constricta sp. nov. 

Foretvings : pale reddish testaceous, speckled with darker; the two lines darker, 
sinuous; first from one-tliird of costa to one-third of inner margin, forming two 
outward curves ; second from three-fourths of costa, forming a blunt angle below it, 
then running obliquely and irregularly sinuous inwards to just beyond middle of inner 
margin, above which it approximates to the inner line ; it is followed by a darker 
shade and whitish vein-dashes ; central area jialer than basal and marginal ; a small 
black cell-spot ; a paler costal subapical blotch adjoining the exterior line, as in 
T. anopsaria Guen. 

Hinchmngs : with the basal half [jaler than tlie outer ; a small black cell-spot, and 
a faintly darker central shade. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous. Underside more ochraceous, coarsely 
mottled with darker, and with two indistinctly darker fasciae, one central, the other 
submarginal. 

Expanse of wings : 38 mm. 

One c? almost certainly from South America. 

Mixopsis gen. nov. 

Forewings : with costa hardly curved; apex distinct, hardly subfalcate; hind- 
margin with a faint elbow at end of the third median, vertical above, oblique below ; 
anal angle obtuse. 

Himhnngs : with rounded hindmargin. 

P'orehead slightly protuberant ; palpi suberect ; second joint broad, hairy ; 
third smooth, fusiform ; tongue present ; antennae of S simple, thick ; thorax 
hairy beneath, and with a girdle of stiff hairs behind. Neirration normal, but in the 
hindwings the costal is approximated to the subcostal for only half the length of cell. 

Ty[ie : Mixopsis typta.ria Feld. (Laudosia'). 

Neuropolodes gen. nov. 

Forewings : elongate ; costa curved from base to beyond middle, then straight or 
even slightly inflected before apes ; apex produced, blunt ; hindmargin bowed, and 
slightly indented just below a[iex and above anal angle, which is distinct. 

Hindwings: short and broad; the hindmargin nearly straight, with a small elbow- 
in the middle ; anal angle squared. 

Abdomen (5) stout and elongate ; ovipositor exserted ; forehead with a tuft of 
hairs ; tongue present; antennae (5 ) sliort, thick, simple ; pali)i damaged. 

Neuration : cell more than half the length of wings. Forewings with discocelhilar 
angulated, the lower arm oblique, the upper vertical ; first median nervule at three- 
fourths, second shortly before end, third from end of cell ; lower radial from above the 
angulation of the discocelhilar, ujiper from the upper angle of cell ; common stem of 
last two subco.-tals from the same jioint, arched upwards and running close to the 
costal ; one .subcostal niissing ; fir>l and second subcostals out of the costal, the 


( 15" ) 

second united by a bar with the fourth ; all the subcostal s_vstem closely compressed 
and near the eosta. Hindwings without radial ; the costal approaching the subcostal 
some little distance from the base ; first subcostal nen'ule and second median each 
rising just before end of cell. Scaling close and thick. 
Type : Xeuro2)olodes sphingata AVarr. 

Neiu-opolodes sphingata sp. nov. 

Foreivings : fawn-colour. Juried with black atoms, and sufiused in parts with 
reddish; lines hardly marked, the first represented onlj' by a dark sjwt beneath the 
median ; a dark central shade jiassing over a black cell-spot, which is placed ou the 
lower half of the discocellular ; above the anal angle is a dark red-brown patch; 
fringe darker. 

Hindwings : with a central reddish shade, and some irregular reddish clouds 
along the hindmargin ; cell-spot white ; fringe dark brown. 

Face and |iatagia reddish bro\ni ; frontlet pale; thorax and abdomen fawn- 
colour. Underside pale fawn, with dark fuscous freckles ; from the apex of forewings 
a dark brown slightly wavy internalh' pale-edged line runs to the inner margin of 
the hindwings, and is followed by a rufous shade ; veins all pale ; cell-spot of hind- 
wings white. 

Expanse of wings : 40 mm. 

One ? from Calabar. 

Ocoelophora giu. nov. 

Forewings : broad; costa strongly arched at base, then straight to apex, which is 
blunt and rectangular ; hindmargin irregularly crenulate, the upper half vertical, the 
lower oblique; anal angle strongly marked. 

Hiiidwings : with crenulate hindmargin, the anal angle strongly marked. 

Antennae simple in both sexes ; palpi porrect, weakly rostriform ; tongue 
jiresent ; bind tibiae in <S slightly thickened, with four spurs. Neuration normal. 
Forewings in both sexes with a small oval hyaline fovea, immediately beneath the 
median vein at base. 

Type : Ocoelophora basijninctaMoove. In Novitates Zoologicae, I., p. 443, this 
species is given as the type of Mimochroa. This was an error ; it should have been 
(nigidifascia Moore. 

Paracomistis gen. nov. 

Closely allied to Spilocraspada \\'arr.. but with \ery short horizontally i>orrect 
palpi and fully pectinated antennae in the S ; forewings with distinct fovea. 
Type : Parcccomistis lignicolor Warr. 

Paracomistis boarmiata s[). nov. 
Forewings: whitish, glossy, with greyish ochreous freckles and suffusion; first 
line blackish at one-third, sharply and minutely dentate; second line blackish, 
irregularly dentate and sinuous, from costa at five-sixths to inner margin just beyond 
middle, followed in places by an olive fuscous shade; submarginal line indistinctly 
pale, bordered internally by two small dark blotches opposite the cell, another at the 
anal angle, and a smaller one midway between them ; fringe white, with black dots 
at the end of the veins, and black dashes at the base between them; a small 
blackish cell-spot. 


( 151 ) 

Hindwings : the same, but all the markings paler, and without the first line. 

P^ace and palpi white ; head, thorax, and abdomen whitish, dusted with grev. 
Underside white, sparsely sprinkled with black ; cell-.spots black, as are the fringe- 
dots and basal markings ; second line indicated by dots on the veins; apical region 
of forewings slightly suffused with grey. 

Expanse of ^vings : 34 mm. 

( )ne c? from Petropolis. 

Paracomistis lig'nicolor sp. nov. 

Forewings: dull wood-colour, with a reddish brown tinge, very finely dusted with 
darker atoms; costa brown from base to beyond middle ; first line diffuse, vertical, at 
one-third, fuscous ; exterior line at five-sixths, thin, blackish, bluntly zigzag, with 
-white dots on the veins, followed at anal angle by a dark grey blotch containing two 
or three black spots; fringe concolorous, with the ends of the veins faintly indicated 
by darker scales ; cell-si)ot black, small, followed by a faint reddish central shade. 

Hindtvings : the same, but at anal angle the second line is followed by simply a 
small black spot, and the ends of the veins in the fi-inge are more visibly darker. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings ; face and antennae brown • 
frontlet white. Underside pale ochreous, dusted with lalack ; the cell-spots black, 
distinct ; the second line clear on both wings, the marginal space beyond it being 
filled up with smoky brown. The dark blotch at the anal angle of forewings is 
sometimes wanting. 

Expanse of wings : 30 mm. 

Two S cj from Petropolis. 

Phoenicocampa gen. nov. 

Fureivings : rather elongate; costa gently curved throughout, more strongly 
convex immediately before apex, which is blunt ; hindmargin evenly curved ; anal 
angle obtuse, but defined. 

Hindivings : somewhat elongate, with hindmargin rounded, and slightly bent in 
middle. 

Thorax and abdomen stout ; palpi short, porrect ; last joint thin and rostriform ; 
antennae of ? well pectinated ; tongue present. 

Neurittion : cell a little more than half as long as wings. Forewings : the median 
nervure upcm-ved at its extremity ; first median nervule at five-sixths, second midway 
between first and end of cell ; fifth subcostal from five-sixths, arched upwards and 
approximating to the stem of the middle three; first subcostal free. Hindwings with 
costal running close to subcostal to near the end of cell ; the two subcostal nervules 
from top end of cell ; median nervure and nervules as in forewings. 

Tyi)e : P. terkuda Veld. (Itame?). 

Probably akin to Metrocampa, but distinguished by the pectinated ? antennae 
and blunter forewings. 

Pero C/) scitaria. 

Azellna scitaria Oberth., Et. Ent., vii., p. 27, PI. iii., fig. 10. 

ceriata (JMorritz MS.) Wlk., xx\-i., p. 1.51 G. 
Meticulodes „ Butler, A. and J/., 1881, ii., p. 31. 

A single example in the British :Museum from \'enezuela, from the collection of 
Herrich Schaeffer, is labelled A. ceriata Mz., and was recorded by Walker, I.e., as 


( 152 ) 

such, but without any description ; and, as far as I know, it has never been described 
or figured under that name. The solitary specimen is much too worn to warrant any 
description being made from it. It seems to come nearest to Butler's ochracea, and 
hence I place it provisionally under Pero. Oberthiir's acitaria evidently is the same 
insect, and, his name being accompanied both by description and figure, must take 
tlie priority over cerinta Wlk. 

Polla ochreicosta -i'- no\. 

Fm-ewinrjs: didl mouse-colour, thickly dusted with darker, the dark atoms 
hecoming confluent towards the costa ; costa itself broadly straw-colour for three- 
fourths ; at three-fourths of costa, beneath the streak, begins an acutely angled 
brown line, edged externally with white, as iivr as the third median, and evenly 
curved from the subcostal angle to the inner margin at three-fourths ; an oblique 
subapical streak, and the subcostal veins before it narrowly white ; fringe reddish 
brown tipped with white. 

Hindwincjs: with a faint dark Hue beyond the middle, and the space beyond it 
paler ; fringe as in forewings ; a small dark discal dot in both wings. 

Abdomen, head, and thorax concolorous with wings. Underside cinereous, 
suffused with dull reddish ochreous, with a more distinct reddish ochreous fascia 
beyond the middle, edged internally with white dashes on the veins and exterually 
denticulated ; in the forewings extending more or less to the hindmargin, except at 
extreme apex, which is whitish. 

Expanse of wings : 46 mm. 

Two J 6 from S. Paolo. 

Polla pallidiplaga sp. nov. 

Forewings : dark fawn-colour, with a dark brown slightly wavy line from inner 
margin near base to costa just before apex; the narrow space between it and costa 
paler, becoming chalk-white towards the costal end, where also the brown line itself 
changes to white ; discal dot small, black ; above it on the costa is a short oblique 
dark brown streak; an indistinct subterminal line consisting of dark vein-spots 
edged with whitish. 

Hindvmuja: with the oblique brown line of the forewings continued close to the 
base ; a central line of whitish linear vein-dots, and a less distinct submarginal one ; 
inner margin ochreous, dusted with fuscous, with a pale whitish ochreous blotch at 
the end of the central line of dots, and a dark zigzag marking above the anal angle 
at the end of the submarginal row ; fringe concolorous. 

Abdomen concolorous with wings; the oblique dark line of the wings is 
continued across its base ; thorax concolorous with the paler costal space of 
forewings ; collar, face, palpi, and antennae dark ferruginous. I'nderside of fore- 
wings ochreous fawn with an oblique white line from two-thirds of costa, below which 
it is angulated, to middle of inner margin, followed by a dark sluule near that 
margin; a zigzag white subterminal line ; veins beyond the middle line also white; 
hindwings with basal two-thirds (except the extreme base) white, and a zigzag white 
subterminal line as in forewings; discal si)ots black, distinct, in both wings. 
Underside of thorax and abdomen white ; legs white, spotted witli fawn. 

Expanse of wings : 42 mm. 

Two (? (? from S. Paolo. 


( l'''^' ) 

Polygonia variabilis sp. nov. 

Kather larger than fortiiiittd Guen., yellowish ochreous or fuscous, variable in 
the tints of colour; distinguished at once from that species by the course of the 
second transverse line of tlie forewings, which is concave inwards at the centre instead 
of outwards. 

Prionia obliquilineata Warr., Pr. Z. 8., 1893, p. 409. 

The type-specimen, iu Mr. Klwes' collection, is from the Naga Hills, a i. A 
? fi-om Humboldt Bay, in Mr. Doncaster's possession, also collected by Doherty, 
thoLigli minus the head, evidentlv belongs here. The onlv difference I can see is the 
absence of the black costal spots on the underside of both wings. 

Proteopharmacis gen. nov. 

Related to Euclidiodea Warr., with which it agrees in neuration ; but the fore- 
wings have a subacute apex and denticulate hindmargin, with a slight elbow in 
middle. Hindwings with still more strongly denticulated margin. The character of 
the markings is quite distinct ; the two cross lines are nearest each other in the 
centre, while in Euclidiodes they are approximated on the inner margin. 

Type: Proteopharnidcis valdiviata P>ld. {Seotopteryx?). 

Proteostrenia gen. nov. 

Forewings: with costa straight, curved only just at base and before apex ; apex 
rectangular, blunt ; hindmargin \ery slightly indented just below apex, bulged at ' 
one-third, then obliquely curved and subcrenulate. 

Hlndivings : rounded, with hindmargin strongly crenulate. 

Antennae short, in the <S pectinated, the pectinations fine, distinct, and nearly 
at right angles to the shaft; palpi porrect, short, roughly haired beneath; tongue 
weak ; forewings of c? with fovea. 

Type : Proteostrenia strenioides Butler. 

A distinct genus, containing, at ])resent, but one, very variable, species, and 
allied to Artior>i Meyr. 

Pseudothalera gen. nov. 

Forewings: with costa slightly and uniformly arched throughout; apex acute; 
hindmargin decidedly obli(jue, scarcely curved ; inner margin somewhat convex. 

Hindwings : quadrate, with slight angle at end of third median, straight thence 
to anal angle, slightly crenulate above. 

Antennae of cj simple, lamellate ; palpi poi-rect, horizontal, third joint minute ; 
tongue present ; legs long ; hind tibiae with four spurs. 

JVeuration : forewings, cell half as long as wing; its margins both directed 
inwards at seven-eighths ; first median at five-eighths, second at seven-eighths, thirti 
from end of cell ; first subcostal free at seven-eighths, the rest on a common sten\ 
rising just beyond the first ; radials as usual. Hindwings, costal approximated to 
subcostal for about half the cell ; first subcostal at seven-eighths ; medians as in 
forewings ; no radial ; scaling fine and smooth. 

Type : P. stigmatica Warr. 


( l-''^ ) 

Pseudothalera stigmatica -p. nov. 

Forewings : pale dull ochreous green, fiiielv chitted with olive atoms; costa 
thickly' spotted with fuscous ; a small black cell-spot ; an indistinct thin olive 
fuscous external line at seven-eighths, nearly parallel to hindmargin, and becoming 
plainer on the inner margin ; fringe concolorous, with ;i dark fuscous basal line which 
is interrujjted on the veins. 

Jlindwings : with a large round blackish cell-sjwt, followed by a slightly angu- 
lated central pale olive line. 

Underside paler; head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wing.s. 

Expanse of wings : 40 mm. 

Two J d from Western China. 

Pseustoplaca gen. nov. 

Forewlngs : with costa faintly curved from base to apex, which is blunt and 
rectangular ; hindmargin bluntly elbowed alxjve the middle, then oblique, hardly 
curved, to the anal angle, which is obtuse. 

Hindivings : broad, with rectangular anal angle, and a slight elbow below apex, 
corresponding to that of the forewings. 

Abdomen short and slender ; palpi short, horizontally poiTect ; tongue present; 
antennae of <? .shortly and finely pectinated for two-thirds of their length ; logs 
slender: hind tibiae not thickened, with four spurs. Nemation normal. Scaling fine, 
thick, and velvety. 

Type : Pseustoplacii diversicolcrr Wair. 

Pseustoplaca diversicolor sp. nov. 

Foreivings : velvet_y olive-brown, with two lines and an apical patch paler olive; 
first line from one-third of costa to one-third of inner margin, second line from 
costa just before apex to inner margin at two-thirds, both very indistinct ; faint traces 
of an irregular wavy subterminal line, which is only distinct at the anal angle, where 
it is followed by a paler patch ; fringes i>ale olive below the apex of wing, then 
reddish, their apex white throughout. 

Ilindvnnga : with a l)lack discal dash, and an ochreous, brown-freckled patch 
above anal angle; fringes brown, towards anal angle reddish. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous ; face and collar pale olive. Underside 
of forewings with base and inner margin broadly suffused with bluish white ; a dark 
brown line from costa before apex, nearly parallel to hindmargin; of hindwings 
nearly wholly bluish white, with a largish romid dark cell-.spot, and a curved brown 
submarginal line, parallel to hindmargin, and most distinct on the veins, forming a 
larger s]iot on costa and on the first median. Underside of abdomen whitish ochreous ; 
legs whitish, freckled with fuscous. 

Expanse of wings : 3G mm. 

Two cJ (J from South America. 

Psilotapliria gen. nov. 
Closely related to Eurylaphria Warr., but characterised by the difference in t he 
antennae of both sexes. In Eurytaphria they are pectinated in both, the pectina- 
tions in the ? being, however, as usual, shorter and finer than those in the cJ. In 


( l-^-^ ) 

P.siloliii.iliriii I 111' aiitciiiiMc III' the S 'H'e very iiiiimlflv sernite, and those of the J 
simple. 

Type: Psllotapfn-if( lils'iimatu Ilnipsii, (Eur>/tap}iria}. 

In the Pr. Z. S., 189:^, pp. 409, 410, where [ described E. undUineata and 
diagnosed tlie genus, the S only really belonged to that species; the ? was a 
Pailoiapfirin . 

Sig^mathyris gen. nov. 

Forewings : with costa nearly straight for four-fifths, then strongly arched ; apex 
much produced, blunt ; hindmargin deeply excised just below apex, then bowed 
outward ; anal angle distinct. 

Hindivinrjs : with a decided elbow at end of third median, the hindmargin on 
either side irregularly wavy. 

Forewings with a sinuous hyaline discal mark. 

Type: S. scriptipenndna Wlk. {Andania,'). 

Walker originally made the genus A ndania for a species of the family Epiplemidae, 
sdtosignaiii (xx., p. -u), with which the present species has no affinity. 

Spilocraspeda gen. nov 

Foreviiiijs : ample; costa nearly straight or faintly arched; apt-x subacute; 
hindmargin with a more or less decided angulation at the end of the tnird median, 
the upper arm vertical and .sometimes concave, the lower oblique ; anal angle well 
marked. 

Hindicings: kite-shaped; both angles well exiiressed ; hindmargin with a 
decided angulation at end of third median. 

Palpi porrect, slightly upcurved ; .second joint hairy, third joint short, blunt ; 
tongue present; antennae of J flattened, bidentatc, the teeth armed with short 
fascicles of cilia; hind tibiae thickened, with four spurs. Init without any pencil of 
hairs. 

Type : Spilocraspcdfi subusfn ^\'arr. 

Spilocraspeda curvilinea sp. nov. 

Foreiviiigs : dull ochreous, covered with short traiisxcise dingy ochreous grey 
strigae ; first line dull fuscous, at one-third, diffuse and indistinct, and hardly reaching 
costa; second line close to hindmargin, vertical on costa and towards inner margin, 
lint forming a rouuded sinus outwards in the middle ; fringe concolorous, with a 
slightly darker basal line ; cell-spot small, fuscous, placed in ,-i faintly darker central 
shade. 

Jfindwivg.s : the same. 

Head, face, thorax, and alidomeu concolorous: tips of paliii brnwii. rnderside 
(liillcr, with all the markings quite faint. 

Expanse of wings : 34 mm. 

One ? from No\o ]''riborgo. 

Spilocraspeda submarg'inata sp. no\. 
Foreiiu iigs : pale ochreous, dusted with fuscous ; the costa darker, and the liind- 
margin appearing darker from the dark fascia of the underside ; lines very indistinct, 
rusty, as in S. subuMa, the first at one-third, the second central, but beyond the cell- 

12 


( l-'i6 ) 

spot, which is small ami indistinct ; tho third approaching the second on the inner 
margin, and the fourth submarginal, but forming a dark spot opposite the cell : 
fringe pale oclireons, with a very faint small fnscous dot at the end of each vein. 

Hindwings : the same, hut the oell-spot larger, roundish, orange. 

Head, face, thorax, and aMomen pale ochreous. L'nderside paler ochreous, the 
forewings only dusted with fuscous ; both cell-spots black, distinct ; both wings mth 
a broadish brown-black submarginal fascia, which touches the hindmargin onlv .it the 
anal angles. 

K..iL|)anse of wings : r^. -54 inni. : o , :i2 niiii. 

British (xuiana. 

Spilocraspeda subusta sp. nov. 

Foremings : pale sandy ochreous, sprinkled with dark atoms ; the four lines indis- 
tinctly indicated, dull rust -colour, irregularly dentate; the first at one-third, vertical; 
the second central, touching the cell-spot ; the third at three-fourths, approaching 
the second on the inner margin ; the subterminal. very indistinct, forms a small reddish 
blotch opposite the cell ; cell-.«pot distinct, black, edged with white scales ; fringe 
pale ochreous, with a small black dot at the base at the extremity of each vein. 

Hindwings : with only the central and exterior lines visible, the blotch opposite 
the cell being hardly discernible; fringe as in forewings. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous ; face, [mlpi, and antennae brownish. 
L'nderside pale shining ochreous, dusted with black atoms along the co.sta and hind- 
margins : cell-spots large, black ; a blackish basal line to the fringes ; forewings with 
a rusty brown shade from costa before apex, vertical to the anal angle. 

E.xjianse of wings : :54 mm. 

Santos. 

Spododes gen. nov. 

Foreiuings : ample; costa faintly curved; apex lilunt ; hindmargin curved. 
obli(|ne. 

Hindwings : broad, triangular; the hindmargin faintlv curwd, with a slight 
prominence in the middle; anal angle rectangular. 

.\ntennae of c? simple, laminated; forehead flat ; ])alpi jiorrect, the terminal joint 
small and thin ; hind tibiae thickened slightly, with four simrs. 

'J"ypi> : Spododes irilineata ^^'arr. 

Distinguished from Xylolocha Warr., whicli it otherwise resembles, by the 
difference between the pal)ii and the S antennae. 

Spododes adumbrata sp. nov. 

Fore-nnngs : dull cork-colour, very finely and .smoothly dusted with darker; the 
three lines darker, very indistinct ; first at one-third, bent below tiie costa, then ver- 
tical ; second line hardly visible, from two-thirds of inner margin towards apex, before 
which it disappears ; submarginal line, as in Sp. Irilineata, forming a sinus outward 
in the middle, but represented only by dark vein-dots, connected by a thread-like 
line; a dark cell-spot. 

Hivdmings : like forewings, with only the last two lines shown. 

Thorax and abdomen concolorous; face, palpi, and antennae brown. I nderside 
jiale drab, dusted with blackish, darker towards apex of forewings; submarginal line 
only visible as dark dots on the veins, 


( 1".T ) 

Expanse ol wiugs : :Mi mm. 

One d from Petroiiulis, 

It is hardly likely tliat this can Lie a form of S. trUineata Wan. 

Spododes sabulosa >|i. nov. 

Fwewingii : saudy, with an olive tinge, tinely du.sted with hhick sjiecks ; lines 
represented by black vein-dots, the first preceded, the second followed, by white 
linear dots ; in the second the dots on the lower radial and first median break 1 he 
curve by being nearer the base of the wing; cell-spot black, plain; fringe con- 
coloroiis. 

Hin'Jivi'ii;jx : the same. 

Thorax and abdomen sandy; face, palpi, and antennae reddish hrown. I'nder- 
side pale .stone-colour, hardly dusted with cbirker ; cell-spots visible ; suliuuuginal line 
of dots very indistinct. 

Expanse of wings ; 2(i mm. 

One (J from Santos. 

The hindmargins of both wings of this species show a faint elbow. 

Spododes trilineata sp. nov. 

Forewi iigs : cork-colour, finely dusted with fuscous atoms ; costa finely brown ; 
the three lines olive-brown ; first at one-third of costa, below which it is bluntly 
bent, then straight and slightly oblique to inner margin at one-third ; second 
straight, from a little before the apex to the middle of inner margin ; third from 
close to apex, forming a wide sinus outwards in the middle to the inner margin 
close to the second line; cell-spot small, black ; fringe concolorous, without dusting. 

Hindwings : with the second and third lines repeated. 

Thorax and abdomen concolorous with ground-colour ; face, antennae, and palpi 
brown. Underside whitish ochreous ; costa of forewings, apical region, and tips of 
the fringes reddish fuscous ; the submarginal line alone expressed, fuscous, denticulate 
not corresponding exactly to the upperside. 

Expanse of wings : 36 mm. 

One S from Brazil. 

Synnomos Guen., Phd. i.. p. 94 (18.57). 

Mlcroguniii. H.S., Aiwu. <b'c/ii//., fig. oG9. 

Apicia Guen., Phal., i.. p. 8(i. 

Selenlii Druce, Diol. C'citlr. Aik.. Lep. Het.. ii.. p. .56. 

Type : Si/nnonivsjirmfimentaria Guen. 

S antennae .simple, not pectinated ; hind tibiae not incras.^ated ; hindmargin 
of forewings angular, of hindwings denticulate. 

The species rlwdaria, represented by U.S. at fig. 348, is the first Microgania 
figured, and must stand as type of that genus, thereby forestalling Guen^e's later 
Oxydia. The next species figured by H.S. as a Microgonia, polygrapharw (fig. 369), 
is not congeneric with rhodaria, and the name cannot stand for it. Guen^e's 
Si/nnomoti in its turn will have to be employed. Of this genus Guen6e recognised 
only one species, while he placed three others under Apicia ; they seem, in fact, 
to be somewhat numerous in (.entaal America. 


C 1.-58 ) 

Synnomos apicistrigata sp. nuv. 

Fm-ewings : \m\f oclireous, dusted and suflfused in parts \vith fuscous ; an indistinct 
basal line, enclosing a slightly darker basal patch ; second line from about three- 
fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, at first curved outwards, then running 
obiicpie and parallel to the hindniargin, and marked most strongly on the veins ; 
before it an oblique brownish costal streak, which follows the course of the discocellular 
vein; space between basal line and this streak paler than the rest of the wing; 
an ochreous, somewliat triangular-shaped shade bcvond tlie discocellular, which 
becomes diffuse towards the hiudniargiu ; traces of a dark pah'-edged sulimarginal 
line; subapical region occupied by a triangular l)rowii hlolcli. preceded by one or 
two small white spots ; fringes darker. 

Jliiiflvjings : paler, with an indistinct dark cell-spot, joined to the inner margin 
liy a curved brown line, followed by a curved crenulate line, which towards the 
costa is interrupted. I iiderside like upjier, with the markings rather plainer. 

Expanse of wings: 38 mm. 

One cJ from the Amazons. 

Urepioue sp. nov. 

Allied to Mdi'iiodes U.S., but tin* hindnjargin in both wings angulated ; iti 
the hindwings the angle forms a short tail, which, as in Uriiyderyj-. contains a dark 
round spot. J antennae simple. 

Tyije : Urepio-ne quadrilineala ^\■ll<. {Iliiperetlsi). 

Xylolocha gen. nov. 

Forett'iitgx : am))le; costa gradually curved throughout, more convex just before 
ape.x, which is hardly prominent ; hindmargin hardly curved and not very oblique ; 
anal angle distinct. 

Hindwings: broad, with rounded hindniargin, and somewhat produced anal 
angle. 

Antennae shortly pubescent ; forehead protruding below ; tongue jjresent ; palpi 
short,- stout, terminal joint obscure ; hind tibiae somewhat thickened, with four spurs. 

Type : Xylolocha gabraria \^'lk. (Azelina). 

Zamarada pulverosa sp. nov. 

Forev.'iiigs : pinkish hyaline, finely dusted with fuscous striae, and with coarser 
fuscous speckles near the base and along the costa; first line indistinct; a fuscous- 
edged ocelloid cell-spot ; second line blackish, irregularly waved and sinuous, with 
a small double outward indentation just below the middle; hindmarginal one-third 
filled up with fuscous, mixed with tawny towards the second line, and with whitish 
towards the anal angle; subterminal line denticulated, whitish; fringe chequered, 
grey and fuscous. 

HitulvAngs : the same, but the discal ocellus much smaller. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen greyish white. Underside hyaline white, with the 
cell-spots and marginal region uniform dull brown. 

Expanse of wings : 2(i mm. 

'Iwo 5 ? fi-om South .Africa. 


( 159 ) 

suKKAMii.Y prosopotj (I'll in. \k. 

Rhinoligia gen. nuv. 

Forewinijs : elongate, witli costa sinuous; well arched from base, concave before 
apex ; apex produced into a blunt horn ; hindmargin slightly indented below apex, 
then strongly bowed ; anal angle scarcely expressed. 

Hinchvi'iu/s ; with the hindmargin waved, rather irregularlv rounded. 

Forehead jirodaced into a conical prominence ; palpi very long, like those of 
Uhilo and Grainhiia ; tongue present ; antennae of ? simple. Scaling close and fine. 
Markings : a single oblique line from apex of forewing.s to inner margin before the 
middle. 

Neuratioii: cell a little longer than half tlie wing. In forewing the subcostal 
nervure is very strongly bent inwards at the extremity, so as to apjjear to form 
]]art of the di.scocellular ; first median at three-fourths, second shortly before end 
of cell, third from end ; radials as usual ; the upper apparently from the discocellular 
below the top, but really from the end of cell ; last subcostal (apparently) free, and 
the other four united, but the type is too thickly scaled to admit of certainty, without 
denudation. Hindwings with the costal and subcostal approximated for half the 
length of cell ; first subcostal and second median just before end of cell ; first 
median at three-fourths. 

Type : Rh'moligla blocdlata Feld. {Rhiiiodia '.). 

The type is a ? , considerably damaged. 


NEUE AFKIKANISCHE VOGELFORMEN IM TEING 

MUSEUM. 

VoN ANTON EEICHENOW. 

DEM freundlichen Endgegenkommen des Herrn Ernst Hartert verdanke ich 
die Untersuchung eiuer kleinen Sammlung von Vogelbalgen, welche auf 
der Emin Pasha Relief Expedition von Herrn W. Bonny am Aruwimi (N. Congo*) 
zusammengebracht worden ist. In dieser Collection befiuden sich zwei hochsl 
aufl'allende neue Formen, welche eine neue CJattung repriisentieren. Eine dritte 
sehr ahnliche Form derselben Gattung babe ich gleichzeitig vou Jauude (Kamerun) 
erhalten. 

Bathmocercus n. g. Timeliidarum. 

Rostro mediocri, paullum decurvato; vilirissis brevibus ; cauda valde gradata 
(rectricum numero dubio) ; alis brevibus, rotundatis, caudae basin superanlibus, 
remigibus 4 — 7 longissimis, primo tectrices primarias multo superante, lougissimorum 
dimidio fere aequali, tertio decimo aequali ; tarsis longis, digit i medii longitudinem 
auperantibus ; pedibus extensis caudae apicem attingentibus. 

Typus : BriihiitucKvuiis rufiis Kchw. (Ornith. MunaAsherlcldc. 1895, Xo. (>). 

 Cf. untea, pp. S5, 56. 


( 160 ) 

Bathmoceixus vulpinus -p. nov. 

Aui-antio-rufus ; froiite, capitis lateribus guttureijiie iiigris, iuguli parte nigra 
fiilvesoenfe circiinidata : alKlomine et subcaudalibus griseis. his rufescente lavatis ; 
subalaribus dilute auraul io-iufis, uiiiiimis alhescentibus ; reinigibus fuscis extus et 
intus aurantio-ruib marginatis ; rostio nigro ; pedibus plumbois. Long. tot. c. ISO 
mm. ; al. iin. 55 ; caud. 54 ; rostr. 12 ; tars. 24. 

Hab. Aruwimi flum. (Africa occidentalis). Tvpus in Mumu Rotlisiliild. 

Obi!. BiUliiaocevciis i-tiftts ex regione cameruiieusi colore obscuriore, castaneo-nifV). 
diversus est. 

Bathmocercus murinus .-p. nov. 

Ubscure olivasciiite-griseus ; .--iiicipitf, cajiitis lateribus guttureijue uigris, iuguli 
parte nigi-a dilute fnlvescente circumdata ; abdomine et subcaudalibus gi-iseis ; 
subalaribus griseis, miuiinis albescontilnis ; remigibus, tectricibus superioribus, 
rectricibus fusoo-nigris, extus olivasceute-griseo limbalis : rostro nigro; pedibus 
lilumbeis. Long. tot. e. 130 mm. ; al. im. 52 ; caud. 50 : ro.str. 12 ; tars. 24. 

Hab. Aruwimi flum. (Africa occidentalis). Tvpus in Museo Rothschild. 

Bei der Ubereinstimmung in den tJrossen\erhaltnissen und in der Farben\er- 
teilung der vorhescbriebenen beiden Formen liegt die Vermutung ualie. dass dieselbeii 
verschiedene Geschlechter derselben Art sein mochten, was festzustellen der fenieren 
J'orschung vorbehalten bleibt. 

Bei Gelegenheit der vorstehenden Untersuchungen konnte ich ferner feststellen, 
dass liberianische Exemplare von AndropnAas r/racilirostris Strickl. von .<olchen aus 
Togo, Kamerun, und vom Kongo recht charakteristisch abweichen und eine subspeci- 
fische Sonderung der liberianischen Form bedingen. 

Andropadus gracilirostris liberiensis sub.sp. nov. 

Chlorociolda (/racilirostris Biittik., Xote.i Leyden Mua.. v-ii. (1885), p. 180 ; viii. 
(1886), p. 256; xi. (1889), p. 131; xiv. (1892), p. 22 : Reiseh. Liberia (1890), 
App., p. 4. 

Andropado graciUrostri Strickl. simillimus, sed subalaribus, axillaribus et 
remigum marginibus interioribus multo saturatius tinctis. fuho-ochraceis, nee 
luteolis ; notaeo magis brunnescente, epigastric quoque paullo obscuriore. 

Hab. Liberia (coll. Demerv). Tyiius in Museo Rothschild. 


( 161  


TWO NEW SPECIES OF BHOPALOCERA FROM THE 
SOLOMON ISL.\NDS. 

By TilE HON, WALTER ROTrT8< 'IIILD. 

LATEL'i' I liavp received some butterflies collected by Carl Ribbe on the island of 
Bougainville, among wliicli are two striking novelties. 

1 . Prothoe ribbei sp. nov. 

This species in size approaches nearest to P. hnjardi Godni. I'C: ?>alv., P. Z. !i., 
p. 7o8 (1882), from New Ireland, but is a most distinct species. 

Male. — Uppersule : black. Forewings crossed bv a transverse creamy-white 
baud, which is narrow between the discoidal nervules and widens suddenly at the 
upper median branch, but does not become so wide as in allied species. Hindwings 
also with a transverse creamy-white band, which is of almost uniform width, and which 
is inwardly nearly straight, except at flie extremities; basal third of abdominal 
margin white. 

Underside: blackish brown. Forewings with a submarginal row of creamy 
patches, of which those in the apical region are more distinct ; beliiiid the co.sta are 
also two indistinct spots ; within the cell are a varying number of minute w'hite spots, 
from five to seven. Hindwings with a submarginal row of golden yellow markings, 
which are linear, except the two before or behind the upper median branch ; inside 
this row stand eight pale blue irregular half-rings, inside which again there is a band 
of thin huffish transverse streaks; on the basal third there are some minute white 
spots. 

Female. — Similar to the w/'^e; larger, browner. The baud on the forewings is 
much narrower, macular, or is even obliterated, except a spot near the inner margin ; 
that on the hindwings also narrower ; abdominal margin unicolorous. Below, the 
submarginal spots to the forewings more distinct. 

Expanse of wings : cJ, 4'2 inches = 107 mm. ; ¥, 4-5 inches = ll.J mm. 

II(di. Bougainville Island, Solomon Islands (Carl Ribbe le;/.; 6, ¥. types in 
coll. Jtibhe; S. ? ill Mils. Tring). 

2. Delias schonbergi >p. no\. 

Male. — Uppernide : white, base powdered with black .scales. Forewings, in the 
apical region, with a row of six white spots inside which the disc is grev ; apical 
margin black. Hindwings with a narrow black margin. 

Underside: foi-ewings with basal third yellowish ; outer half bla<-k, the black 
area entering the apex of the cell, including six well-defined white subapical 
markings. Hindwings with basal half yellow ; outer half with a snlimarginal row 
of six large pear-shaped scarlet patches, each ciri'led with white; disc between 
costal margin and lower median nervule and the outer margin black. 

Female. — Uppe^-side : grey. Forewings with outer half black : a suliapical row 
of white sjiots, of which the anterior ones are large, the posterior ones small. 


( 162 ) 

Hiudwings with abdoniinal margin wliiii-, outer niai'gin black, and the disc between 
the upper discoidal, upper median, and the discocelhdar nervules greyisli black; a 
submarginal band of large pale pink patches. 

Underside: similar to the male; the submarginal spots ratlier larger. 

Hal. Bougainville Island, Solomon Islands (Carl Ribbe ler/.; types: S in coll. 
Bibbe, ? in Mns. Tring). 

This species is named after Herr von SchOnberg, at the request of the collector. 


A NEW SPECIES OF THEBETBA FROM THE D'ENTEE- 
CASTEAUX ISLANDS. 

By THK HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD. 

Theretra alberti >)!. nov. 

THIS e.xtrcmelv distinct species belongs to the erotus gi'oup, but has no near 
ally. 

Forewiiiijs : greyish chocolate or chocolate grey ; basal third crossed by three 
transverse dark brown bars, the first separate, the two outer almost touching; 
within the cell there is a black stigma with a paler centre ; about one-third from the 
outer margin the wings are crossed liy a heavy dark brown transverse bar; between 
this bar and the margin is a transverse line, followed hv an indistinct zif^za"- line. 
Costa and outer mai'gin chocolate red. 

Hi/adxvviKjs : golden orange, with a broad deep bromi border not reaching quite 
to the anal angle. 

Underside of wings deep chocolate red, vermiculated and streaked witli deep 
brown and yellow. 

Head and thorax greyish chocolate, darker in the centre; on <'ach side of the 
thorax is a bright golden round spot, .\bdonien greyish rust -colour, with a pale 
band marking each .-egineul. .Vntciniac red ; legs grevish |)ink. 

E.xpanse of wings : 3-.5 inches = 89 nun. 

Hah. Fergusson Island, D'Entre(■a^tea^^• Islands (.September to October, 18!)o) ; 
Albert S, Jleek leg.). 

Xamed after the collector. 


( Ki- ; 


ON SOME MAMMALS COLLECTED BY MK. ALBERT MEEK 
ON FERGUSSON ISLAND, D'ENTRECASTEAUX GROUP. 

Hv OLDFIELD TH0MA8. 

THE uiiiuiiiials iiu which the following uotes are based were obtained by ;\Ir. Albert 
Meek, when collecting on Fergusson Island, the largest of the D'Entrecasteaux 
group, a locality whence \'ery few mammals have ever previously been brought. Both 
for this reason and on account of their inherent interest, they deserve a connected 
notice. Twelve species are represented, of which three prove to need new names 
specific or subs]iecific. 


One specimen. 
One specimen. 


1. Pteropus hypomelanus Tem 
2. Cephalotes peronii (Jeoff. 


:'■. Uronycteris major Dolis. 

Three specimens. 

A skull of this species was obtained on Goodeuough Island, also in the D'Entre- 
casteau.x group, by Mr. Basil Thomson in 188!), and presented by him -to tlie Britisli 
Museum. 

4. Carpouycteris  crassa >p. no\ . 

One specimen. 

Size ecjualliug or exceeding that of C. iiiiaimiis. Form .stouter, but piopurtions 
of head and structure of muzzle as in C aHt^tralis. General colour dull fawn abo\e 
and below, -without any rufous or fuh^ous suffusion. Interfemoral nieml)rane and 
calcars practically obsolete, wholly buried in the thick fur of the upper and inner sides 
of the lower leg ; the broadest part of the membrane, just inside the knee, is less than 
:> mm. broad, while the almost unrecognisable calcar is at most about 1'5 mm. long. 

Skull comparatively broad and stoutly built.; the postorbital processes well 
developed. The lower jaw especially stout and strong. 

Upper incisors large and long, subequal, placed in an even ciu'ved serir> ; tlie 
median pair nearer to each other than to the outer ones. Cheek-teeth verv uniform 
in size and form, the anterior [)remolar scarcely smaller than the others, and the 
diastema behind it not or scarcely longer than tho.se separating the other teeth. In 
the lower jaw the same description apjilies exactly, exceiif that the median incisors 
are much smaller than the outer ones, and almost touch each other. 

Dimensions of the type, an adult male in spirit : — Head and bodv 7(» mm. ; ear 
13-5; forearm 47 ; lower leg l!)-5. Skull, basal length 24-5; greatest breadth 17; 
interorbital breadth C"! ; tip to tip of postorbital processes 12'2 ; greatest height of 
kiwer jaw from top of coronoid !'. 

* l/yJckkci' ; replilciiiL' llarpipii :iinl .Uar^roi/hssttn, Imth iircoctnipictj. 

i;; 


( Ki-1 ) 

Although superficially very like tlie other two species, C. crassn maj' be readily 
recogniseil by its reduced interfemoral menibraiie and calcars, and by the different 
proportions of its incisors and anterior premolars. 

Type in the British Museum. No. 95.5.8.2. 

5. Vesperugo papuanus l'<t. i^i Dor. 
Several specimens. 

<>. Chiniromys pulcher sj). nov. 

Kather larger tlian Vh. forbeni ; proiiortions as in that species. Fur longer and 
softer, the hairs in the middle of the hack about 15 to 16 mm. in length. General 
colour above soft rufous fawn, reddening posteriorly into deep ferruginous. An ill- 
defined blackish band running from the sides of the muzzle backwards to surroun<l 
the eye; no lighter spot behind the eye. Ears naked. Lips whitish. Under 
surface bright reddish, the hairs whiter towards their bases. Upper surface of hands 
and feet whitish. Tail clothed with the woolly rufous body fur for nearly an inch, the 
remainder brown, scaly, and practically naked as in Ch. forhesi; the smooth prehensile 
terminal portion just as in the older-known species, i'alate-ridges and mammae as 
in Ch. fwbeai. 

Skull on the whole fairly similar to that of Cli. Jorbcui. The jieculiar riglil- 
angled spring of the anterior zjgonia root is, however, less strongly marked; I he 
upper profile is more bowed, an efi'ect which is increased b\' the supraorliital edges 
being more developed vertically. Palate ending opiiosite the middle of, instead of 
behind, the last molar. 

Molars rather broader and heavier than in Ch. favbesi ; their iiatteni on the whole 
very similar, but there appears to be a tendency to an even gi'eater crenulation of the 
cusps and ridges. 

Dimensions of the tyjie, an adult male in spirit : — Head and body 153 mm. ; tail 
225; hind-foot 33"; ear 17'3 x 12-1. Skull, basal length 34-5 ; greatest breadth 
225; nasals, length 12; interorbital breadth 6; interparietal, length 47, breadth 
111 ; palate, length 18-5 ; palatal foramina 5 ; diastema ir2 ; length of upper moliir 
series 5"7. 

'Type in the British Museum. B. M. No. 95.5.8.5. Paraiype in the Trln;/ 
Musewm. 

This very beautifully coloured Kat is a most interesting discovery, as no rejire- 
sentative of the genus Chiruromys has been met with, so far as I know, since my 
description of the genus and typical species seven years ago.* That ty])ical species, 
Ch. forbeai, came from Sogere in the Owen Stanley Mountains, S.K. New Guinea, and 
the discovery of a different but allied species in the D'Entrecasteaux Islands is therefore 
not unnatural. 

The essential characters of the genus, its peculiar molar-structure, and its 
prehensile tail have been fully dealt with in the original description, and it need only 
here be said that Ch. pulcher agrees with Ch. fm-besi in every character of any 
importance, while its very different coloration shows that as a species it is entirely 
distinct. 

7. Mus sp. 

One immature >pei-inu'n. 

Belongs to the .V. ephlppiwm, group, but is too young for determination. 

» P. ■/.. .S'., 1888, p. 237, figs. 1 nnd 2 (skull, teeth, and tail). 


( !'!■> ) 

8. Uromys macropus <ii-. (?). 

One youug sjieeimeii. 

From the entirely unworn state of its incisors, and the fact tliat, none of its 
molars had cut the gum, it is probable that this specimen was still suckling. Its 
determination is of course most doubtful, but its palate-ridges, tail-coloration, and 
size appear to be much as in U. macropus. On the other liand, in the peculiar 
structure of its anterior palate it sliows some resemblance to Cmiilwrus hirsatus 
(iould. 


Ten specimens. 


One specimen. 


9. Petaurus breviceps Waterli. 
II). Dactylopsila trivirgata 'iiay. 


11. Phalanger orientalis intercastellanus subsp. nov. 

Four nearly or {[uite adult .specimens, and six foetuses. 

Before describing this subspecies it may first be observed that 1 now believe I 
was wrong in stating* that the skull of Ph. orientalis breviceps only differed from 
that of the typical variety by its smaller size, as there are several other differential 
characters, among whicli the direction and development of the supraorliital ridges are 
specially noteworthy. In Ph. breviceps (as, raising it to the rank of a species, I now 
think it should be called) the ridges are practically alike in the two sexes, remaining 
in both parallel throughout life; their development is vertical, not outwards. Such 
rudimentary post orbital processes as are present do not ovei'hang the orbits proper, but 
onlv the anterior part of the sides of the brain-case. On the other hand, in Ph. 
orientalis there is a marked difference between the sexes, the ridges of the female 
being comparatively weak and practically parallel, while those of the 'irmle develop 
outwards and upwards into strong triangular projections overhanging the orbits and 
corresponding to postorbital processes. In the lower jaw the coronoid process of Ph. 
breviceps is developed liackwanls into a sharp curved projection, longer and more 
jiointed than in Ph. orientalis. 

Bearing these facts in mind, the D'Kntrecasteaux representative of the group may 
be liriefly diagnosed as follows ; — 

Colour and character of fur as in ordinary grey examples of Pli. o. ti/picuf!. 
Dorsal streak present. Size scarcely greater than in Ph. breviceps. I^ower jaw and 
structure of supraorbital region as in typicus (at least so far as the nude is concerned). 
Middlet upper premolar obsolete or deciduous. P'or proportions of teeth see thr 
measurements given below, as compared with those in the Catalogue. 

* Cat. Mars. Jl. .V., p. 204, 1888. In the .synonymy given of this form, the name " C'lisius ulitM" is 
rojectea because antedated by Phalaiiiji.sta, allia E. Geoff., Cat. Mus., p. 148, 1803. This hitter work, how- 
ever, is now known to be merely the proof of a book which was never published, and is tlierefore quite 
invalid, and shoulil not be ciuoted. Geottrcy's Museum name alha for the albino variety of the grey Ciuscus 
proves however to have been validly published by Desniarest {.Vaiiim., I., p. 207, 1.S20) in the form 
•' Phalaiiyijfta ntfa var. alba Geoff.," so thai the name hrrrirt-ps r-Miiains unaffected by Lesson's use of 
•• albits " for the New Ireland Cusiics. 

t In view of the entire revolution that has taken place in our ideas of dental origin and homo- 
logies during the last seven years, it seems better for systematic purposes to u.se the terms "anterior," 
"middle," and "posterior" for the three Marsupial premolars, without attempting to homologise them 
individually with those of I'laitental Mammal'". 


( 1«<! ) 

Dimensions of the tyi>e, an old nude in spirit : — Head and body 4:iU mm. ; tail 
■JOO ; lower leg 92 ; hind-foot 56 ; ear (above crown, as in Catalogue) 17-5, from basal 
notch 25. Skull, basal length 78 ; greatest breadth (c) 55 ; nasals, length 32, greatest 
breadth 14-8, least bre«dth 71 ; interorbital constriction ISf) ; distance between most 
divergent jwints on supraorbital ridges 17* ; palate, length 45, breadth outside "fi-* 25-5, 
inside "^ 16-3 ; palatal foramen 6. Teeth, horizontal length of '"- (posterior pre- 
molar) 4-7, length of "Sii? 14-2. 

Type: B. M. Xo. 95.5.8.11. Paratype in Tring Museum. 

This subspecies is evidently merely a pauperised insular form of Ph. o. typicus. 
and, as already slio\vii, does not exhibit anything like the inherent difference presented 
by the Gvscus of the Solomon and Duke of '^'ork groups. 

It is unfortunate that all the four specimens obtained by Mr. 31eek are males, so 
that the characteristics of t\\e female cannot be described with certainty ; but, judging 
I'roni their form in an immature male, there is little doubt that they will prove to be 
similar to those of the fenuilf typicus. 

\2. Perameles doreyana '.'noy & Oaim. 

Adult mtik, several /«;f(((/es aud youug. 

The ver3- great difference in size between the old uudc aud the Jeriudes is note- 
worthy, the former's skidl having a basal length of 82 mm., while that of one of the 
latter is only 62 mm. long. No doubt the /nale is older than tlw fei)i(de measured, but 
the latter, by the appearance of the pouch and mammae, has evidently borne young. 
The mammae in two feiwiles number 4 — 4 = 8. 

• In t!/,neus jj If. ? ": in l,n;-i,;-j..-. J 10. <f lU. 


,.-U lO 


95 


NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE. 


Vol. II. AUGUST, 1895. No. 3. 

A REVISION OF THE PAPILIOS OF THE EASTERN 

HEMISPHERE, EXCLUSIVE OF AFRICA. 

By THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD. 

WHEX I first began the iuvestigatiuns which form thu foniidation of this 
article, I had intended to give a revision and bibliographical and S3'nonymical 
list of the Bkojxilflceni of all the islands cast of " Wallace's Line," which passes 
between the islands of Bali and Lombok. 

This revision wonld have been fonnded, as is to a great extent the present one, 
ou the collections made in the Indo- and Anstro-Malavan regions by the celebrated 
American collector Mr. William Doherty. 

However, when I came to work out some of Mr. Doherty's large and magnificent 
collections, I was very much startled to find that the synonymy and bibliography 
of the Lepidoptera were so involved and so fnll of errors, that a complete and in all 
respects scientific revision of the B/wjjaloeera of these numerous islands would 
necessitate more or less a complete reference to the Rhopalocera of the wliole of 
the old world. I therefore gave up my idea, and determined to give a series of 
monographic revisions, dealing with a few families both of Rhopnioce.ra and 
Hvterucera from the whole world, and only in such cases where I either possess 
one of the best collections of these families, or am jiarticnlarly interested in such 
families. In each case the revision or series of revisions of the species belonging 
to a family will be followed by a final generic revision. 

In the present as well as in all future revisions, scrupulous attention has and 
will be given not only to the synonymy and bibliography, but to the structure, 
neuration, scaling, scent-organs, etc., so as to base the final generic revision on as 
wide a basis as possible. 

I had hoped when I began this paper to carry out all the necessary investi- 
gations and examinations of material myself; but as the work proceeded I found 
that it involved such a vast amount of time that I was obliged to call in the 
help of Dr. Jordan, the Entomologist of the Tring Museum. 

Dr. Jordan has gone through the bibliography for me, and also has visited, both 
together with me and alone, the collections of the Britisli Museum, Messrs. Salvin 
and Godman, Mr. H. Grose Smith, Mr. Herbert W. Adams, Mr. ('rowley, and 
others ; and if it had not been for his help and care, I am afraid many years would 
have gone by before I could have even attempted to carry out this work. 

Throughout the work will be found a number of notes by Dr. Jordan, dealing 
with our metliods of investigaliou, such new or unfamiliar facts as have presented 
themselves to us, and, lastly, detailing the scope of the present article. 

14 


( IfiS ) 

I nuist here express my grateful thauks to all tliose who have so generously 
assisted me, both with their knowledge and by plaeing their collections at my 
disposal. Besides those mentioned above, I must also express my thauks to 
!Mr. C. Oberthur, Mr. J. Rfiber, Dr. Otto Staudinger, and many others for most 
invaluable helj). 

The delimitation and definition of genera can only be carried out by the study 
and comparison of the whole of the species of a family from every part of the globe ; 
tlierefore in this article I have merely divided the species into preliminary groups, 
many of which may however be the foundation of corresponding genera, to be defined 
in my final paper. As I have not in this article separated the genera, it will no 
doubt strike some people that, although I am such a strong advocate for strict 
priority and synonymy, I have contradicted myself by leaving several species of 
/'apil/o under the same specific name : this is, however, only done with a view of 
simplifying my future work ; for all these cases will finally right themselves when the 
species come to be separated aud enumerated under their jjroper generic designa- 
tions. I have in this article made one exception in regard to the group of Pajiilios 
known universally under the generic name of Ornithoptera ; this I have done more 
for the sake of the general entomologist than from a justifiable scientific reason. 
1 have, however, treated them under the head of Troir/i's, a genus of Hiibner's which 
has the priority over Boisduval's Ornitlioptera by a numl)(M' of years. 

Introductory Notes. — The jirincijial object of tliis revision is to identify the 
hitherto described Eastern Papilios and to delimitate the species, not to give 
detailed descriptions of the insei'ts dealt with, which would be the oltject of a 
monograph. As the results of our investigations often differ from those of other 
entomologists, it is necessary to give a short account of the method of our researclies, 
the means upon which they arc based, and of our views with regard to nomenclature 
and variation of the Papilios. 

Anybody who first makes the acquaintance of the numerous Eastern Pajiilios 
will be startled not only with the relatively enormous number of different forms, but 
especially with the great inconstancy of those characters by which tlie so-called 
" species " used to be and are distinguished. He will be greatly astonished at the 
extensive varialiility of the shape and pattern of the wings. When I began to study 
the Papilios more closely under Mr. Walter Rothschild's guidance, I was indeed 
first inclined to think that a revision of these confusingly variable insects could 
hardly be more than an unsuccessful attempt at identifying and classifying the 
" species " and " varieties," and of enumerating the more or less correctly identified 
forms in a manner similar to that carried out by the Felders in 18(54. But as we 
soon found that most of the mistakes in the articles dealing with the butterflies of 
the ludo-Australian Regions occurred in consequence of tlie respective authors 
having worked with too small a material, or not having compared carefully the 
descriptions of the older writers, or not having been able to identify Felder's 
" species," we became convinced that many of the errors could be avoided with the 
help of long series of specimens, a good library, and the Felderian types. 

Notwithstanding thatthe Tring Museum contains of most species greater numbers 
of specimens than entomologists usually keep in their collections, aud though we 
have compared the examples in the collections of the gentlemen named above, the 
uuiteria! examined by us is in some cases still quite insufficient for the purposes of 
this paper. Specimens without or with " dealer's " locality are worthless for our 


( 169 ) 

invest.igatious, and it is also not enough to have fifty or more inrlividnals of a 
species from a certain place ; bnt it is most important to Imve the insect in numbers 
from ever)' district where it occurs. This, however, is inipossil)le for thi> present, as 
there are still many unexplored localities in the East, and many districts where only 
a limited material lias been collected. Central Nepaul (which is probablv inhabited 
by races of Pajiilios standing intermediate between those from North- West India 
and Cashmere on the one side, and those from Sikkim and Assam on the other), the 
northern slopes of the Himalaya, Southern and Eastern Thibet, the highlands of 
Formosa, the mountains of Palawan, jMindauao, E. Celebes, Flores, Timor, etc., the 
island of Obi, several of the lesser Snuda Islands, the Charles Louis and Albert 
Victor Ranges in New Guinea, the Admiralty Islands, the islands of Bougainville, 
Choisenl, Isabel, the Santa Cruz Islands, and so forth, are practically unknown to 
entomologists, and will certainly provide us with many new forms (if Papilios. 
And even in countries better known than those above enumerated there still exist 
undiscovered Papilios, as well as many of such rarity that only one or a few specimens 
are known : the types of P. icalkeri Janson from S. India, P. mibiim Standing, from 
N. Borneo, P. prillimtzi Fruhst. from Java, an<l others are unique ; of P. sakontula 
Hew. from N. India, P. nohlei Nicev. from Burma, P. caunus Westw. from Java, etc.) 
scarcely three examples have been recorded. 

It is therefore not to bo wondered at that iu certain cases the required large 
material could not be obtained, and that the work had to proceed without it.* 

The incompleteness of our knowledge of the Indo-Australian fauna does, 
however, much less affect the identification of the hitherto described forms than 
the views in respect to the relationship of the species and races. Many of the new 
Papilios to be discovered in future will doubtless turn out to connect some of the 
insects which now appear to us specifically distinct ; others may combine the 
characters of two gronjis or genera, and a material more carefully collected in 
respect to season and exact locality, and esjjecially more carefully labelled iu the 
collections, will often prove that some of the varieties which a Papilio produces in 
a certain district, and which we look upon as being mere individual aberrations, 
are, in fact, seasonal forms, or localised races restricted to places offering altered 
conditions of life, such as mountains, swamps, etc. ; so that further discoveries will 
alter much more the classification of the PapiUonidae than the names of the Papilios. 
There are two species — P. amphitrion Cram, and P. laccdemon Fabr. — of which, to 
our knowledge, no specimens exist in collections. These species may be based upon 
painted up or otherwise mutilated individuals, and are treated in this paper with 
a (?) ; but they may just as well be rediscovered some day, and then will probably 
affect the nomenclature to a certain extent, as P. amphitrion Cram, has the priority 
over P. gambrisius Cram., and P. laa'dcmon Fabr. over P. cb/tin lanki'swaru 
(Moore). 

Montronzier's species described from Woodlark Island are also ])ractically 
unknown to science. The descriptions, though quite sufficient for the time they 
appeared (18.56), are not exhaustive enough to enable us to decide whether the 
Woodlarkian species are difFerent from the ff)rms inhabiting New Guinea and the 
neighbouring groups of islands. The Woodlark Pa}iilios are therefore simply 
enumerated under the names bestowed upon them by Montrouzier (Montronzier's 

• We call the speci.ll attention of the reader to this weak point of the revision, and should feel obliged 
if one or the other of our readers who is in pos.session of a goo<l material would criticise this paper and 
publish ihe errors he might find, or coiniiiunicatc directly with us about query points. 


( 170 ) 

" Ornithoptera boisdumli, Papilio (/itnali, teleinackits"), or <arfi treated as synonynis 
or query syiiouyius of the New Gninean insects (Montron/.ier's " Papilio ormenus, 
xei-eniii, godarti, aegistus, sarpedon, codnts "). 

Besides these species or varieties, we have not seen any specimen of the 
following forms. As most of them have heen figured, we could decide whether 
thev lire identical or not with insects known under other names, ex(dusive of Hagen's 
^.fuscus. These species and varieties are : — 

1. Troidfs priamus poseidoti ab. goliath (Oberth.) ; known to us from tlie figure 
and a photograph. 

2. Troidi's hch'fia ah.jitpiter (Oberth.) ; known from the figure. 

3. Troides amphrysus sumatranus (Hagen) ; known from the description only. 

4. Papilio mariae almae Semjier ; known from the figure. 
o. Papilio annae phlegon Feld. ; known from the figure. 

6. Papilio douhledayi sambilu»ga Doherty; known from the descrijitinn. 

7. Papilio crassipes Oberth. ; known from the fignre. 

8. Papilio nohlei Nicdv. ; known from the fignre. 

9. Papilio nevilli Elwes & Nicdv. ; known from the figure. 

10. Papilio paradoxus telesicles ah. fuscua Hagen ; known from the (leseri]ition. 

11. Papilio neumoegeni Honr. ; known from the fignre. 

12. Papilio montrouzieri ab. weshvoodi Oberth. ; known from the figure. 

13. Papilio lorquinianus albertisi Oberth. ; known from the fignre. 

14. Papilio peranthus intermedins Snell. ; known from the description and some 
notes in litteris. 

1.5. Papilio prillwitzi Fruhst. ; known from a ]ihotograph. 

16. Papilio podalirinus Oberth. ; known from the fignre. 

17. Papilio etirypylm sangirus Oberth. ; known from the figni'e. 

All the other Eastern Papilios are either contained in the Tring Museum, m- 
we could examine them in other collections. 

In order to show to the reader what material stands at tlie ])reseiit time 
at our disposal in the Tring Museum, and to provide ourselves with a kind of 
catalogue which shows at once the desiderata of the Tring Museum, we have given, 
in brackets after each locality, the numbers of specimens of each species and sub- 
species contained in Mr. Rothschild's collection from every locality. 1 expressly 
add that in most cases we also had the opportunity to examine specimens from 
such places from where the Tring Museum does not yet possess the respective 
insects. 

A careful identification of so numerous and difficult a gronj) of forms of insects 
as we have had to deal witli in tliis revision can only be carried out if one abandons 
all prejudices, if one takes none of the names by which one is accustomed to 
call certain forms for granted, and begins with the very beginning, starting in 
every case from the first mentioning of the insect in the zoological literature. 
The oldest writers upon Natural History objects, Aristoteles, Plinius, Albertns 
Magnus, and others, np to the end of tlie sixteenth century, need scarcely be taken 
into consideration. 

Tl:e first figure of a Papilio, to my knowledge, is that in Hoefnagel's Archetypa 
(lo92), where we find /'. machaon L. and P. podalirius L. represented on 
plates 11 and 12 of Part III. In the course of the seventeenth century and 
at the beginning of the eighteenth, there appeared a good many works, of 
Aldrovandus, Hollar, Moid'et, Merret, .Tonston, Petivi-r, Hajns, v\v.., in wiiich 


( 171 ) 

the European P. mackaon and podalir'tiis are described i.ir figured, aud in these 
books we finil also the first accounts of Exotic Papilios : Petiver, for example, 
figures P. rmit'inzovius Eschscli. as " Paj/ilio luzonicus maximus" etc. Petiver 
and Rajus describe P. hector L. 

While the knowledge of the American Lepidoptera increased much in conse- 
(pience of the appearance c>f Madame Merian's Metamorphosis Insectorum Suri- 
mtmensiiim (1705), only a few Eastern Pa])ilios became known until Linne's Si/stema 
Naturae.. In the tenth edition (1758) of this work, Linne adopted, for the first time, 
regulated nomenclature for all classes of animals ; he carried out the binomial 
system of nomenclature throughout the animal kingdom, EXCErr in LEPiDorrERA. 
It is very curious that Linne abandoned his binomial system when treating the 
Lppido])tera in Si/stema Saturae^ and designated these insects with three names 
(Pajiilio E(]iics Priamus, Papilio Danaus inr/amtts, etc.), indicating with the 
first name the genus, with the second a section of the genus (a " phalanx "), and 
with the third the species. The name of the subsection (Trojanug \_Tros^Prois'\, 
Achivus, Festivus, Ruralis, etc.) is not added to those of the genus, section, and 
specirs in S>/sfema Xaturae ; liut subsequent authors have also done this {Papilio 
Eques Trojanus J'riamus), so that the entomologists of the second half of the 
last century had not a bi-, but a tri- or quadrinomial nomenclature. The conse- 
quence of this superfluity of names for a butterfly or a moth was that some 
authors, like (!ramer, contented themselves with one name, the specific name, and 
called their Lepidoptera simply Priawas, Midamus, Helcfia, etc., a system which is 
still high in favour among many collectors of European Lepidoptera. 

As the tenth edition of Systema Naturae Las been accepted by zoologists as 
the starting-point of nomenclature, chiefly because Linn<5 carried out in 1758 the 
binomial nomenclature throughout all classes of animals, we must remark that this 
does not apjily to Lepidoptera ; and if one abandons the pre-Linnean names and the 
Linnean names in tlie first to ninth editions of Si/stema Naturae by reason of their 
not being in accordance with the rules of binomial nomenclature, we ought logically 
to begin with later authors (Donovan, Latreille, etc.), not with Linne. As, however, 
Linne designated the Rho[ialocera and Sphiugidae witli two names in Fauna Surcica, . 
Arnoenitates, etc. {Papilio Machaon, Papilio Polydorus, Papilio Aegisthus, etc.), 
and gave also only two names to the Sphingidae in Si/stema Naturae ed. x., it is 
clear enough that Linne's trinomial system has as basis the binomial one, aud is 
nothing else but the trinomial system adojited by many modern authors who put 
the name of a " subgenus " in brackets between the generic and specific terms. 
The relatively great number of Lepidoptera which Linnd described did not furnish 
him with many characters which he thought of generic value, and could tlierefore 
be divided only into a very limited number of genera {Papilio, Sphinx, Phalaena). 
Linne erected (1758), for example, 22 geuera for 504 species of Coleoptera, and 
only 3 genera for 535 species of Lepidoptera. The genera Papilio, Sphinx, and 
Phalaena contained each so many species that a division into " Phalanges " was 
necessary ; and in order to indicate the closer relationship of a species, Linne added 
the name of the "Phalanx" or "Section" or "Subgenus" to those of the genus 
and species of Papilio and Phalaena, just as Messrs. Elwes, de Niceville, Semi)er, 
and other reliable authors are accustomed to do at the present time, with the 
exception that Linne did not put the additional name in unnecessary brackets. If 
one takes this i>oint of view, as we do, one must accept the Liiuiean names, and, 
as in the works jmblished before 1758 no regulated nomenclature has been applied. 


( 172 ) 

can iiejrlett tho!>e uamcs wliicli the iusects have received before the tenth <Mliti(iu of 
Si/stema Naturae (1758).* 

Linn6 received a great many of his iusects from Holland, and tiiat explains 
how it came that so many Liunean species are forms inhabiting tlie old Dutch 
colonies Surinam, (Jai)e Colony, and Amboina. 

The greatest part of the species shortly diagnosed in S'/ntcma Naturae, vd. x.. 
have been more fully redescribed in Mus. Lud. Ulr. (1764), and an excellent 
revision of the species of this latter work, based especially upon an unpublislied 
manuscript of Liune and a good number of Linnean specimens, has been given by 
Professor Dr. Christopher AurivDlius in 1882 {Recensio Critica Lepidopterorum 
Mu.iei Ludoticae Ulricae quae descripsit Carolus a Linn^ in Kongl. Sv. Vet. 
Ak. Handl. XIX. o). Though we agree in most points with Aurivillius' explana- 
tions, we come nevertheless in some cases to other conclusions, the reasons of which 
are given under the respective species : so we treat the Aurivilliau P. pantkous L. 
as T. hypolitus (Cram.), P. helena L. as T. oblong omaculatus (Goeze), P. erithonius 
Cram, as P. denwleus (L.). 

Some of the Liunean species of 1758 are undoubtedly described from figures, 
not from specimens (P. E. helena, for examj)le), and in such cases we have to rely 
upou the figure and the accompanying notes of the (juoted author. 

A great help in identifjing the Linnean Papilios are Clerck's Icones Imectorum 
(17()4), ])art of the figures in this work, whicli we have compared at the library of 
the British Musenm, being taken from specimens in the Museum of the Queen 
Ludovica Ulrica, and it is on the whole not so difficult to apply the Linnean names 
to the right species of Papilio, though it remains sometimes rather doubtful which 
special local race of a species Linne had before him (see p. 182). 

Shortly after Liune's Mus. Lud. Ulr. the Thcmuru.'s oi i'mha, came out (17G5), in 
which a great many Amboiua Lepidoptera are figured. The figures of Seba caunot 
boast of being correct ; nevertheless cue can recognise the Papilios pretty well, aud 
must, therefore, accept the names proposed for them by Goeze, Ent. Bei/tr.,m 1779, 
so far as these species do not have older names, (ioeze's Papilio fuscus has the 
priority over Cramer's P. .icterus, P. castaneus Goeze over P. pertinax Wallace. 

The post-Cramerian authors, Jablonsky, Herbst, and Esper, characterised only 
a few new Papilios, of which the P. pandarus Jablousky {nee Linn6)= P. pseudo- 
pandarus Esper is a ."ipee. Jict. The text of Esper's Ausl'indi.Hc/m Scliinetterlinge 
contains many useful remarks about the identification of certain Linnean species. 

Of the Fabrician species some are not recognisable (P. pompilim, P. orestes), 
another is undoubtedly based upou a mutilated specimen (P. astyanax), and they 
are best treated as synonyms. 

The first important work on Lepidoptera at the beginning of this century was 
Sammlung Exotiseher Schmetterliuye of Hiibner, who, j)reserving only the specific 
names of the older authors and dividing the genus Papilio into a profusion of 
groujis. introduced a great many terms ; in the text of Vol. L (24 pages only) 
Huliuer ado])ted tlie binomial nomenclature, while on the plates of Vol. I. he gives 
three names {Princeps heroicus Hector, Princeps dominans Erithonius, etc.) ; the 
didsion into genera has been carried out in Verz. bek. Schmett. (1816), and on the 
plates of Vol. II. of Samml. Ex. Scliinett. 

Until l8l'.», when Godart described the Lepidoptera in Enc. Met/). IX., the 

* For the sake of convenience tlic species which have been designateil Ijy old authors (Cinniur, I.inne. 
Fabricius, etc.) with one, three, or four names .ire quoted in the synonymy of this revision quadriuomially. 


( 173 ) 

descriptions of the Papilios liiid been alwajs very incomplete ; but from this time 
they became more exhaustive and satisfactory. The principal works on Eastern 
Lepidoptera whicli appeared from 181'.) to 1864 are Godart (1819), Horsfield 
(1828), Zinkeu (1832), several "Voyages," Lucas (1835), Boisduval (183G), 
De Haan (184U), Doubleday (1846), Horstield & Moore (1857), Felder (1864). 
In this period falls the foundation of many Entomological Societies publishing special 
periodicals, of which the Transactions of the London Entomolo(jic<tl SoriH}/ (1812) 
and the Bcli/ian Annals (1832) are the oldest. 

In the Felderian systematic List of Papilionidae (1864) the species are for 
the first time grouped according to their natural relationship, not according to 
superficial resemblance ; this catalogue is not free from grave mistakes, but there 
are such a number of then new facts explained in the notes after the list — facts 
which many recent authors have entirely overlooked— that I consider the Felderian 
catalogue the most important work dealing with the classification of the Papilios. 
Felder's descriptions of new " sjiecies " in this catalogue and in his great work in 
Reise Xoi-in-a (1865) are, however, not so satisfactory ; in many cases the " species" 
arc characterised from one or a few specimens, which, as the types in Felder's 
collection prove, were moreover in bad condition, and hence it came that Felder 
often mistook individual or geographical differences of his examples for specific 
characters ; indeed nearly all the Felderian " species " of the Indo-Anstralian Regions 
are local races of older species, or mere individual aberrations, of some sixty forms 
about fifteen only being specifically distinct. The " types " of Felder's Papilios are 
not all in the Felderian collection, now in the Museum at Tring ; some are in the 
Vienna Musenm, others in the collection of Mr. G. Semper (Altona), while of a few 
forms apparently no specimen has been marked as type. In no case have we been 
left in doubt about a Felderian form. 

In the same year (1865) when Felder's Lepidoptera in Beise Nocara were 
jjulilished, Wallace's famous article about the Eastern Papilios appeared, and the 
new species described in it are mostly identical with those of Felder. The exact 
dates of publication of Felder's and Wallace's species are unknown ; but Felder 
seems to have the priority of some months. Wallace's types are all lost, or if the 
actual type-specimen of one or the other species be preserved in the Hewitson 
collection, it is not marked as such and cannot be regarded as type. 

Since Wallace's paper our knowledge of the Eastern Papilios has bcim much 
increased by articles and special books dealing with the Lepidoptera of limited 
districts. Moore's Lepidoptera of Ceylon, Distant's Rhopalocera Malayana, 
Semper's 'J'aijfalter der Pkilippinen, Leech's Butterflies of China, Corea, and 
Japan, Staudinger's Lepidoptera of Falaican, and Elwes's Catalogue of the 
Lepidoptera of Sikkim are the most important works out of a very great number. 

Local lists which, like Elwes's Catalogue, furnish us with notes abont habits, 
and, like Staudinger's Lepidoptera of Palawan, with detailed remarks about the 
indivithiid variation of the insects, are extremely useful, provided the author restricts 
himself to a small area and takes his notes only from specimens captured in that 
district. The names under which the species are enumerated in local lists are often 
erroneous ; but that does not do much injury, in the case of Papilio, to the value of 
the list, as one can nearly always see which form the author has meant ; we learn, 
indeed, from the note under Papilio utidrof/etfs Cram, in Elwes's Catalogue of the, 
Sikkim Lepidoptera iust as much as if the right name P. memnon agenor L. had been 
api)lied tii this insect. AVliat is, however, very confusing, and often more than 


( 17-1 ) 

confusing, is the meth(xl aJojitcd by Mr. Leech in liis ButtirJIies of China, otc, wbo 
compiles the descriptions of the species and varieties from other authors oven 
when the description does not fully fit the Chinese insect, and omits in many 
cases to say whether a certain aberration which he refers to occurs all over tlie area 
dealt with, or is localised, and whether certain species vary iu tlie same direction 
and to the same extent in all the Chiuo-Japanese localities which have been 
explored. 

Four recent papers deal with Papilionidae alone : Elmer, Die ArtbilduMj uml 
Verwandtschaft hei den Schmetterlingen (1889) ; Fickert, tjber die Zeichnungs- 
cerhdltnigse der Gattung Ornithopterii (in Zool. Jahrbilch. IV. 1 889) ; Haase, 
'JntersMhungen iiber die Mimicry I. (1893) ; Rippou, Icones Ornitkopteroruni 
(1889—). The general results of Elmer's and Fickcrt's investigations are very 
interesting ; the papers are nevertheless of little conseipience for the systematic 
worker, as both authors apparently employed too small a material to enable them 
to avoid grave errors iu respect to the relationship of the various Pajiilios. In 
Haase's Untersuchungen so many single new facts are mentioned that we derive 
from this work more knowledge as regards (he relation of the species and races than 
from any other paper since Felder's catalogue. Rippon's Icones are not yet 
completed ; the types of Rippon's new forms of Troides are in the Tring Museum, 
so that we could easily decide about their specific distinctness. 

After having satisfied ourselves that our identification of a Papilio was correct, 
we tried to trace the species, subspecies, or aberration from its first appearance in 
zoological literature up to the present time, and .so came naturally to draw up the 
bibliography — which cannot be expected to be complete in every case— and 
synonymy of each Papilio ; the bibliography of aberrations could not always be kept 
separate from that of the typical form of the species or subspecies. The various 
forms of polymorphic Papilios, like those of P. pobjtes L., memmn L., etc., are 
designated before the quotations thus: ?"', ?'-', ?''', the nnmbers (1), (2), (3) 
corresponding with the order in which the resisective forms are treated in the 
text ; these designations conld not always be em}iloyed in the synonymy, as we 
were sometimes unable to ascertain whicli special form an author had dealt with. 
Behind many quotations the reader wDl find a short note concerning the habitat, 
habits, etc., of the Papilio as it has been given by the quoted authors ; the remarks 
printed in italics are ours. 

After the heading of every sjiecics and subspecies we give a short note stating 
which sex and state of the Papilio are known. In the synonymy we employ, besides 
the usual designations for the sexes ((?, ? ), — 

/. for lar>:a ; 
p. for pupa ; 
metam. for metamorphosis. 

The number of species of which we do nut know tlie larvae and pupae is still 
very great ; but I am sure that the entomologists residing in India., Borneo, 
Sumatra, etc., can in some cases easily increase our knowledge of the earlier stages 
of Papilio. 

As the name of the author of a species is as necessary as the generic term 
to comprehend which insect is meant by any specific name, and as the generic and 
specific names cannot be separated from one another by a comma or point, we 
think it only logical not to separate the name of the actual author of a species 


( ^'^ ) 

or variety by ;i C(imma from the specific or varietal name. Whei], however, an 
author cited by us deals with an insect under the name which has been given 
to it by anotlier antlior, we pnt a comma iti order to indicate that the ([noting 
writer is not the author of the res])ective species ; we quote for example Papilio 
meituioH L., but P. nu'inrioii^ ('mm., the latter quotation being' an abbreviation for 
P. mcmnoii L., Cram. 

If we have understood that a classification of animals is impossible without 
acce])ting a regulated nomenclature, we must consequently also admit that it is the 
stability of names which is most desirable. Tlie first step to this stability of 
nomenclature is taken by accepting the law of strict priority. It is j)erhaps due 
to the enormous number of forms of insect life which wholly occupy the time of 
entomologists, and render alterations of names very objectionable to them, that so 
many pajiers have been written by entomologists against the strict application of 
the law of priority and in favour of the names "generally in use" (cf. (Juenee, 
yoctmlitps, 1852; Be.rl. Ent. Zdi. II. 1858; Lewis, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1875: 
etc., etc.). The first name which a Papilio has received is applied to it in this 
revision, whether the name be correctly spelt or not, whether its meaning applies to 
the characters of the insect, or whether the name is confusing. A word pul)lished as 
the name of an animal is from the date of publication * fixed for science: nobody 
dare make alterations of the word in single cases ; only such alterations must be 
allowed as ai)])ly to all names of the same category, either to all generic or to 
all specific names. There are four general rules according to which the specific 
and varietal names have been altered in this pajjer : — 

1. All the specific and varietal names have to be treated, like the generic terms, 
as one word. Papilio van rie Polli has been altered into P. taivlepnlli. 

2. All the spi'cific and varietal names have to be written with small initials in 
order to distinguish them from the generic terms. 

3. All the specific and varietal names which are Latin adjectives or can be 
treated as such have to receive a masculine ending, because Papilin is masculine- 
Barbaric names, which are so much in favour among modern entomologists, cannot 
be altered. Papilio cheiitsoiiq OVierth. remains ekentsong, P. )ie~nhualco>/otl Strecker 
remains nezahwalcoyoll. 

4. All the specific and varietal names derived from non-Latin names of persons 
and standing in genitive form have to be formed so that one '• /" only is added to 
the name of the person. Papilio harjenii has been altered into P. hagem, P. alber- 
tisii into P. albertisi ; P. heccarii, of course, remains beccarii. 

All other alterations have been objected to in this revision. 

Notwithstanding that the first name given to a Papilio has been generally 
applied, we had to replace some names by others in such cases where the same name 
occurred among forms of the same species (P. biitlcri, n. 1 39 ; P. mi'dor, n. '.)5), or closely 
allied species which will certainly come under one generic term in the final generic 
revision of the Papilionidae (Troides hypolitux celebensis, n. 9; T. oblonyomaculatm 
celcbensifi, n. 18). 1 am aware that certain entomologists will not approve- of these 

* Thouj^h every editor nowadays ought to know that it is very importiint to give the exact date ot issue 
of a work, there appear nevertheless many papera wliich are not dated or bear a wrong date ; and it i s 
very cuiious to see that the wrong date is alway.s previous to the e.^act date of issue : see Abhaiull. u 
Biru-hir 3fm. Dmilen ; Moore, Lep. Imlicii : Tijdwhi: v. Ent. ; Hull. Soc. Ent. de Francr ; and others. 
Very inconvenient for quotiitions are those works which adopt for every number of a volume, or for every 
genus dealt with, a separate numbering of the pages ; see Abltandl. u. Jierichtc Mm. DrcMhn ; Grose 
Smith & Kirliy, Rhoi>. Exot. 


( IVf. ) 

alterntioiit;. In many jiapers, of whicli 1 mention only Ila;^en, Iris VII., Letzner, 
Kiijer Sch/esiens, Scliilsky, Ka/er Preusseiis, the opinion has been expressed and 
carried out that the same name can be used several times for varieties of the species 
of a genus ; thus Hagen proposes the uames Pupilio hewitsoiii var. sumutrana, 
P. neptunus var. siimalrana, P. cloant/ius var. sumatrana. The theoretical reasons 
in favour of this system are considerable; practically, however, the system leads, not 
to stability, but to instabilily of nomenchiture. What Hagen regards as varieties 
Other people will treat as species — P. hewitsoni var. sumatrana Hagen has, indeed, 
previously been described by de Nicdville as a distinct species, P.petra Nicev. — and 
then the insects will have to be renamed ; other scientists come afterwards again to 
the opinion that the insect is nevertheless a variety only and must be caUed with the 
first uame. Thus a change of names will bo in mauy cases the cousetiueuce of that 
system of nomenclature. As there is no general character which enables one to see 
at once whether a form is s])ecifically distinct or is only a variety, and as, therefore, 
very often a certain form will be treated by some entomologists as sj)ecies, by others 
as variety, and as the way to the truth is in many cases still very long, the same 
name dare not occur twice in the same geuus, uo matter whether the name be applied 
to species or varieties. And it is advisable even to avoid a uame which already 
occurs in an allied genus for a new form ; the genera, or the views of entomologists 
ill res))ect to the delimitation of the genera, are changeable, and what now stands 
in two or more allied genera will often come in future under one generic term, and 
then the forms bearing the same uame will have to be renamed (compare Kirby's 
Catnlogue of Heterorrra and Hamjison's Moths of Jndi(i). 

The law of strict priority, without which a stable nomenclature will never be 
obtained, must also be applied to " composite " species, i.e. it must be applied to 
such cases where several species or varieties of a geuus have received the same name 
by the same author. If the different forms which are erroneously treated as being 
the same are described one after the other — it cannot be of any consequence whether 
the descriptions appeared at the same time, under the same heading, or at diti'ereut 
places — it is not difficult to decide to which insect alone the respective name must 
be restricted. As Linn^ described an Indian Papilio as demole.u.<i in IToS, andau 
African one under rhe same uame iu 1764, it is evident that the name u'i di'inoleus 
must be applied to the Indian, not to the African butterfly. In 17<i4 Linne 
characterised two insects as P. panthous, first a black and white coloured Papilio as 
one sex, and then, as the other se.\, a black and yellow coloured butterfly. We have 
here two P. E. panthous L. described one after the other, though under the same 
heading and number ; the first characterised Pa])ilio has certainly the priority, as it 
stands before the other. If, however, the description of the composite species does 
not help us in this or a similar manner, we must accept the identification of that 
author who is the first to deal with tlie insects in question after tlie jiublication of 
the common name. Thus we liave treated all the composite species and varieties : 
Troides panthous (L.); Troides helena (L.); Papilio lorquinianus phiUppus \Vall. ; 
P . demoUus L. ; etc. 

Wlicn we had come to a decision about the correc! name of a Pa()ilio, and had 
learnt I'rom the literature what is known of the insect, there remained the diliicuh 
question to solve whether this butterfly be the type of a distinct sjiecies or a varietal 
form of another Papilio. It is usually said that the specific distinctness or non- 
distinctness of a Papilio or other animal very often de])ends on the individual views 
of an author, and that there is uo general parting line between species and varietal 


f 177 ) 

foniis. This is indeed true ou lii'st siglit, and renders it necessary to explain our 
iudividiial position concerning that question, the more so as the number of distinct 
species has been so much decreased in this paper as compared with the number in 
Felder's list. We carried out our researches in dividing first the six hundred odd 
named forms of Palaearctic and Eastern Papilios into preliminary groups which 
are characterised especially by difi'ereuees in structure, and whicli will partly stand 
as genera in the final generic revision (Mox-group, /wcior-gTowp, etc.), then uniting 
again those forms of each group which exhibit a rather great similarity in pattern 
and the minor structural characters {enrypylus, lycaon, saUastius, eurypi/lidfs, axion, 
Jason, mikado) into sections which mostly turned out to agree with " species," and 
then finally studying comparatively every form of such a section in respect to the 
extent of variation, with a special view to find a practical rule which might lead 
us to delimitate the species scientifically, not arbitiarily, in the case of each Papilio. 
When we examine the individuals reared from the eggs of one femaU in every 
resjject, we sliall always find some characters by which one individual is distinguished 
from the other ; the individual characters of a specimen are often very obvious 
(P. memnon L., P. aristolockiae Fabr., P. ormenus Guer., etc.), sometimes however 
perceivable finly by microscopical examination. If it were possible to lireed 
generation after generation from the offsprings of a single _/(?»««/<■ under the natural 
conditions of life of that locality where the first /ewrtfe had lived as caterpillar and 
])upa, the dift'erences of the specimens tluis obtained would show us the extent of 
variation of the insect at that ]}eculiar place. This can practically not be accom- 
plislied, and we have to content ourselves with the knowledge derived from breeding 
of one generation of Papilios reared from eggs which were observed tn be deposited 
by a specimen, or from caterpillars feeding together and being apparently the 
offspring oi one female. The experiences already gained by rearing of Papilios, 
though limited, can nevertheless very well serve as proof that the specimens flying 
together at a certain place, and exhibiting no greater difterences among themselves 
than we are accustomed to find among the individuals reared from the eggs of a 
female, belong to the same kind of insect, to the same species. The breeding of 
sjiecimens shows further tliat tlie variation takes place in such a manner that the 
extremes are connected by intergradations, except in the case of melanistic and 
albinistic specimens, and so-called " sports," which stand often (not always) 
isolated among the rest of the individuals. This gradual variation from large-spotted 
to small-spotted, from broad-banded to narrow-banded, from tailed to toothed 
specimens, enables us iu most cases where there is no help by breeding to come to a 
right opinion abont the extent of the variation of a Papilio species. If there is a 
gradual chain of varieties from one extreme to the other, neither the extremes nor 
the intermediate degrees of variation can be regarded as indicatitig specific distinct- 
ness of the respective individuals. When we see that the Indian P. euri/pi/lus L. 
varies in the same locality gradually from being provided with large submarginal 
markings to having small spots, it is impossible that Moore's P. acheroii is anything 
else but a representative of a certain degree of variation of that eunjpi/lus ; when we 
observe that in the South Indian and Ceylonese P. sarpedon L. the first (post- 
costal) spot of the median band on the forewings becomes more and more obsolete, 
disappears altogether on one wing, while it is still traceable on the other, it is 
illogical to regard the specimens without the spot as being specifically distinct 
(P. fliermoduaa .Swinhoe) ; and when we further have o^ the South Indian and 
Singhalese P. crino Fabr. a series of specimens from one place which show a 


( 17« ) 

gradual decrease, ending in total obliteration, of the hairy stripe on the forewing of 
the male, and a slight and gradual increase of the breadth of the green band, we can be 
(piite certain that P. montaiius Felder, without hairy strijie and with rather broader 
band, is only an extreme variation of 1'. cri/w P'abr. Tlie number of species based on 
individual characters is very great. 

The limits of variation of a species do not often exactly correspond at ditferent 
jilaces of a certain district. Every field-entomologist knows that, within a district 
where the usual or typical form flies, there are often some special localities where 
the specimens of that insect vary to a greater extent, and that at such a locality 
some or all the individuals of a species stand outside the usual limits of variation of 
that species. These varieties, however, are iigaiu connected with the usual form of 
the insect by intergradations, and thus jirove to be indeed varieties. As we further 
know from the experiments of Dorft'mcister, Weismaun, iStandfuss, i\Ierrifield, and 
others, that nnder altered circumstances the limits of variation can be much dilated, 
it is a jiriori probable that the specimens of a Papilio living on a peculiar ]ilace, like 
swamps or valleys, are influenced in a ditferent degree or even in a different direction 
than those living on desert land or at higher elevations. Here we have localised 
varieties; but the material contained in collections very seldom tells us anything 
about the localisation of varieties within a limited district, as the specimens are 
mostly simply labelled '• Sikkim," " Assam," " Borneo," etc. Indeed, only a local 
observer who collects for many years at the same place can go in for a special study 
of the distribution of the varieties in his district. The local lists we have of Eastern 
Papilios give already here and there observations in this direction, but the notes are 
so scanty that in this paper that kind of localised variation could not be dis- 
tinguished from the general imiiridual variation of the specimens of a given 
district. 

Besides the effects of localised conditions of life we observe a change of the 
characters in the Papilios caused by the different climatical conditions of the seasons. 
While, however, it is well known that the generations of Papilios subsequently 
following one another in the course of the year in the temperate regions differ 
remarkably {P. xanthus L. and xtithulus Brem. ; P. bianor maacki Men. and niddei 
Brem. ; P. polyctov Boisd. and joeez-o^ra Moore; P. iiudalirius feistkameli Dup. and 
lutteri Aust.; etc.), we have scarcely any notes about the differences of the 
generations of the dry and wet seasons of the tropical regions. We know in a few 
cases that a certain variety occurs only during some months of the year, and can 
sometimes conclude from the dates of ca])ture of the specimens in collections that 
a Papilio varii's witiiin the same limits during certain months of the year; but 
detailed observations are almost wanting. The spring and summer generations of 
tlie Cashmerian P. polyctor Boisd. are different, while the Sikkimese representative 
form of P. polyctov, namely P. polyctor ganesa Doubl., is seasonall}' monomorphic ; 
the Jajiariese P. unrpedon L. is seasonally dimorphic, while the Indian surpedou is 
moudniorphic ; the Chino-Japanese P. hinnot Cram., /-■. xanthua L., P. machaon L., 
and tiie Va\a,Qa.xct\c P. podalirius'L.,wc& conspicuously seasonally dimorphic, while no 
Indo-Australiau species of Papilios shows, to our knowledge, so marked differences 
between the succeeding broods. The influence of the low temjierature of the winter 
in temperate regions seems, therefore, to be much greater than tlie influence of tlie 
dry season in Indo-Australia. We distinguish accordingly the ■•scnsomil IVoni the 
indiridual variation only in the case of some Chin(i-.lai)anese, X.W. Imlinn. and 
Palaearctic species. 


( 179 ) 

When we now proceed from one ilistrict into another, say from North Imlia to 
Ceylon, or from Borneo to the Philippines, and examine the Papilios, we find a good 
many speoios which have remained the same, althoug-h the limits of variation 
are sometimes dilated or restricted in one or more directions of development : 
P. eiirt/pylus L. from Java is the same as that from N. India, Imt is less vaviaMc ; 
P. arktolockiae Fahr. from China va-ies more than ai-istolorhi -c from Sikkim, and 
the latter varies differently from the davan aristolochiae. The differences between 
the Indian and Java.n euri/pi/lns, and those l)etvveen the Indian, Chinese, and Javan 
arisfolorhiiie, do not apply to all specimens of the respective localities, lint it is only 
a limited unmlier of individnals which exhibit the peculiarity in pattern, colon r, or 
shape whicli is not met with amongst the individnals from other districts ; and 
liere we have the recognisalde beginning of localised variation. The green aberration 
horneiiKunii Pagenstech, of the blue T. priamus urmlliamis Gu^r. occurs only in 
New Britain and New Ireland; the aberration tiinorensis Feld. of the frmalc of 
P. pobjtes theseus Cram, is restricted to Timor and the neighbouring islands. ^\'hen 
under the influence of the altered " b/o/'oi'/wsi.s," as it has been termed bv Jliibins, 
the number of aberrant specimens gradually increases, we come to such cases 
where the specimens of form A inliabiting a certain country are nearly all different 
from the individuals of the nearest allied form B, but wliore the areas of variation 
overlap, the most advanced specimens of form A being further developed than the 
least advanced examples of form B : some individuals of the broad-banded F. 
emypylus choredon Feld. from Queensland have narrower bands than certain 
specimens of the narrow-banded P. earypylus axion Feld. from India ; ^.omefetnales 
of tlie Javan Troides lielena (L.) have the subdiscal black spots on the liindwings 
more isolated than certain individuals of the Indian T. Itehnta cerberus (Feld.); the 
individuals of the Jajianese sjiring-brood of P. sarpedon L. agree with the Indo- 
Malayan sarpedon ; the specimens of the summer-broods differ somewhat and 
stand close to certain Chinese examples ; many Chinese specimens of P. sarpedon 
are the same as Indian ones, others are slightly different, and a great many are 
quite aberrant (P. sarpedon semi/asciatus Honr.). The direction in which the 
development of a species takes place in the various districts is often the same, often 
different. In the Ceylonese and Celebesian P. sarpedon L. the band of the wings 
becomes narrow, in sarpedon from Queensland it is broad ; in the Chinese specimens 
it is liable to obliteration ; in the Celebesian and Muluccan individuals of sarpedon 
the submargiual spots to the hindwings and the median band assume a blue colour ; 
in the Ceylonese sarpedon the first spot of the median band is often absent, while in 
the specimens from the Bismarck Arcliipelago an additional spot appears, etc. 

The next step in the develojinient of localised varieties is rejiresented by 
such forms as are distinguished in every individual, sometimes only in one 
sex, by certain characters from the nearest ally, but vary to such an extent 
that the lower limit of variation of one form is the upper limit of the other, 
so that there is a complete chain of intergradatious between the least advanced 
specimens of one form and the most advanced of the other. The Celebesian 
P. sarpedon L. is always well recognisable, but the specimens from Sanghir 
and Talant agree partly with the least advanced Celebesian individuals, and 
apjiroach on the other side so closely the Bloluccan P. sarpedon that we cannot draw 
a parting line between the form inhabiting Celebes, Sanghir, and Talant {P. sar- 
pedon miloH Feld.) and the form from the Moluccas {P. sarpedon authedon Feld.). 
Fapilio antiphus Fabr. has ijuite a different appearance from /'. aristolockiae Fabr. ; 


( 180 ) 

but as the first sometimes acquires the white murkinsrs on the liindwings, and tlie 
latter has them occasionally indistinctly dcvelojieil, there is no character by which 
the two Pai)ilios are always separated. Such localised forms can, therefore, uot be 
regarded as speciiically distinct, bnt represent, together with other forms, the degrees 
of variation of iin insect. 

To sum np, we practically distingnish fivo jirincipal degrees of variation of 
a species : — 

1. A species witii a wider range develops mostly in the diiferent districts into 
more or less well-characterised local or geographical forms (races), which are termed 
in this j)aper xufj.yx'ciffi. PVlder's P. tcredon (Ceylon and S. India), milon (Celebes, 
Sanghir, and Talaut, Sulla Islands), anthedon (Moluccas), chori'don (Queensland), etc., 
are all subspecies of P. sarpedon L. (India, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, 
Japan) ; .and all the subspecies, together with the Linnean i^nvppdnn, compose the 
entire species. 

2. If only a relatively small number of sjiecimens in a certain locality, uot all 
over the area inhabited by the subspecies or species, exhibit a peculiar character, 
while the greater mmiber are not different from the usual type, we have a localised 
indiridual variation, which we term loml individmil aberration, aberratio alicuiiis 
loci = (lb. loc. T. priamua vrrillianus ab. loc. bornemanm Pagenstech. does not 
occur on the Solomon Islands, being restricted to the Bismarck Archipelago. 

3. The various generations of a species or subspecies are sometimes difl'erent 
from one another ; the species is divided into seasonal forms, which are termed here 
aberratio genei-ationis aestimlis seu rcrnaUs = ab. gen. aet^f. sen vern. : P. .mtitliii.^ 
ab. gen. vern. xutkulus Brem. ; P. polydor ab. gen. vern. peeroza Moore. 

4. Among the individuals of a species or subspecies some are occasionally so 
aberrant that the term individual aberration or simply aberration is proposed for 
them : P. machaon ab. niger Heyne. When the aberratiou is confined to one se.x, 
the designation (J,?) of that sex has been added : /'. hianor iti/fanius c?-ab. dialis 
Leech : 7'. priann/s po.^eidon ?-ab. arcliideus (Gray). 

o. There are a number of Papilios {P. adiates Sulzer, romuhis Cram., etc.) 
which stand isolated, uot being connected with other forms by a continuous chain of 
intergradations. Though rearing alone can definitely decide whether these Papilios 
are all varieties of others, it is mostly beyond doubt tliat we have here to deal with 
forms of polymorphic species. For these forms, which all belong to t\ie. female sex, 
of certain polymorphic species {P. pohjtes L., P memnon L., P. rumanzovius 
Eschsch.), the term feminue forma (?-f.) is proposed : P. memnon ?-f achntiade,^ 
Esper. When the ?-f is restricted to a certain district, we term it ?-f. loc. = ? -f 
alicuius loci. A strict parting line between " ?-al).'" ami '■ 9-f." cannot be 
drawn. 

With this detailed terminology the various kinds of variation, the dill'erent 
steps in the development of the ehara(^ters of a species, can be kept sejjarate. Since 
the word variety (carietas, Yarietitt) has been, and is, applied in science in- 
discriminately to every kind of variation, it has been avoided in this pai)er as 
a special term. 

The systematist who niidertakes to characterise the families and genera without 
an extended knowledge of the species, which are the foundation-stones of the 
zoological system, will often come to erroneous conclusions, and so will everybody 
who characterises species without studying the variations. It is impossible to 
understand the relationship of closely allied sjiecies witiiout a knowledge of tlic 


( 181 ) 

varieties, and wlien one neglects the latter, one neglects also the most strikiiig facts 
which can serve to explain the origin of species. The highest degree of variation 
of a Papilio is the development into another species. The highly interesting 
r. ixnitdiT Godm. & Salv. from the Solomon Islands stood rather isolated nntil now; 
in this paper two varieties of 1'. .virprdon L. are cliaracterised which at once 
explain the pecnliarities in the character of P. isaiidcr, and show that it differs from 
snrpcrlon oul}' quantitatively. The Bismarck Archipelago is inhabited by a repre- 
sentative species of P. cfldrua Cram, with iuterrnpted median band to the forewings, 
P si'qoiifKf Godm. & Salv. ; from the extent of variation of seffonu.c and the 
Solomon Islands' codri(s, we can conclude that segomix was derived from rodnis. 
The distinguishing characters of P. segonax, i.sander, and many other species 
(P. ncheron Grose Smith, epaminondas Oberth., oi-natus Kothsch., pi'i/f/rs Wall., 
lorqiii)iianus Feld., etc.) are more or less indicated in certain varieties of their 
nearest allies ; there is uotliing entirely new in their structure, pattern, or shape, and 
they are, indeed, in a ]>hyllogenetical sense, only further developments of P. codrus, 
snrppdon, forhesi, antipliates, peranthus, respectively. But the chain of intergrada- 
tions between P. codrus and segonax, sarpedon and isonder, (intiphntcs and 
epaminondas, peranthus and pericles, etc., is incomplete, and tljere are exact parting 
lines between these Papilios. It is therefore possible to give the limits of variation 
of a species such as we observe them in the individuals brought home from the area 
inhabited by the species, and to come to a scientific decision about the distinctness 
or non-distinctness of a Papilio form. If the characters of a Papilio are only 
quantitatively ilift'erent from those of another, it is a priori probable that both forms 
belong to one species : but if a long series of either Papilio from different places, and 
collected at dift'erent times, does not furnish us with a continuous bridge from one 
Papilio to the other, we have no right to fill up mentally the space between the two 
forms by intergradations which do not exist according to the state of our know- 
ledge. We consider, therefore, all those Pa])ilios as varietal forms of tlie same 
species which are connected with one another, in one or both sexes, by intergrada- 
tions ; and treat those forms as specifically <listinct, however closely allied they may 
be, which no chain of intergraduate specimens combines. 

The reasons which induce the scientist to give names to the species, genera, 
families, etc., ajiply also to the variations, and the varietal forms have accordingly 
been treated in this revision under names of their own. The authors of treatises 
about general zoology, or generic classification, can be contenteil with the names of 
the species, and the entomologists who begin to study the Papilios, or are not able 
to perceive minute ditferences, or collect only for the sake of collecting, will also 
much facilitate matters for themselves by abandoning the varietal names 
altogether. 

In accordance with the usage of designating a species witli a generic and 
specific term, and of writing Papilio eurypylus L. instead of " genus " Papilio 
' species " eirrgpyltts L., we employ for the subspecies three terms, the generic, 
specific, and subspecific term, and write thus : Papilio fiurypi/ltis axion Feld. 
Phyllogenetically interpreted P. eurypylus axion Feld. means that the Indian axion 
Feld. is a local form of the Amboinese eurypylus L., i.e. that axion has developed 
from curypjylus, which is most probably erroneous. The Amboinese eurypylus is 
nothing else but also a local race of a Papilio which ranges from India to the 
Papuan Islands and to which the first name {eurypylus) given to one of its sub- 
species is applied. 


( 182 ) 

It is certainly wroug to say the Amboinese Papilio eurijjxjlus is ;i species, aud 
b/raon from Qneeiisland, /^aOT/i/('//«s from Celebes, etc., are only subspecies of the 
Aiuboiuese 1'. eitri/pylus L. Highlly the Amboiuese etiri/pylus ought also to be 
treated as subspecies, so that we could speak of P. euri/pi/lus L., meaning the entire 
species with all its subspecies, and of P. eurijpyliis eunjpylus L., P. eurypi/lus 
hjcaon FelJ., P. eiirypylus pamphylua Feld., P. eurypylus mikado Leech, etc., 
meaning the local races. This system of nomenclature, which could not be carrieil 
out in NoviTATES Zoologicae as it is against the rules ot nomenclature adopted by 
the Editors, would often much simplify the identification of the Papilios of old 
authors ; in every case of Eastern I'ajjilios (except P. lacedemon Fabr. and P. 
(imphitrion Cram.) we can ascertain beyond doubt which species Linn^, Fabricius, 
etc., had before them, but the special subspecies remains sometimes uncertain. 
In snch query cases the oldest name could be kej)t for the whole species, while every 
subspecies would have to receive a name of its own. 

Many remarkable facts concerning the variation aud gcograi)liical distribution, 
a few of which the reader will find mentioned in the course of this paper, jiresented 
themselves to us : liut we think it better not to give an account of them before we 
have dealt with the Papilios of the globe, in order to avoid unnecessary repetition, 
and to be able to illustrate more fully the relations between continuous and 
discontinuous variation on one side and the characters of subspecies aud closely 
allied species on the other. 


 Subcostal nervulc(br,'inch). 


Ti:RMiM>i.o(iY OF Necration. 

I"- Praecostal nervuie (hindwings only). 

1 . Ccstal nervure. 

■J. SulK.'o.'ital nervure and its branches : 

2" First 

2'' Second 

2' Tliird 

2" Fourtli 

2'- Fifth (lowery 

2''' Stem of fourth and fiftli subcostal 
branches. 

;i. Discocellular nervules (veinlets), namely : 
3" First (upper) discocellular nervuie. 
3'' Second (middle) „ „ 

•S' Third (lower) „ „ 

4. Discoidal nervules, namely : 

4 First (ujiper) discoidal nervuie. 
4''- Second (lower) „ „ 

.'). Median nervure and its branches : 

o" First (upper) median norvule (branch). 
.0'' Second (middle) „ „ „ 

h' Third (lower) „ „ ,. 

I'.. Submcdian ncn'ure. with a short branch on 
forewings (6 "). 


Gi:xi-s TROIDES lliilmii-, IV/-. lA: Schinrll. p. 88 (IHl(i). 
Syu. : llriiifhopfcrii ISoisd., ,s'/yec. (fe.)t. Li'p. 1. p. 17;i (ISIUi). 

1. Troides priamus (L.) [J,?, metam.]. 

Vinceatius, ,1/hs. p. in (ITIH) (Ambnina) ; .][nse/ Imp. P,tr. Vol. I. p. iWA. n. ',) (1742) (Amboina) ; 

Aubenton, Plumli. h'n/ini,. t. 4:"i ((J 1 (1745) : Sella, Tins. IV. p. 54. t. 44. f. 'i 23 ( ? ) (1765) 

(Amboina). 
J. Piipiliu Equis Tiojtiiiiis prhimiis [.iune,* N//'''- *\"'- "^d- ■"'• P- 458. n. '.I (1758) (Ambnina): 

id., Amoen. Aaul. V. t. 1. f. 2113 (1758): Clerck, lam. Iks. II. t. 17. f. 1 (17G4) ; Linne, 

Mus. Lull Uli: p. 182. u. 1 (!7i!4) : Houtt., .Y«/. Hist. I. 11. p. ISG. u. 1 (1707) ; Linne, Syst. 

Xiil. eJ. .\ii. p. 744. u 1 (17i;7); Beckm , Aiifiinr/.iyi: p. 105. n. 1 (17(17) ; Miill., Nulur.-i. 

V. 1. p. 51)5. u. I (1774) ; Fabr., Sijsl. Eiit. p. 44(1. n. Hi (1775) ; Cram . Pup. E.cnl. I. p. 35. 

t. 23. f. .\. 11 (1775) (Amboina) ; (Iceze, Eid. Beylr. III. 1. p. 28. n. 1 (177;i( : Fabr., Sjijc. fns. 

JI. p. ('). n. 21 (1781): Blumenb., Ihmdb. p. 35li. u. 1 (1782) ; Jablonskj% Xalurs. SchiiivtI. 

I. p. 105. n. 1. t. I. f. 1. 2 (1783) (Amboina); Esper, AksI. Seluiult. p. 11. n. I. t. I. f. 1. 

(1784); Fabi-., .!/«»/. /iis. II. p. 3. n. 22 {luji.-^. tyjj. "28") (1787); Gmelin, Si/st. Xat I. 5. 

p. 2230. n. 1 (179U) ; Fabr., Ent. Si/st. III. 1. p. 11. n. 32 (1703). 
J. Pupillo Eqties Trq/aniis panthous Linne', tiysi. Nat. ed. .\. p. 461. n. IG (.1758j (India) ; Clerck, 

Icon. Lis. II. t. 19 (17G4); Linne', Mus. Ltiil. Uli: p. 195. n. 14 (17G4) (p.j'.) ; Houtt., .V«^. 

Ilisl. I. 11. p. 199. n. 16(17G7); Linnt?, S^si. A'(((. ed. xii. p. 748. n. 17 (1767) (yiyj.) ; Miill. 

yaturs. V. 1. p. 571. n. 17 (1774) (p.ji.) ; Fabr., Syst. Ent. p. 448. n. 25 (1775) [p.p.) ; Cram., 

Pap. Evut. II. p. 39. t. 123. f. A; t. 124. f. a (1777) : Goeze. Ent. Beytr. III. 1. p. 37. n. 17 

(1779) (p.p.) ; Fabr., Spec. Lis. II. p. 9. n. 3G (1781) ; Jablonsky, XuIki-s. Schmett. I. p. 207. 

n. 8. t. 5. f. 1. 2 (1783) ; Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 45. n. 17. t. 10 (1786) ; Gmelin, Sijst. Nit. 1. 5. 

p. 2233. n. 17 (1790) (ji.jk) ; Fabr., Ent. Sj/st. UI. 1. p. 18. n. 5G (1793) (p.p.). 
(^ . Papilio priaiiins, Donovan, Lm. of India t. 16 (1800) ; Shaw, Gfn. Zool. VI. p. 207. t. G5 

(1806) ; Godart, Enc. Mith. IX. p. 25. n. 1. t. 2. f. 4 (1819). 
(J 5 . Troides priamus, Hiibner. \'erz. be!:. Sclimetl. p. 88. n. 919 (181G) ; id., Hanunl. Ex. Srhm'lt. II 

t. 116. 117 (?)(181G). 
? . Popilio panthous, Godart, Enc. Mi-th. IX. p. 25. u. 2 (1819). 
J ? . Papilio priamus, ThoB, Ent. Arch. p. 124 (1828) ; id., Naturg. Schm. p. 16. t. 1. f. 1 ; t. 2. f. 3 : 

t. 3. f. 2. 3 ((J, ?) (1837) ; Gray, Cat. Lcp. Ins. B. M. I. p. 1. u. 1 (1852) (Amboina) ; id., 

List Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 2. n. 1 (1856) (Amboina; Ceram) : Feld., Verb. ;. h. Ites. Wien 

p. 290. n. 8. & p. 3,32. n. 8 (1864) (Amboina ; Ceram). 
1^ 5 . (Irnithoptera priamus, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe. Lip. p. 33. n. 1 (nee fig.) (1832) 

i" (Irnlfhoptera" f/en. noc, sed noin. nud.\)', id., Sj>ec. Gin. Lep: 1. p. 173. n. 1 (183G) (;i./).) ; 

Duncan, Foreiipi Butt. p. 89. t. 1. f. 1 (1837); Blanch., Hist. Nat. Ins. III. p. 420. n. 1 (1841) ; 

Doubl. Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. I. p. 4. n. 1 (1846) [p.p.); Vollenh., Tijdschr. r. 

Ent. III. p. 70. n. 1 (I860) (Amboina) ; Wall, Tr. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 35. n. 1 (1865) 

(Amboina; Ceram); Koch, Indo-Austr. Lep. -Fauna p. 35 (ISGa) {" Cey\on" loc. err.) ; Butl., 

Cat. Diurn. Lep. dcser. Fabric, p. 234. n. 1 (1869) ; Kirsch, Mittb. .Vu.'<. Dresden I. p. 110 sub 

n. 1 (1877) ; Oberth.. Et. d'Ent.lV.p. 27. n. 1 (1879) (p.p.)  Auriv.. Knngl.Sr. Vet. Ak. Hamll. 

XIX. 5. p. 8. n. 1 ((5") and p. 19. n. 14 ( ? ) (1882) (Recensio Lep. Mns. Ulr.) ; Pagenstech.. 

.label. Nass. Ver. Nat. p. 201 (1884) : Horn-., lierl. Ent. Zelt., Sit-..-B, r. p. II (1886; ; Fickert, 

Z'ud. Jabrbiicb. p. 702 (1889) : Ribbc, Iris II, p. 207. n. 1 (1S90) (Cenun) : Rippcn, /.„«. Ornitb. 

\>. n. t. 1. la. lb (18911). 

Troides iirUiJUUS and tin' \iinuiis .-io-called "species," as eu'riiK mis, poseiilon, 
jH'i/ii.-<a,Hj ell.'., ;ire so variable in every locality in the shape of tlie winijs, the amount 
of green on either side of the forewings, the number and size of the black and 
yellow submarginal spots of the hindwiiigs in the iiuiles, in the number, size, and 
shape of the whitish marking.s in the females, and especially also iu the neuiatiou 
of both sexes, that none of the characters by which the respective authors have 
distinguished their " species " is found in every specimen from one district ; moreover, 

* l.iniK; usctl to yrive uiily I liret* imincs, uinittiu.L,' (lie naiiiu of the suljsectinus, Trojaniis and Arbietts 

if^[)<-rti\X'Iv. 

Ij 


C 184) 

if one can couilian- a larger series of imlividuals from tlie same loealily. one will 
always find some wliieli exhibit the (li>tingnishing characters of several '• si)ecies,"' 
and, tlierefore, belong strictly to neither of them. In the state <){ imago the variou.- 
green Troldes and the blue urvillianuS show no constant characters which allow us 
to draw exact parting lines between the " species." As the caterpillars and pujiae, as 
far as we know them, also do not difi'er in any important points, it is beyond doubt 
that the blue and all the green Troides are forms of one .-species, the oldest name of 
which is T. priuiiius L. The yellow Troldes {croesus and lydius), however, which 
some recent authors treat as being also varieties of T. priaiaas, will have to be 
kept -eparate sjiecifically for reasons given below. 

J)r. Kickert, in his important paper in Zool. ■Jahrhiicher, 188'J (" Zciihnung>- 
verliiiltnisse der (iattung Or«i</iop<e)"rt "), distinguishes the following local forms of 
T. priaintis L. : — 

(1) " Ornithopteru '" priamus ].. ; (2) var. cassandrc Scott ; (o) var. riclDiioadia 
Gray; (4) var. ev.pliwioii Gray; (J) var. (irriiatiri Feld. ; (6) var. pruiioinus Gray; 
(7) var. cronms Keld. ; (8) var. peyamm F'eld. ; (9) var. poseidou Doubl. ; (10) var. 
archideihs Gray ; (1 1) \ar. croesus Wall. ; ( 12) var. ii/dius Feld. ; (lo) \ar. nrviUia'iia 
(iucr. 

Dr. Fickert's material has certainly not been large, though he tells us the 
contrary (see p. 762, ^.c), else he would not have treated the "varieties" 4 
to 10 as being separate local races. I must here be allowed to dilate somewhat 
longer upon the characters of "0. jjriatnus var. nrruana," for example, which 
Dr. Fickert calls a con.stant local form (I.e., p. 719), restricted to the Aru Islands. 
He dislingui-shes arriKina e.specially 

(1) by the amount of green on the median vein of the forewings ; 

(2) by the costal green band of the forewings being of equal breadth ; 

(3) by tlie presence of four black spots on the hindwings ; 

(4) by the green patch of the cell of the ibrewings lieneatli occuiiying the 
posterior half of the cell. 

Xow, besides Felder's typi'->pecimen, 1 have eleven iikiIch from the .\ru Islands 
before me— not one of which is exactly identical with the tyjie — and these individuals 
exhibit in respect to the characters enumerated above the following variation : — 

(1) In two specimens there are onlv a very few green scales upon the median 
nervure; in a third individual (measuring only 03 mm. from the base to the tip of 
the forewing) the extreme bases of the two lower iiicdian nervules ami the ]iartition 
of the median nervure between these branches are green ; in three others the green 
scaling is a little more extended along the median veins; in four individuals the 
wliule median nervurr and the bases of the three median and lower discoidal nervules 
are green ; and in two examples the ujiper median nrrvule i> entirely green from its 
origin to the green submarginal band. 

(2) The costal green band varies in shape, as in specimens from otlier localities ; 
none of the twelve males has the band of more equal breadth than many of my fifty 
New Guinea specimens have. 

(3) The number of black spots on the hindwings varies from 2 to 4 : in my Xew 
Guinea examples it varies from to 5. 

(4) The green jjatch in the cell of the forewings beneath occupies in one 
individual not half the cell, in another three-quarters of the cell ; in some individuals 
there is, besides that i>atch, a longitudinal narrow band behind the subcostal vein, in 
other e.vamples the anterior portion of the cell i.« quite black. 


( 1«^ ) 

That the females from the Am Ishuids are not constant is clearly enough proved 
by their having received the names of nrriiana Keld., kirschi Oberth., eumneus 
Ivijjpun (and (joliath Oberth. ?). 

After having compared extensive series of specimens from different localities, I 
come to the conclusion that T. prouomus ((iray), nrclildeiis ((iray), cronius (Feld.), 
IritoH (Feld.), pe(/asiis (Feld.), kirschi (Oberth.), rjoliath (Oberth.), Iiecnha (Rub.), 
eiimaeus (Eippon), i-alenlinus (\'uillot), and horneiiianui (I'agenst.) are all individual 
aberrations, and must either lie treated as such or as synonyms, and that there are bul 
six geographical forms of Troidi's jjri'iiiius (L.), which can be grouped as follows : — 

I. (f with the median vein of the forewings black. 

(a) : T. priamus (I.,.) from tlie Southern Moluccas (Amiioina and Ceram) ; 
{h) : T. priamus euphorion (Gray) from North Australia ; 
(c) : T. priainv^ richmondms (Gray) from the southern parts of Eastern 
Australia. 

II. c? with the median nervure of the forewings above green ; forewings more 
pointed at the apex, then- hind angles le.ss I'ounded than in tlie ]ireceding forms; 
hindwings in <S and $ less evenly rounded, with the anterior angle more distinct. 

(il) : T. •priamus poseidon (Doubl.) from New Guinea, Waigeu, Aru, 
D'Entrecasteaux Lslands and the other islands near the coast of New- 
Guinea, Cape York; 
(e) : T. priamus boisduvali (Montr.) from ^^'oodlark Island ; 
(/): T. priaiauji urvillianus (Guer.) from New Britain-, New Ireland, and 
the Solomon Islands. 
Whether boisdnviili will be maintained as a local form when fresh material 
conies from Woodlark Island seems to me to be rather doubtful. The two groups 
of subspecies, it must be understood, are not constant in those characters by whicli 
I have separated them; it is, however, very remarkable that, whilst nearl;/ <dl the 
male specimens from New Guinea and the adjacent islands have the median vein 
more or less conspicuously covered with green scales, these green (or blue) scales are 
very sparse or absent in most individuals from the Bismarck Archipelago \T. priamus 
urvillianus (Guer.)], and always absent from the subspecies inhabiting Australia 
and the Southern Moluccas. We shall find many cases in the course of this paper 
illustrating the same interesting fact, that the subspecies from New Britain, New 
Ireland, or the Solomon Islands, from Australia, the Southern JMoluccas, and often 
those found in the Aru and Key Islands, have certain positive or negative characters 
in common by which they are distinguished from the New Guinea race (compare 
/'. ai/amemnon iieopommeranius Honr. and F. aijamemnon argynnu^ Druce ; 
1'. ulysses orsippns Godm. & Salv. ; and P. lUysses L. 5 ; /-". pheslus Guer. and 
/'. ii.irJn-ax ei/ipias Misk. ; P. polydorm E. and /'. iiolyilorn.s norobritttiinicus 
ni., etc.). 

('0 : T. priamus (L.), forma typ. [6, ^,nuAam.']. 

<^ . The number uf black suhdhscal spots on the upperside of the hindwings 
varies from 2 to (i in my series; the costal yellow mark is always present ; many 
individuals have from 1 to 3 submarginal yellow spots between the subcostal and 
second discoidal ner\ules. 

Below, the discal and submarginal green markings of the forewings are sometimes 
merged together, and include a series of small black spots; in other examples those 
markings are rather widely separated. On tlie liindwings the costal nervm-o. the 


( 186 ) 

rli?cocellular veiiilets, and the median nervine fioui tlie apex of tlie cell as far as tin- 
lower median branch, are always narrowlj' bordered with black ; the black patch at 
the anal angle extends often down to the base of the wing; sometimes it includes a 
hook-like yellowish green spot, jdaced at the hinder side of the lower median nervule. 

The length of the I'orewing varies in my specimens from 70 to 9.5 mm. 

J. The C( II of the forewings is nearly always devoid of a while mark; the 
number and size of the discal white markings are exceedingly variable. The four tear- 
shaped markings of the hindwings almost reach the cell, but stand much farther from 
the outer margin than in the other subspecies of T. prlainm; the discal [lart of the 
first of these markings, standing between the discoidal nervules, is sometimes 
obliterated, as are very often the adnervular whitish lines connecting the discal parts 
with the submarginal parts of the markings. 

Jlclow, the two anterior submarginal spot.^ of the hindwings are more or less 
tinged with yellow, and so are sometimes the submarginal portions of the tear-shaped 
markings ; many specimens ha\e a small posteostal spot situated inside the large 
submarginal one, and connected with the latter along the costal nervure ; the second 
submarginal spot is .sometimes prolonged along the subcostal vein towards the base ; 
this prolongation does not extend to the cell. The cellule between the lower median 
and the submedian veins is mostly unicolorous, except that it is browner at the base 
than towards the outer margin, but in a few individuals there is a small yellow or 
whitish yellow spot near the anal angle. 

Ildb. Southeni ^Moluccas : Amboiua (11 J, 11 j); Ceram (3 6). 


(h): T. priamits euphorion (Gray) [c^,i, larva, pupa]. 

2 . P.ipilio niplioniM Gray. (\ii. Lp. Im:. IS. M. I. p. i. n. 11. t. 2. f. 3 ( ? ) (18.V2) (X. Australia) : 

id., List Ltp. hi^. B. M. I. p. :!. n. fi (18.56) (N.W. Coast of Australia) : Fold., Va-h. z. b. (ies. 

Wini p. 290. n. 10 (1864). 
jj?. OniHIivpttiii aiamiuira Scott, Ti: E„t. S',c. X. .S. H'n/cs I. p. 131. t. 10 (?) (ISGl!) 

(Pt. Deiiison); id., I.i: 11. p. 4!l (cJ.?) (18(59) (Rokingham Bay): Rippon, Icon. Oniith. 

p. 8. t. 23. 2b (18911), i- plate (?) & text (18'.) I V) 
J ? . I'upili'i {Oniilhniilem) casmmlm, Butler, Bronchley's CV«/sf of the Ciii^in p. 474. t. .lO (c^) 

(1873) (Queensland). 
J 'i . Oiiiitli(ipt';i<( jtriiniiHS VOX. pronnmin. Semper, Joiiiit. Miis. Godrffroij Heft 14. p. 41. aub 

n. 128 (1878) (Ito^k'iainpton, IfX'.cmbsp.? toe. err.?). 
J ? . Ornilhoplfrii priiiiidu var. cmmmh-u, Semper, l.r. p. 41. aub n. 128 (1878) (Queensland). 

The name oi atssundra is based on one of the munerous individual aberrations. 

J. On an avei-age rather smaller than T. priamun (L.) ; underside of hindwings 
with the sulicostal, discoeellular, and median veins bi-oadly bordcnil with black : green 
area outside the submarginal lilack spots of a golden green colour. 

The green |)arts of the wings have often a yellowish tint ; .sometimes they are 
feeblv bluish. The b)-eadth and length of the green streak I'unning idoiig the inner 
and the outer margin of the foi-ewings ai-e exceedingly variable. The hindwings have 
above four or five lilack siio's. the anterior of which is sometimes so much enlarged 
that it occuijies the whole of the cellule between the costal and subcostal nervures ; 
the yellow subn)ai-giual spots \ary in number from to 5. 

Belov, the discal and submarginal bluish green .spots of the forewings ai'e always 
.separated, except those before the upper discoidal nervule : the spot within the cell 
is vei'v small in some individuals. 

? . Abdomen blackish above. Wedge-shai)pd whitish iiiarliiug- on tlie u))|)ersidc of 


the liiiidwiiigs farther from t lie cell and nearer to outer iiian^in lliini in 7'. i},-ni,i,iis {\..). 
.Most specimens with a green middle streak on the thorax. 

The white patch within the cell of the forewings \aries exceedingly; in .-onn- 
specimens from Cairns, (Jueensland, it has a length of 16 and a breadth of 8 nun. (as 
in Gray's figure), while in other examples from the same place it is reduced to two or 
three minute spots. The discal spots are just as variable; sometimes all, or nearly 
all, the markings between the second discoidal nervule and the submedian vein have 
disappeared. 

On the hindwings above, the postcostal spot is mostly yellow ; the other sub- 
marginal markings, and the submarginal portions of the wedge-shaped spots, are also 
yellowish, but much suffused with black scales. In some individuals the interior parts 
of the wedge-shaped markings are more or less obliterated. 

Tlie submarginal spots of the hindwings below are of a much purer vcllow colour 
than above; the two anterior ones are small; at the anal angli\ iietween the sub- 
median nervure and the lower median nervule. there is aluav- a \rllii\v mark nl 
variable size. 

I have some dry caterpillars of this subspecies, from Cedar l!av, \. t^Uii en-laud. 
whi<-li agree with the description of the larva of ric/niiuiiiliiis given liy Schneiiler (see 
below), but the dorsal spines on the seventli segment seem to be more yellow than in 
that race, being in fact all yellow except at the tip. Neither in eiiphovion nor in 
richmondi'us is there a lateral band. Chrysalis as in richrnondi ns. 

Hub. Northern Australia : Queensland (41 c?, 25 ? ), 


(c) : T. priamus richmondius (Oray) [J,?, nietam.]. 

tj ?. Papilio rk-hmnmlio Gray, Cal. Lep. Inn. Jl. M. I. p. 2. n. 2. t. 2. f . 1 ( cf ). 2 ( ? ) (1852) 
(N. S. Wales) ; id., Lht Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 2. u. 2 (18.56) (N. S. 'ffale^i : Feld.. Verh. z. h. 
Ges. men p. -I'.'O. n. i). & p. 332. n. 8 (I86t). 

(J 2  Oniit/iii/itfni riclnuonclia, Hor.sfield & lliiorc, Cnt. L>p. [,ix. .]fiis. I'. J. C. I. p. 8li. n. 17.j 
(1857) (N. S. Wales); Kooh, Imhi-Anslml Lep. Fonnn p. :'.(',. ii. 2. (IWrji: Rippdn. L;.}i. 
Ornith. te.xt & plate (1889) & t. ii. f. 1. la (cj). 2 ( ? ) (1890). 

(^ J . Oriiilliiijilira priamus var. richmmiilia. Semper, Journ. .!/us. Ginh'fr'ni Heft U. |). 41. siili 
11. 12X (1K7S) ( Itockhampton : Richmond R.) ; Obertli., Ki. iV ICnt. IV. p. 20. suli a, I i;iH7:i' 
(N. S. Wales) ; Statuliug. jt Sohatz, Exot. SclimHI. I. p. .". t. 1 (^J, J ) (1884). 

Urnitliuptera richminiiJii (!), Schneider, Eutomul. XXVI IT p '.':; 1 18'.).")) ( M.l(imiiiphnsis). 

Smallerthan T. jfrinmns I'liplinruni '(lra\) in botli >r\es. 

c?. The green liaixl along the inm-r niaryin of the tnrewiiiL; more or less 
obliterated. 

?. Hindwings above with lipur wcdoi'-^hapiMl uhite iiiarkings.. which a|i]iioach 
the cell ; the submarginal spot Iietween the subcostal and ujJiier di^coiilal nervides is 
connected along the subcostal nervule with a discal spot, and thus forms a kind of 
halfring-sliaped mark, .\bdomen as in enphorion ((iray). 

This subspecies is in pattern Ju^t as variable as its more northern relative 
T. priamus eii,phorioii ((irny). The thonu'ir greenish band of the /<'»i0^e is absent 
or indistinct. The cellular patch of the forewings of the same .sex is in some 
individuals ten times as large as in otheis; occasionally there is a small s|iot within 
the apex of the cell of the hindwings. 

Caterpillar without bands on the sixth and seventh segments. 

Hah. New Soutii Wales (10 (J. 8 ?). 


( 188 ) 

(fl): T. priamus poseidon (Douhl.) [(S.2. meiam.]. 

(J. Papilio priamus var., Quoy et Gaim., I'l);;. f/i ITraii. p. 551. t. 83. f. 3 (1815) (Rawak) ; Tlion, 

Enl. Archir. p. 125 (1828). 
(J 9 . Oriiithuptera priamus, Lucas (««<■ lAnni, 1858), i^/). JEj»/. t. 1 ((J) (1835). 
^. Oriiillio/ikra jmaridon Doubleday, Auii. Jfuij. S. II. XIX. p. 173 (1847) (Darnley I.) ; Westw., 

Cub. Or. Enl. p. 23. t. 11 (<J) (1848). 
(J?. Papilio primomus Gray, C'«^ ic/j. /<w. li. M. I. p. 2. n. .3. t. 1. f. 1 ((J). 2 (?) (1852) 

(Cape York) : id., List Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 2. n. 3 (185G) : Feld.. Verh. z. I,. Ges. Wieu p. 2',in. 

n. 11 (18G4). 
(J. Papilio poseidoH, Gi&y, Cut. Lep. Ins. B. .V. I. p. 3. n. 5 (1852) : id.. List Lep. Ins. IS. .U. I. p. 3. 

n. 5 (1856) ; Feld., Verh. ::. h. Ges. M'ien p. 291). ii. 17. & p. 333. n. 13 (18i;4). 
<J. Ornithoptera arcJiitlaeus, Felder, Wien. ICnt. Muii. III. p. 2('i4. n. 12 (185!l) (New Guinea). 
J ?. Ornilliopiira jioseidm, VollenhoTen, Tijilsi-hr. r. Enl. III. p. 70. n. 2. ,S- p. 89(1860) (Xew 

Guinea) ; Wall., Tr. Linn. Soc. Loml. XXV. p. 35. n. 2 (1865) : Godm. & Salv., P. Z. ,S. p. 647 

(1878) (D'Entrecasteaux Is. and Possession Bay): Ribbe, /(v.s- III. p. 41 (1890) (Key Is.); 

Tryon, Report Adiuinstr. Brit. N. Guin. II. App. V. p. 112 (1892) ; Rippon. Icon. Oniilh. text 

(1895). 
(J. Papilio trilon Felder, Verh. z. h. Ges. Wien p. 290. n. 16. & p. 332. n. 12 (1864) (Rawak). 
(J ?. Papilio pegasns Felder, Verb. j. b. Ges. Wien p. 290. n. 18 (1864) (New Guinea ; nom. nml.)  

Felder, Reise ^orara, Lep. I. p. 6. n. 4. t. 2. f. a (cJ )■ b ( ? ) (1864) (Dorey). 
(J ?. Ornilhoptera pegasus, Kirsch, Milth. Mus. Dresden I. p. 1 10. n. I. t. 5(1877) (New Guinea) : 

Grose Smith, A'oi-. Zool. p. 331. n. 1. (1894) (Humboldt Bay). 
Oniitho/itera 2'ronomus, Koch, Indo-Au.itral. Lep. Fauna p. 37 (1865); Mathew. Tr. Ent. Sor. 

Land. p. 168 (1888) (life hist.). 
(J 9 . Ornithoptera priamus var. pronnmns, Semper, Jouru. .l/iis. Godeffroij, Heft 14. p. 41. sub. n. 128 

(1878) (Cape York ; '• Rockhampton ' loc. err. ?) ; Fickert, Xool. Jahrb. p. 706. n. 6 (1889). 
(J ? . Ornithoptera priamus var. urruamis (!), Oberthiir, El. d' Enl. IV. p. 27. sub. n. 1 (1870) (New 

Guinea & Aru Is). 
cJ ?. Ornithoptera priamus -var. niranno, Oberthiir, .4 hh. Mus. Cii: Genom XV. p. 46. f. n. 1 (1880) ; 

Fickert, Zool. Jahrb. p. 704 n. 5. t. 20. f. 3 ((J), 4 (?) (1889) ; Ribbe, Iris III. p. 39 (1890) 

(Aru Is. ; larv. & pup.). 
(J ?. Ornilhoptera priamus, Ribbe, Iris I. p. 77. n. 1 (1886) (Aru Is.), 
cj. Ornilhoptera jyriamus y3.r. pegasus, Fickert, Zool. Jahrb. p. 707. n. 8 (1889). 
(J. Omithiptfra priamus var. hecuba Rober, Tijdschr. r. Ent. XXXIV. p. 263((J,n/e ?)(1891) 

(Key Is.). 
?. Ornilhoptera eumaeus, Rippon, Ann. Mag. N. 11. (6). X. p. 193 (?, nee (J) (1892) (Aru Is.); 

id., Icon. Ornitli. text & plate (?,)(<<■(?) (1892). 
J ? . Ornithoptera arruann var. ralentina Vuillot, Bull. Soc. Ent. France p. 124 (1892) (Pt. Moresby ; 

dwarfed sj/ecimens). 
cJ. Ornithoptera pi'gasii^ var.. Pagenstecher. .folnb. Xans. Ver. Xat. p. 63. n. 1. t. l- f. 1 (J) (1894) 

(New Guinea). 

Fourteen names have been bestowed on thi.s subspecies of T. priaimiii. The 
respective authors were mostly under the erroneovis impression that certain characters 
were restricted to the individuals from certain districts, and so it caiin' lh;it the 
specimens from Cape Yoi-k, from I)ai-nley Island, New (iuinea, Aru Islands, 
Waigeu, etc., have been regarded as Ijelonging to a number of distinct species. But 
in a long series of individuals from one locality, .say from Waigou or (iern)an New 
Guinea, all these so-called species or local forms w'ill be foimd together; whilst, on the 
other hand, only a small proportion of tiie specimens from the Aru Islands are 
typical ami/oms, from Waigeu archideas, from (/ape '\'ork pronoinus, etc. The dis- 
tinguishing characteis of those "species," "varieties," and "aberrations" ai'e entirely 
individual, and the fouiteen forms must be treated as individual aberrations of one 
local race, of which the oldest name is poseidon (Doubl.). As these aberrations of 
poseidon are, however, mostly based on very unim])0ifant characters, which, moreover, 
are partly refound in several of the named variations; further, as scarcely two 


( 189 ) 

specimens ai-e exactly alike ; ami thii-dlv.as some of the most conspicuous abermtions 
have not received a name, I think it is not only extremely difficult to say which 
specimens really belong to ab. arruanus (Feld.), or to ab. pronomus (Cfray), etc., but 
I believe it is also quite unnecessary to keep individuals that are aberrant in a very 
unimportant way separate under names of their own. Important aberrations, liow- 
ever, I regard as being worthy of names : important aberrations I call such as 
point to other subspecies or species, or show the extreme development of one or more 
characters ; such aberrations give us the best hints to understand the relations of the 
subspecies or of closely allied species. So I shall enumerate J-ab. eumaeus (liippon), 
because it points to T. priamits urvillianiLS (GuA\) by its bluish colour ; ab. fjoliath 
((^berth.), as it reminds one of T. victoriae (Gray), paradiseiis (Standing.), and the 
yellow Troidea in having the basal portion of the fifth subcostal nervule of tlie 
foiewings much elongated. As I said before, some of the most conspicuous 
aberrations have no names : these are the feinnles without spot in the cell of the 
forewings [as in T. pri'iuius (L.)] and the females with the cellular ]iatcli of the 
forewings so much enlarged as to occupv nearlv the whole cell [as in '/'. Iijilin.s 
(Feld.)]. 

(5. ^"Median nervure of the forewings above more or less green. Klack outer 
margin of the hindwings much narrower than in T. priamus (L.) ; below, the disco- 
cellular nervules of the hindwings very narrowly bordered with lilack. Many undr^ 
assume a ]iuriile colour in certain lights. 

The principal aberrations are as follows : — 

(«-) : Xo name. ^Median neri-ure of forewings without green scales. 
(li-) : c?-ab. crunius (Feld.). 

Ormthnptera pn'nmux var., De Haan, VerJi. Nat. Gesrii. Ned. overs, hez. p. 18 (1840) (S.W. Xew 

(ruinea). 
Papilin cmniiii Felder, Verb. '.. b. G«. 117™ p. -290. n. V2. & p. 332. n. 9 (1804). 
OniiOioptem priamnn var. crnnius, Fickert, Zool. .luhrb. p. 70l). n. 7 (1889). 

Hindwings above without any (black or yellow) spots. 

In Felder's pefjasus there are two very feeble black spots on the hindwings. 

(c-) : <?-ab. eumrieiis (Kippon). 

(Iniilh„j,lrra i;u,t,u>Ms Rippon, Ann. .Miuj. .Y. //. (T,). X. p. 19:! (J,mc ? ) ( 1892) (.\.rii Is): i.l , 
l,;,„. Drnith. text & plate ((J, npc ? ) (1892). 

Bluish green, instead of green or yellowish green. 

$ . Cell of forewings very seldom without a white patch ; the twodiscal markings 
of forewings, situated between the median nervules, mostly lai-ge. Tin' white 
markings of the hindwings stand closer to the outer margin than in /'. pruimnf: (I,.) ; 
they are large, with the black spots comparatively small; between the lower median 
nervule and the anal angle there is nearly always a large white maik. 

(d-) : } -ab. brunneus ab. nov. 

White markings on upperside of forewings entii-ely obliterated, e.\cept a jioint- 
like spot between tlie lower median nervules. 

This remarkable abeiTation has been found by Mr. A. S. .Meek on Fergusson 
Island, D'Kntrecastcau.x Islands ; among some hundred specimens fi-om that locality 
there are all intergradafions between this aberration and j-ab. archideuii (Gray). 


( n)(i ) 


((fS) : No name. 


Oriiitlio/ilfra pfflams vnr.. KilNcb, Millh. JAo''. ihrvliii I. p. 111. snli ii. I. t. 5. f. 2 (1S77) (Dutch 
New Guinea). 

AVliite iiiitch witliiu cell of forewings obliterated ; discal markings present ; tear- 
sliajx'il markings to hiudwings very short. 

(f-) : No name. 

White pi»U'h of cell of forewings occupying nearly the whole of the cell. 

(jj-) : $-ab. archkUus (Gray). 

Oriiilhoplera priamiis var., Boisduval, Voi/. AMnlfibe. Lep. p. 35. sub n. 1. t. 4. f. 1. i (1832i 

(•'Celebes" loc. err.) ; id., Spec. Gin. Lep. I. p. 174. sub n. 1 (1836) ("Celebes" loc. err.). 
Pupilio archUlrus Oray, Caf, Lrp. Im. B. .1/. I. p. 3. n. 4 (18."<2) ("'Celebes" loc. err.) ; id., Lift Lep. 

fits. B. M. T. p. 2. n. 4 (185G) (-'Celebes" loc. err). 
PapiUo arclii<l'iei(.H, Felder, \'erh. .:. I,, (tes. Il'Vn p. 290. u. 19. & p. 333. n. 14 (ISlU) ("Celebes? ' 

loc. err.). 
Oriiithnplera posnidon var. nrrhidetis, Wallace, Tr. Linn. !ioc. Loml. W\ p '.K «iil> n 2 (181551 

(Waigeu) ; Fickert, Zoot. Juhrb. p. 709, n. 10 (1889). 

(^ell of the hindwings with a white spot at the apex. 

Tliis aberration is apparentl\' the usual form of the ? on Waigeu, but it is neither 
contiued to that island nor do all \\'aigeu specimens belong to arcMdeus. 

(/«-') : ?-ab. kirschi (Oberth.). 

Ornilhoptera peijasus var., Eirscb, Millh. ^fus. Dremlm I. p III. sub n. 1. t. .'i. f. 1 (1877) (Xew 

G uinea). 
Ornithuplera arruana ab. kirschi Oberthiir, Et. d'Ent. XII. p. 1. sub n. 2 (1888). 

Cellular patch of the forewings and markings of the hindwings more or less 
yellow on tlie upperside. 

(i-) : ?-ab. goHath (Oberth.).^ 

Ornilhopiera arruana ab. r/oliafh Oberthiir, El. cVEnl. XII. p. 1. sub ii. 2 (1888) (Hub. ?). 
Ornithoptera goliuth Oherlhur, El. d'Eiil.XlX. p. 1. t. 4. f. 19 1 18941 (Waigeu ) Dorey ? ). 

3Ir. Oberthiir considers this insect to be eitlier a large form of T. pamdiaeus 
(Standing.) or a distinct species. It is distinguished, according to Oberthiir, by its 
superior size, the forewing having a length of 125 mm., by the eyes being bordered 
with white, and by the pattern of the wings resembling that of paradiseus. 

The figure in Et. d'Ent. XIX. is unfortunately a liad one: f had, however, a 
photograph of the type kindly lent to me by .Mr. Ripiion, which shows that .Mr. 
Oberthiir's first identification, in my opinion, was correct. It is well known, and 
scientifically explained by Dr. Pagenstecher, that the neuration of T. pinradiseus 
(Standing.) differs from that of T. priamus (L.) especially in the position of the third 
subcostal nervule of the forewings and in the superior length of that part of the sub- 
costal vein that lies between the end of the cell and the origin of the fourth braiu-h. 
In the photograph of goUatk the third subcostal vein originates a good way before the 
end of the cell, as in T. pjriamus (L.), while the fourth subcostal nervule branches off 
almost as far from the end of the cell as in T. paradiseus (Standing. ). As the third 
subcostal vein stands just at the end of the cell in all examples of T. paradiseus, and 
before the end of the cell in T. priamns and goiiath, as further the jwsition of the 
fourth subcostal vein is extremely variable in priamus, it seems to me to be clear 
enough that, judging from the neuration alone, we must regard (jolialh as being an 
extreme form of T. priam'is — that is to say, an i-xtreme aberration of T. priamwi 
vofteidon (I)oul)l.). 


( I!U ) 

As icgavds the fliarafters of i)atlern, I must say that they flo not give us, any 
nniioitanf hints: the type-sppciinon is in bad condition, and the i)attern in Oberthllr's 
lii,'ure is not covrect ; I cannot see that anything in the pattern of goliath i)oints 
against its being a sjiecinien of T. pridimts poseidon (Doubl.). That the eyes are 
jiosteriorly bordered with white is not to be wondered at, as we find this character in 
all females of pvlamus and its subspecies, though tlie white may be a little more 
conspicuous in •/dlintli. 

(/•-) : 5 -all. liecuha (Riiber). 
Oniillinjilerii prifduiin var. hrnilui Rubi-r, Tljihchr. r. Ilnl. XXIV. p. 20.3 ($ , tin- J) (1891) 
(Key Is.). 

Hindwings, underside, with two whitish or yellowish spots between the costal 
margin and the ujiper discoidal nervule inside the two tirst submarginal markings. 

This form, which occurs all over the area occupied by T. priamiis poseidon 
(Doubl), reminds one of the pattern of T. jjviamus ricliih.ondius (txra}'). 

Ifiib. New Guinea (52 c?, 46 j) ; Waigeu (8 c?, 12 $) ; Salwatty ; My sol ; Key 
Islands : Aru Islands (12 <?, 9 ; ); Islands of Torres Strait and Cape York (7 J', 6 $ ) ; 
Louisiade Archipelago; and D'Entrecasteaux Islands (some hundred specimens, not yet 
sorted out). 

(e): T. priamus boisduvali (Montr.) [(?,?]. 

(J?. Oniilliiijitim hoMitvali Montrouzier, Ann. H:ic. Phijx. Nat. Lyon p. .'i9.'5 (18.'<G) (Woodlark 
I.); id., Ess'i; Faunc Woodhid- p. 110 (1857) (Woodlark I.); Butler, P. Z. .5. p. '288. 
n. 8.'i (1874). 

PajnVm oceumi^ Felder, Verl,. :. b. Ge^. Wmi p. 290. ii. l.S. i- p. 3?.-'. n. 10 (180+) (Woodlark t. ; 
nom. iior. loco bnisdnnili Montr.). 

Probably the same as T. priamus poseidon (Doubl.). 
I/ah. Woodlark Island. 

(./): T. priamus urvillianus Miner.) [(?,?, metam.].' 

(J. Papilio urnHiiimis Guerin, I'.//. Coqiiill. t. 13. f. I. '-' (18-_'9) & te.xt III. p. 273 (1838) (New 

Ireland). 
(J. Oriiillwjitem priamtis var.. Boisduval, i'«//. Astralnhi'. Lrp. p. .'!;"). sub ii. 1 (18.12) ("Offak" 

lor. err.). 
(J. Omitlmpk-ra nrvillinna, Boisdaval, S/iw. Giii. Lep. I. p. 175 n. 2. t. Ic. f. 1 (183li) (" Offak " 

loc. riT.) : Doubl. Westw. & Hew., Geii. Diiirn. Lep. I. p. 4. n, 2 (1810) : Orbiguy, Din. d Hist. 

Not. All. Zn„l. II. LfyA t. 1 (1849) ; Wall., Tr. Linn. Snc. Lnnil. XXV. p. 38, n. .'> (ISOri) 

(New Ireland) ; Butl., P. Z. S. p. im. n. 8:'i (1874). 
(J ?  Ontil/ioptcm iirvilliana, Godman & Salvin, P. Z. H. p. 147. n. .32 (1877) (New Ireland or New 

Britain) ; id., l.r. p. liitl. n. 39 il879) (New Ireland) ; Oberth., El. d'Ent. IV. p. 30. n. 2 (1879) 

(Duke of York I.): Mathew, Tr. Ent. Soc. Land. p. 109. t. Ii, f. 1 (/.) (18SS) (life hist.); 

Pagenstech., .Jnlirh. .V./.ss. IVr. Xrif. p. 07. n. 3. (1894) {rarialloi)). 
J. PiipUi,, nrrilliaiins, Gray, Oil. Lrp. Ins. R. M. I. p. 4. n. 7. (1852) : id., UsI Lip. his. B. M. 

I. p. 3. n. 7 (18,-)il) ; Feld., Yrrh. -. h. (!rx. Wicn p. 290. n. 15. & p. 332. n. 11 (1804) (New 

Ireland). 
S ? • Ornithoplera primuiix var. nrrilli.oui, Standing. & Schatz, t'm/. Mimrll. I. p. 4 ( 1884) ; Fickcrt, 

Zoo/, ./iilirb. p. 712. n. 13 (1889). 
cJ ? . Oniilhophiri dnrllliann (!), Woodford, P. Z. S. p. 250 (1888) (.Solomon Lslands). 
S ?  Drnilhoplmi (Pridmiixpfiyit, air.') iirrilHona. Ripiiou, Tron. Ornilli. text .^- plate (1889). 

(?. Blue instead of green. 

Tiie blue scaling on the basal liall nr basal Iwo-thirds of the hindwings above is 
rather sparse, esjiecially within the cell. The liand along the inner margin of the 
forewings is mostly obsolete, except at the base. There are seldom blue scales on 


( 19-' ) 

the iiicdian vein. 'I'lio suliiiiarginal sjiots of llu- liiii(lwin<rs, ncarlv alwavs five in 
number, are large; behind (he costal margin there stands a yellow sjiot of variable 
size in many individuals, e^l)ecially often in specimens from the Solomon Islands. 

Below, the patch in the cell of the forewings has seldom disappeared. The 
discocellular veinlets of the hindwings and the median nervure from the apex of the 
cell to the origin of the lower median branch are black : the breadth of this black 
nervnlar line is variable; in the more greeni.sh examjiles it is apparentiv thinner than 
in darker bbie specimens. 

$. Resembles the female oi T. priamus ■poseidon (DouliL), but the wings are of 
a jialer brownish colour, and the markings are smaller and more dusted with blackish 
scales. 

The white patch in the cell of the forewings is generally smaller than in poseidon, 
and sometimes obliterated above and below. The second submarginal spot of the 
hindwings is often prolonged along the subcostal nervnie, as in T. ■priamus rich- 
'inondius (Gray). Below, the markings of.the hindwings are sometimes yellowisli. 

(Jfi) : ab. loc. Immemanni Pagenst.). 

(J. Ornillioplera an-immi, Godman & Salvia {nee Felder, 1865), /'. Z. S. p. 147, u. 31 (1877). 
(J ? . Oniitlinplera pegasiis vnr. bnrnemanni Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Noes. T'f?'. Niil. p. G5. t. J. f. 2 ((J ) 
(1894) (New Britain). 

Green instead of blue, otherwise the same as urviUianus. 

This green form seems to be confined to New Britain and New Ireland. I am 
told by Captain ^^'ebster that urvMiawua is green when emerging from the chrysalis, 
and that it gradually assumes the blue colour. Individuals which are killed too soon 
after the emergence from the pupae have that peculiar bluish green or greenish blue 
colour which Pagenstecher mentions (^.c). In New Britain a number of specimens 
remain green and have the appearance of T. pritimus poseidon (Doubl.); they are, 
however, distinguished from the latter by the band along the inner margin of the 
forewings above being more or less olisolete, by the median xein of the same wings 
being covered with a few green scales only, or being quite black, and by the much 
spai'ser gi'een scaling of the upperside of the hindwings. This green aberration must 
certainly be accounted for by atavism. One of my six s[)ecimens has only one black 
spot on the upperside of the hindwings. 

In New Britain (and New Irehmd Y) occuv feUKilcs which are identical with 
T. pi'iarmis poseidon (DoxM.), except in being paler brown; these can very well be 
mated with the green poseidmi-like mtiles. 

Hall. New Britain (fi c?, 4 j); New Ireland (8 J, o 5); Duke of Vork Island 
(2 cj, 1 y): Solomon I-Iands (11 J, 1.5 5). 

2. Troides croesus fWall.) [<?, ?, metam.]. 

(^ 9. Omilhiiptcra rrnei.us Wallace. I'inr. r.iil. Hiu-. L„ml. (2). V. p. 70 (1859) (Ratjan) ; Gray, 
P. Z. a. p. 424. t. C8 ii). t. G9 (?) (18.:9) (Batjan) ; Feld., H'.Vi^ Knt. Mo„. III. p. 390. 
n. 31. t. G. f. 1 (cJ) (1859) (Batjan) ; Wall., Tr. Linn. .Soc. Loml. XXV. p. 37. n. 3 (1865) 
(Batjan); Koch, Imln-Auxtr. Lep.-Fauwi p. 38 (1S(;5) ; Oberth., El. d'Ent. IV. p. 30. n. 3 
(1879) (Uatjan) ; Ribbc, Jnn HI. p. 42. t. 1. f. 1-3 (/., /-.) (1890) (Batjan : life liist.). 

fj $ . Ornilhopiera {Pniimiixptirii, k'k !) croemx, liippon, Icoi. Oniilli. te.\t (/'./'■) & plate (1889). 

S ? . PapiVK. eroesiis, Felder, Verh. z. h. Ges. Wim p. 290. n. 20. & p. 333. u. 15 (18G4) (Batjan). 

(J ?. (Jrnithoptera priiimiis var. croesus, Standing. & Schat?., Ej-oI. Sehmrll. I. p. 4. t. 1 (c?) (1884) i 
Fickert, Xool. Jahrb. p. 709. n. 11 (1889); St.auding. i- Schatz, / -•. II. p. 41 (1892). 

As this insect does not differ from T. priamus except in colour (<?) and ]ialtirn 
(9 ), one might be justified in regarding it as being only a local fiMin of thai species ; 


( 10:; •) 

and there is, indeed, no donlit that croesxs, !i/(l'iua, and priamua have developed 
from one ancestral form, which was similar either to the orange croesus and lydim, 
or to the green pn'amus. But the orange and the green Troides seem to me to be 
already po fiir separated in their characters that they cannot be united under one 
specific name. My reasons for treating croestis as a distinct species are as follows : — 
(1) The caterpillar of crocsus has on each side two wliite oblique streaks, while 
in the races of pridinus there is only one or no stripe. Ribbe, Iris 111. p. 42 (1890), 
says, however, of T. prlataus poseidon (Doubl.) that the caterpillars " mostly " have 
only one stripe, from which I must conclude that they have sometimes two. If Kibbe's 
observations are correct, there is no great difference between the caterpillars of croesus 
and priarims. Considering, however, that the caterpillars of T. victoriae ((Jray) and 
pjaradiseus (Standing.) do also not differ from those of priamus except in having no 
white streak at all (in which character they agree with the Australian races of p-iamii^), 
and that the chrysalides of urvillianus and victoriae, which I ha\e before me (collected 
by (.'aptain \Velister), do not exhibit any difference worthy of note, we come to tlie 
conclusion that we cannot derive any essential specific characters from the early 
stages of these Troides : indeed, the similarity in larvae and pupae proves that all 
these species are close relatives; that the characters distinguishing the imagines 
have been most probably acquired in comparatively recent ages ; and that perhaps 
there exist species, still unknown to us, which stand intermediate iu nem-ation between 
victoriae and paradiseiis on one side, and priainus, croesus, and lydius on the other. 

(2) There are no intermediate specimens between the males of croesus and 
priamus. Sometimes tlie hiudwings are partly green above, but such specimens 
have been reared and were killed too soon after the emergence from the ympa. There 
exist certainly no individuals in collections which cannot be recognised at once as 
belonging to ci'oesus. 

(3) The /^mc(/f is constantly different from that of priamus ; truly intergraduate 
specimens are again unknown. 

We do not know the insects from the island of Olii, which lies between the 
Southern and Northern Moluccas this large island may be inhabited by a race of 
Troides connecting croesus with pmamiis. 

i. Above, orange instead of green. 

There is usually no band along the hinder margin of the forewings above ; Imt 
some individuals have a feeble orange patch near the hind angle, and in others 
there are orange scales scattered all along the inner margin of the wing. The 
number of the black spots on the hiudwings above varies from to J. 

5 . The wedge-shaped whitish markings of the hiudwings above reach rather 
close to the cell and the outer margin ; they are separated from one anotlier by the 
nervules, which are rather broadly brownish black ; the black spots within the wedge- 
shajied markings are so increased in size that at least the two anterior of the wedge- 
shaped marks are widely separated into a discal and a submarginal j)ortion. 

The white spots of the forewings are small ; the patch within the cell is often 
reduced [as in T. p'''iainus euphorion ((iray)] to two small spots, or is even absent. 
The nundjer of the spots is very variable ; sometimes there are two complete rows of 
markings; the discal row is much more liable to obliteration than the submai-ginal 
one. The cell of the hiudwings has occasionally a white spot at the apex. The sub- 
marginal markings of the hiudwings below are often of a rather pure yellow colour. 

Hah. Hatjan (VV. Doherly, March 1892) (1:5 cf, 9 ? ). 


:i. Troides lydius (Feld.) [<J,?]. 

JJ. Pajiiliu lyilius Felder, /?«> Norma. Lfp. I. p. 9. n. 5. t. .1. f. a (^). b (?) (ISC;")) 

(Halmahera). 
<J ?. Oriiithiipteni crofsua local form o, Wallace, 7"r. /,in«. .S«c. Lund. XXV. p. 37. sub n. 3 (18Ga) 

(Ternate, cf : Gilolo, ? ). 
^ ? . OnilOioj)leia lyJiiis, Oberthiir, ICl. d'Ent. IV. p. 30. n. 4 (187'.!) (Halmahera) ; id., Ami. .!/»». 

n,; Gctmm XV. p. 41)8. ti. 2 (1880) (Ternate). 
tf ?. Omithojileru prinmuH var. li/diiis. Stauding. & Schatz, /?x«<. ficlimfll. I. p. 4 (1H88) : Fickert, 

Zool. Jahrb. p. 711. t. 20. f . 5 ( ? ) (18H'J) (Halmahera). 
(J ?. Oniithoplem {Priiimusptera '.) croesiia, Rippon, InDi. Ornitli. text (1889) (p.p.). 
(J ? . Omilhoplera {Priamoptera) lyclivs, Rippou. I.e. text & plate (1802). 

Some of my readers will be surprised to see that I treat lydius as a distinct 
species. ]\Iy reasons for doing so are these : — 

The male, of which I have compared five specimens, is alw.ivs di^tinguishahle 
from croe^tis by the miioh larger green mark in the cell of the forewings below, by 
the antecellular yellow mark of the hindwiugs below occupying the whole cellule 
between the costal and subcostal veins and extending beyond the costal vein, its 
outline being thus quite different to that of croesus, and b}' the subcostal and disco- 
cellular veins of the hindwiugs below being extremely narrowly black ; in croesus the 
subcostal and median nervures and the discocellular veinlcts have a black border of 
almost even breadth. 

The female has all the whitish markings much enlarged, the white being by far 
the predominant colour; nearly the whole discoidal cells of the fore- and hindwings 
are whitish ; the whitish markings are much clouded with lilack scales. 

As these differences are constant in about ten specimens of lydius which I could 
examine, and as there are no intergradations known. I do not see why lydiun must be 
treated as a subspecies of croesus. 

S. The fiery orange colour of the type-specimen is not constant ; fVcsh 
.specimens are sometimes less fiery than croesus. The breadth of the costal band 
of the forewings is also very variable ; in my second specimen this band is broader 
than in manv examples of O'oes^is ; this individual has some orange scales scattered 
along the abdominal margin of the forewings, and a .-mall submarginal orange spot 
upon the upper median nervule. 

J. The amount of white within the discoidal cell of either wing is not quite 
constant; the two white spots behind the third sulicostal nervule of th<' forewings 
above are sometimes merged together. 

The orange male from Ternate, caught by Wallace, now in the Hewitson 
Collection in the British Museum, is mentioned as a form of T. croesus by Kippou, 
but, although not typical, cleaily belongs to T. h/diiin. 

Huh. Halmahera (2 tj, 3 5); Ternate (1 i in Hewitson coll.). 

Note. — I have endeavoured to find structural differences between T. priamus, 
croesus, and lydius, but did not meet with much success. The feniide of lydius is 
somewhat different in scaling fiom croesus and prii nuns; the black scales with which 
the white spots on the upperside of the forewings are clouded are of normal form, 
being as broad and long as the scales of the black portions of the wing. In croesus 
and Tpriamim, however, these scales are elongated, often linear, with the apical teeth 
sometimes obsolete. This difference in scaling seems to me to be worthy of note, as 


( 10.5 ) 

it can serve to jn-ove that the feiiude of lydius stands uearer the ancestral form of the 
insects in question than the females of the other species do [cf Haase, Untersuch. iib. 
J/im. p. 24 (1893); Fickert, Zool. Jtihrh'ich. \>. 714 (1889)]. Rippon, in liis non- 
critical (to say tlie least) monograph of Troides. exjiresses the opposite opinion —  
namely, that the female o{ lydia.s, having a " danaoid "' and " acreoid " appearance, 
is a (younger) modification of the femalee of croeniin and primiius, and " bears 
unmistakable evidence of its being intended as a mimic of some danaoid or acreoid 
species, probably a< a means of protection." 

The green scales on the upper.side of tlie forewings of prianius. and the orange 
ones of croesus and lydius, are of the same form in these three insects, and differ in 
shape obviously from those of titJioiius and paradiseus. In paradiseus tliey are 
rather .short, rectangular, witli the angles tliemselves rounded ; in tithonus they have 
tlie same rectangular form, but are longer, and their apex is more rounded; in 
prlainus, croesus, and lydius they are obviously narrowed towards the apex ; vict&riae 
hohls in this res2iect an intermediate position. 

Tlie abdominal fold of tiie hindwings bears on the underside, upon the sub- 
median uervure, long and densel}' set hairs in all the species of TroUlee ( priaraus 
groui) and lielena groujj), which character is absent from all tlie Eastern Papilios, 
and has also a peculiar scaling, with which I did not meet in any species of Fapilio, 
except P. aidoneus Doubl. The scales of tlie underside of the abdominal fold are 
broadest towards tlie base, and regularly jiroduced at the apex in two very long teeth 
in paradlseits {i>ta.uding.), victoriae (Gray), tithoinis (De Huan), priarivus (L.), croesus 
(Wall.), lydiii,8 (Feld.), and hypolilus (Cram.) ; the species allied to heleiia {L.) and 
aviphrysus (Cram.) (Swainson's genus Amphristus) differ in the scales having partly 
three long teeth : in brookianus (Wall.j most of the scales have three or four teeth. 
In paradiseus these scales stand rather widely separated from one another, the 
membrane of the wing being visible between them. In the genus Papilio the scales 
of the abdominal fold of the hindwings are either identical with those on the disc of 
the wing, or, if different, are rounded, or irregularly and shortly toothed; except 
in P. aidoneus Doubl., where they are similar to tho.se of T. brookia/ius (Wall.). 

The scaling on the disc of the forewings of the male of T. victwiae (Gray) ha.- a 
peculiar gloss. While on the black, not glossy, portion of the wing the scales are 
arranged in trans\erse series, and whilst here the upper scales are narrower than those 
of the under layer, in the glossy area the serial arrangement has become irregular, 
chiefly in consequence of the upper scales having assumed the broad form of the 
under scales. I may add that the black scales of the upperside of tlie forewings of 
vlcforiue are not, or feebly, toothed, especially those of the upper layer, which come 
very close in shape to the non-dentate metallic scales. — K. .T. 

-1. Troides tithouus (De Haan) [J,?]. 

^. (Jniilli„j,lr,v fithniiHx De Haan, Vcrh. Nut. Gesch. Neil, overz. lez. p. 18. t. 1. f. 1 (J) (1840) 

(Xew Guinea ; pnilmhlii erro/ieous) ; Donbl. Westw. & Hew., Grii. Oinrii. Lpi>. I. p. 4. ii. 4 

(1846) ; Volleuhov.. Tijil^chr. v. Ent. III. p. 71. u. 3 (I8G0). 
(J. Papiliu Uthonns. (Jray, Cat. hep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 5. n. 8 (18.')2) ; id., List Lrp. Ins. B. M. I. p. 3. 

n. 8 (18u0) ; Feld., )'«■/,. -.. h. Gas. Wim p. 2'JO. n. G. & p. .'i;il. n. 4 (1S04). 
?. Oniithoptern lithoiin«, Oberthiir, Bull. So,: Enl. Fmna' p. 122 (1885) (Waiguu) ; id., Et. il'Eiil. 

Xn. p. 1. n. 1. 1. 3. f. 10 ( ? ) (1888) (Waigeu). 
(? ? . Omilhnplem tithonus, Fickert, Zuul. Jahrbikh. p. 720. t. 20. f. Ii (J ). t. 21. f. 1 ( ? ) (1889) 

(Waigeu) ; Standing.. Iris VI. p. 355 (1894) (Waigeu). 

In neuration, especially in the position of the third subcostal branch of the 
forewings, this species i» closely allied to T. priamus (L.) ; in pattern and in the 


( I9ti ) 

absence of the '• bniud " from Uie forewings of the nuile it comes nearest to 
T. paraclineus (Staudiug.). 

cJ. One of my two specimens has two yellow spots within the yellowish green 
costal band of the forewings. The tluee submargiual s[iots aud the yellow markings 
of the hindwings \ ary in size. 

? . The number and size of the white spots of the forewings are inconstant ; the 
markings on the disc behind the cell are esjiecially lialile to obliteration. The white, 
interner\ alar, marginal fringe is often much reduced. 

Hch. Waigeu (2 J, 4 $): [New liuinea ?, probably eryoneons], 

■'>. Troides paradiseus (.Stauding.) [(?,?, larva, pupa]. 

(J. Oniitliojitem jmriidiiiea Staudinger, Enl. Niii:hr. p. 177 (June 1893) (Germuii N'ew Guinea); 

id., Iris VII. p. ;iyl). t. G. f. 1 (<^) (1894). 
cJ ? . Ornithoplirti sclioenbergi Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Xuss. Ver. Nat. p. 29. & 83. t. 5 (^J). t. 4 ( J ) 

(1893) (Finistcrre Mts.) : id., I.e. p. 70 (1894) {kirm noticed). 
(J. Schoenberi/ia jmriulisea Pagenstecher, I.e. p. 35 (1893). 
(J $. Schoenlntrgid (!) jmradisea, Rippon, Icm. Ornith. te.xt (1895). 
(J$. Schoaibergia jmmdisea, Rippon, I.e. text & plate (1895) [Sell. jKiiwIiseu Pagenstecher and 

" Rippon " (sic .') 0)1 jtlate]. 

The third subcostal uervule of tlie forewings originates exactly al the apex 
of the cell. 

6. The hindwings are jn-olouged into a thin, long tail; forewings without 
" brand." 

5. The marginal white spots are restricted to the marginal fringe itself, and are, 
therefore, much smaller than in T. priamus (L.). The white markings of the wings 
not quite constant. 

Caterpillar similar to that of T. vlctoriae (Gray). 

Hab. German New Guinea ('2 6,2 j). 

(>. Troides victoriae (Gray) [cJ,?. lai\a. pupa]. 

? . Omithoptem victoriae (Gray), P. Z. S. p. 7. t. 39 ( $ ) (I80G) (P,ilri,i ?) ; id., List Lfj,. Ins. B. M. 

1. p. 3. n. 9 (1856) : Butl., P. Z. S. p. 289. n. 88 (1874). 
? . Pcqnlio victoriae, Felder, Virh. z. b. Gis. ITick p. 290. n. 7. & p. 332. n. 5 (18G4) (Oceania). 
<J ?. Ornitho/itera ridoriae, Salvin, P. Z. S. p. 118. n. 2. t. 4 (jj & larv.) (1888) (Guadalcanar, 

Solomon Is.) ; Woodford, Ibid. p. 25U (1888) ; Fickert, Zool. Juhrbiich. p. 722. t. 21. f. 2 ((J). 

3 ( ? ) (1889) ; Haase, Vnti-rmch. iih. .Vim. p. 24 (1893). 
(J ? . Troides vicUiriae, Rothschild, Entomol XXVIII. p. 78 (1895) (Guadalcanar). 
cj ?. Aetheoptera victvriae, Rippon, Ron. Ornith. text * plates (1895). 

As this species has already been found on (ruadalcanar, Maleita, the Short land 
Islands, and on Bougainville I. (Mr. Woodford also saw a male in the Kubiana Lagoon), 
it is most probable that it occurs on all the islands of the Solomon group. The 
sjjecimens from ditt'erent islands exhibit some obxious differences and form three local 
races, which number will certainly be increased in future, when we know the insects 
from the islands of Choiseul, San Christoval, etc. 

(«) : T. victoriae (Gray) inhabits Guadalcanar ; 
(6) : T. vidoo-lae re;jinae (Salv.) occurs on .Maleita ; 
(c) : T. victoriae retjiH Kothsch. was discovered on Bougainville and Alu. 
The tvpe of viclwiae came undoublidly from Guadalcanal- Island, as Mr. (). 
Salvin (Z.c.) has pointed out. 

The third subcostal branch of the forewings originates mostly beyond tlic ajiex of 
the cell ; sometimes it stands al the apex of the cell, as in T. ijaradiseas (Stauding.) ; 


( 197 ) 

the common stem of the fourth aud Hfth subcostal uervules is long, but rather variable. 
The apical part of the discoidal cell of the forewings is very broad, especially in the 
male. The latter sex has a " brand," thougli Haase (I.e.) says that this sexual character 
is absent from victuriae. The liiudwings of the female are much more hairy thau iu 
the allied species. 

(a) : T. victoriae (Oray), forma typ. [ J, J , larva]. 

J. The yellowish green apical patch on the upperside of the forewiugs consists of 
three spots, of which the fir.st varies in length from 14 to ^0 mm., while the third has 
mo.stly a length of 7 and a breadth of 5 mm., or is smaller. 

$. The fernale is less constant than the male. The two spots within the cell of 
the forewings are often joined to one another, and sometimes merged together to 
a large triangular patch which occupies the basal two-thirds of the cell. 

Hub. Guadalcanar Island (6 J, 8 J). 

(h): T. victoriae reg'inae (Salv.) [c?,?]. 

^ J . Oniilliojileni victoriiie, Godmau & Salvia [na: Gray, 185G), P. Z. 8. p. 190 (1887) ( JIaleita) : 
Grose Smith, Ann. J%. A'. //. (5) XIX. p. 445 (J) (1887) (Maleita) ; id. & Kirby, Rhoi<. 
Emt. I. Onuth. t. I. f. 1 (t? ). 2 ( ? ) (1887) (Maleita). 

J ?. Uniithoptera iri/iiuie Salvln, P. Z. S. p. 117. n. 1. (1888) (Maleita) ; Fickert, Zuul. Jahrh. 
p. 723. t. 21. f. 4 ( ? ) (188y)- 

(J ? . Tnjitles victuriae reijiiuie, Rothschild, Entoninl. XXVIII. p. 78 (1895) (Maleita). 

jj 5 . Aelhinptera reijinaf, Rippon, Icun. Ornith. text & plate (1895) (Maleita : "Fiji" loc. err.). 

The neuration in Fickert's figure is incorrect, and Dr. Fickert is quite mistaken 
in stating that the third subcostal ner\ ule of the forewings has in victoriae the same 
position as in 2'1'ia'iims (L.). 

cJ. The subapical golden green patch of the upperside of the forewings consists 
of three large and a fourth small spot ; the third spot is as large as the second 
oi victm-iae, and measures in length 16 mm., in breadth 5 mm. ; the patch is some- 
times connected with the basal green area of the wing, whicli is more extended than 
in victoriae, by means of a narrow, postcostal band. On the hindwings, between the 
discoidal cell and the submarginal spots and behind the cell, the green scales are 
sparse or quite absent. 

J. All the white markings are larger than in viclwiae; the third subapical 
spot of the forewings, situated behind the fifth subcostal nervule, measures, for 
example, in length 16 mm., in breadth 5 mm., the last submarginal spots 16 and 14 
respectively, while in victonae the respective measurements are : length from 6 to 11, 
breadth 4 ; and length 3 to 8, breadth 6 to 10 mm. 

ILih. Maleita Island (\ c?,3 ?). 

(c): T. victoriae regis liotbsch. [(?,¥, pupa]. 

(y). ? . OrnUhiipteru ricturiae var., Salvin. /'. Z. .S. p. 118. sub n. 2 (1888) (Florida Island, loc. err. ?). 
cJ 9. Troides ricloriue regis Rothschild, Entnniul. XXVIII. p. 78 (1895) (Hoiigainville & Alu). 

iS . The subapical patch of the forewings xcry long, consisting of two large spots, 
and a naiTow streak or small .spot behind the fifth subcostal nervule. The green area 
of the hindwings as in victoriae, or as in veijinae; the anterior submarginal yellow 
spot is obliterated in the type-specimen. 

¥. The submarginal spots of either wing much smaller than in cicloriae, partly 
obliterated ; discal spots and those at the base of the fore- and hindwings also smaller 


( 198 ) 

than in llie other two subspecies. In one of my four indiviihials there stands a small 
black spot within tlie first (costal) marking of the discal row of spots of the hindwings. 

The dry [miia does not differ from that of T. priniaas iirvilliitiiHx ((iucr.). 

l{(th. Bougainville Island '('. Kiblie I''!/.. 1894: 3 J, 4 ?): Ahi (\ 6, Captain 
Webster lefj.). 

The Alu iiude approaches a little the lyiiical form of the species. 

-Mr. Rippon {I.e.) quotes my authority as to the one ? and the 6 of T. vicloritte 
reginae in my collection being Irom Fiji. This I do not now believe to be the case. 
The following is the history of the two specimens : — I purchased them from the family 
of a cajitain of a merchant vessel, who asserted that the specimens had been captured 
in Fiji, where he, with his wife, had resided for many years ; now there is no record of 
a "Irviilcs ca|jtured in Fiji liy any reliable collector, and therefore I believe the owner 
of these brought them home to Fiji from a voyage to the Solomons. This is the more 
likely as it is most improbable that two so distant places as !Maleita and Fiji should 
have identical forms, while Guadaleanar, scarcely separate from Maleita. has a 
different one. 

7. Troides brookianus (Wall.) [J,?]. 

(?) Omithoptera broolciuna Becker, Bull. So<-. Eut. Frunee p. 21 (F^vr. 1855) {iioni. ntul.). 

(?) OrnithopUra broolcea Stevens, ibid. p. 89 (1855) {nom. mid.). 

Oriiitlinptem broukiiina Wallace, I'ruc. Ent. Svc. Lmd. ii). III. p. 104 (J ) (1855) (Borneo) ; Stauding. 
& Schatz, ICcut. Sclimelt. I. p. 5. t. 2 {^) (1884). 

Omithoptem bruukeana Hewitson, E-nd. Butt. I. Oni. it I'ap. t. 1. f. 1 (c?) (1855) (Borneo) ; Wall., 
Ti: Linn. Sor. Loml. XXV. p. 40. n. 16 (18G5) (Borneo) ; Cutter. Fruc. Ent. Soc. Loud. p. 21 
( ? ) (18G9) ; Oberth., El. d'Ent. IV. p. 32. n. 17 (1S7'.)) (Borneo) ; Dist., Ent. Mo. .Mug. p. 2.^7 
(1881); Forbe.s, Xnturalist's Wundrriuija p. 227 0885) (Sumatra); Dist., Wiop. Mai. p. 4(17. 
sub n. 4 (188G) (Sumatra) ; id. & Pryer, Anu. ,!/«-/. A'. //. (5). 'XIX. p. 272. n. 1()G (1SS7) 
(Simdakan) ; Fickert, Zool. Ju.hrb. p. 749 (»«■ fig.) (1889) (Borneo ; Sumatra ; nee Malacca) : 
SkertcMey. Ann. Man. A"- H. (G). IV. p. 209 (1889) (Borneo ; habit«) ; H.agen, Lis VII. p. 18 
u. 1 (1894) (Sumatra : ? noticed). 

I'opiUo Irugon VoUcnhoven, Tijdschr. r. Ent. IH. p. 72. u. 9. & p. 88. t. G (cJ) (18G0) (Sumatra). 

Papilio hrool.f<,nus, Felder, IVr/i. ;. b. Ges. Wiin p. 292. n. 35. & p. 334. n. 23 (18G5) (Borneo : 
Sumatra); Snellen, .\liddm-iiumatni, II. p. 24. n. 1 (1892) (Sumatra). 

Oinitliojilvra {Truijiniopteia) bivoittina, Rippon. ieou. Ornith. text & phite (ISS'J) {•■ Trogonoiiti'i-a " 
aubijenus nov.). 

This species ranges over the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, the Natuna Islands, 
Korneo, and the Island of Balabac ; on Palawan it is represented by T. iivjauus 
Stauding. .\s the females from the Malay Peninsula are always different fiom those 
from the other localities, I must divide T. hrookia. aus \n{o two subspecies; — 

(ct) : T. b rook ia Ill's Wall., inhabiting Borneo, Balaliac, Natuna Lslands, and 
Sumatra ; 

(h) : T. liruvl.-'uinae albaiCens sub.-ji. now from Malacca. 

(«): T. brookianus (Wall.), lurma typ. [c^,?]. 

i. The upjaemcie is very constant, though the green markings are not always 
of exactly the same sliape in my individuals. 

Bdoii\ however, the male varies a good deal in the amount of l)liush green or 
greenish blue. In most individuals there is no blue or greenish blue mark within the cell 
of the forewings; other e.xamples have a small spot there, while in the specimen from 
Balabac in my collection there is a large greenish blue patch, as in the female. The 
forewings exhibit sometimes a series of white >uliniarginal spots Maiiding in jiairs at 


the nervuies. The size iind form of the white markings in the outer region of tlie 
hindwings is very variable. 

J. The posterior part of the hastate mark divided by the lower discoidal nervule 
of the forevrings above is often green instead of white. The underside exhibits some 
variation, especially in the size of the white markings; those of the hindwings are 
joined to one another, or widely se)iarated. The 5 from the Xatuna Islands stands 
just intermediate between the typical form and T. hrool'innus (ilhescens mihi, having 
the white markings of the underside larger than they are in bruokidiius, and smaller 
than in albescens. 

(a*): $-ab. denuor (Walker). 

Oniilhopteva brooheanu var. eleanor Walker, Tr. Eiit. Sue. Laml p. 75 (1889) {nn looilil;/ .') : Rippon, 
fcon. Orndh. text &• plate (1881.1). 

This i-emarkable aberratioir has the upperside of the forewings almost exactly 
marked as I he male; the white subapical markings of the u-ual form of the feiwde 
are absent. Locality unknown. 

Hah. Borneo (14 6", 10 ? ) ; Kalabac (1 S); Sumatra (1 J ; $ in Coll. Van de 
Poll and in Mus. Stettin); Xatuua Islands (Kunguran ; 1 (^, 1 ?). 

{h): T. brookianus albescens subsp. nov. [J,?]. 

Oinitli'iptem-brmArmia Gosse {,i,r Wulhice, ISfi;",), Eiilom. p. 156 ($) (1881) (Mai. Pen.); Dist., 
But. J/o. .!/«;/. XVII. p. 237 (1881) (Mai. Pen. ) ; id., RJ,,,/,. Mai. p. 330. n. 4. t. 27a. f . 4 ( ? ). & t. 
27b. f. 1 ((J) (1885) (Mai. Pen.) : Fickert, Zool. Jahrh. p. 749 (-•.;■ ;).). t. 21. f. 8 ( ? ) (1889). 

i. Not distinguishable from typical ^rtici/LjV'uits, though on au average the white 
spots on the undereide of the forewings seem to lie larger. 

5. Upperside: the subapical white markings of the forewings larger than in T. 
brookianus, much less suffused with blackish brown, being pm-e white in the middle; 
the submarginal spots to the hindwings are longer, extending from near the outer 
margin more than half-way to the cell. 

Underside : the submarginal white markings of the forewings are broad and touch 
one another, not being widely separated at the internervular folds. On the hind- 
wings the white submarginal area is much more extended than in brookianus, forming 
•A broad white band, which is traversed by rather thinly black nervules and includes 
a black rounded spot within each cellule; these spots are sometinie.s connected with 
the black disc of the wing by means of an interuervidar black streak; in brookianus 
$ the disca^portion of the white band is obliterated, except at the veins. 

Hub. Malay Pen. (14 J,3-j). 

8. Troides trojanus (Standing.) [c?,?]. 

J. Drnilhuptei-ii ti-ojuna (an hrookidna var. V) Staiiflinger, Iris II p. 4 ((J) (1889) (Palawan); 
Fickert, Zoo?. .7»//ri!(Wi. p. 704(1889); Watkins, Kntom. XXIA'. p. 177. t.4(cJ) (1891); Senipfr, 
l'h,r,p2>.,Jagfal. p. 263. n. 384 (1891) (Palawan). 

The differences between T. trojanus and 1'. brookianus are so considerable, and 
apparently so constant, that I must treat trojanus as a distinct speoie.s. It is, how- 
ever, not impossible that further investigations in Palawan, which may enable us to 
compare a larger series of specimens, will prove that at least the females of both 
species run into one another. 

(S. The blue-green markings of the upperside of the forewings are short and 
widely separated. The hindwings have a rather narrow, greenish blue, discal band above. 

?. Upperside: in the amount of white on both .-iides of the b.iewings it comes 
nearest to '/'. brookianus albescens : above there are three gn'i-ti h^istiitc p:itclifs, 

Mi 


( 200 ) 

situated on tlie submedian nervuic and the two lower median nervules. Hindwing^ 
with a complete ,<eiies of subniarginal white iuarking>, which are as sliort as in 
hrool-ianus Wall., but purer white; the blue area is exteriorly much more restricted 
than in brookianus, as it does not extend farther than one-third of the way from the 
cell to the outer margin of the wing. 

Underside: forewings with a faint bluish mark within the cell, a green spot 
between the lower median nervules, and a large blue and green patch within the 
cellule between the submedian nervure and the lower median vein. 

Hindwings with the white markings somewhat larger than in Orookiitnus, and 
standing farther from the outer margin. 

Hab. Palawan (3 <?, 1 $). 

9. Troides hypolitus (Cram.) [cJ,?]. 

Seba, Tkfs. IV. p. 55. t. 45. f. 1 7--2o < Amboina !). i- p. 56. 57. t. 46. f. 11. 1-'. I'J. 20 (1765). 
•i . Fapilio Equts Trojainis jxiiithous Linne, Si/st. X((t. ed. x. p. 461. d. 16 (1758) {p.p.) : Clcrck, 
Icon. Lis. II. t. 18 (1764) (mrjig. Uih. 19 quae ml ? T. jiriami {L.) pcrfin.) ; Linne, Mas. Luil. 
Uli: p. 195. n. 14 (1764) (p.p.); id., Syst. Xat. ed. xii. p. 748. n. 17 (1767) {p.p.); Muller, 
Xaliirs. V. 1. p. 571. n. 17 (1774) {p.p.) : Fabr., Srjst. Ent. p. 448. n. 25 (1775) (p.p.) ; Goeze, 
Ent. Beytr. lU. 1. p. 37. n. 17 (1779) {p.p.) ; Fabr., Spec. Ins. II. p. 9. n. 36 (1781) {p.p.). 
rnpilio Equcs Tiojanus pandin-us, Houttuj-n {nrc Linne. 1758), Xaiuil. Ilisi. I. 11. p. 199. n. 17 

(1767) {p.p.). 
(^ J. Ptipilio Eqiies Trujaiiiis hijpoVitus Cramer, Pup. Eml. 1. p. 14. t. 1(1. f. ,\. u ((^): t. 11. 

f. A. H ( ? ) (1775) (Amboina). 
(J ? . Piipilio Eqiies Trojaniis renins, Fabricius, Geiieni Ins. p. 250 (1777) ; Cramer, I'liji. Exot. II. 

p. 60. t. 135. f. .\ ( 5 ) & p. 61. t. 136. f. .\ ( ? ) (1779) : id., I.,: IV. p. 197. t. 386. f. .\. I5 (cj ) 

(1782) : Jablonsky, Xaliirs. Schmett. I. p. 198. n. 3. t. 2. f. 1. 2 (1782) : Fabr., Manl. Ins. U. 

p. 3. n. 24 (1787) ; Esper, Atisl. Scliin. p. 67. n. 31. t. 17 ( ? ) (1790) ; Gmelin, Si/sl. .\at. I. 5. 

p. 2230. n. 288 (1790) ; Fabr., Ent. Si/kI. III. 1. p. 11. n. 34 (1793) (Amboina). 
(J. PupiUu Eques Tnijunns nnlenm: Well {ner Drurj', 1793), in Jacquin, Miscell. Ausli: II. t. 23. 

f. 4. a. b (1785). 
(J. Piipilio Eqnes Trojanus hippnli/tiis, Esper, Ansl. Schinett. p. 72. n. 32 (1790). 
J. Piipilio Eqiifs Trojaniis hijipolythns, Esper, I.e. t. 18. f. 1 (J) (1790). 
Cf ?. Piipilio paiithous, Donovan, Ins. of India t. 18 (?) (1800) ; Gray, Cut. Lep. fits. B. M. \. 

p. 5. n. 9 (1852) (Amboina) ; Butl., Cut. Diurn. Lep. descr. Eabric. p. 234. n. 2 (1869) (Amboina) : 

Auriv., Koniil. Sr. Vet. Al;. II, nidi. XIX. 5. p. 19. n. 14a (1882). 
J. Princeps domiiians hi/politus, Hiibner, Siiinml. Exot. Sclim. I. t. 132. f. 3. & t, 133. f . 4 ( J } 

(1806-16). 
J ? . Troides rnnii.i, Hubner, I'er;. hclc. Sclim. p. 88. n. 925 (1816). 
J ? . Piipilio renins, Godart, Knc. Mctli. IX. p. 26. n. 3 (1819) ; Thon, Xiitiirij. Sc/iinetl. p. 17. t. 4. 

f. 5 f?) (1837): Feld., Verh. :. h. Gc^. Wicn p. 291. n. 21. & p. .3.33. n. 18 (1864) (Amboina, 

Ceram. Tcrnate ; nee Celcbe.s, siibspic nit.). 
(J 5. Ornithopterii rciniis, Boisduval, .S/«'-. Gi'ii. Lip. I. p. 176. n. 3 (1836) (Amboina); Duncan, 

Furriijn linltrrjl. p. 92. t. 1. f. 2 (1837): Vollenhov., Tijdsclir. r. Ent. III. p. 71. n. 4 (180(1) 

(Amboina): Wall., Tr, Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 38. n. 6 (1865) (Amboina, Ceram, Gilolo, 

Morty ; nee Sulla Islands, nee Celebes) ; Obertb., Et. d'Enl. IV. p. 30. n. 5 (1879) (Amboina : 

Iter Celebes, snb^per. alt.). 
(^ J . Ornithiiptera pantlious, Doubl. Westw. & Hew., Grn. Diurn Lep. 1. p. 4. n. 5 (18461 ( Amboina 1. 
cf $ . Omithnptera hippolijtiis, Standing, li Schatz, Exot. Scliniett. I. p. 5. t. 2((J) (1884) : Pagenstech., 

Jahrb. Xass. Ver. Xnt. p. 201 (1884) { /i.ji.) : Fickert, Zool. Jalirbiich. p. 741. n. 11 (1889) 

(p.p.) ; Ribbe, Iris II. p. 207. n. 2 (1890) (Ceram). 
(J J. OriiittiopUra {Pompruspterii, Pompeiisplerus, Pomproplera ! !) Itippolt/lns, Rippon, Iron. (Jrnitli. 

text & plate (1889) (/;./).). 

Aurivillius {I.e.) and several other authors ajiply the name of panthoiLS (L.) to 
this insect ; tiiey are, however, wrong in doing so. Linne describes in Syat. Xdt. 
ed. X. (1758) his P. E. T. panilwiM thus: — Alia denlalis nirjria concolor.ibus : 
primoribus alho maculatia ; posticia macidis cdbia nigro foetia. M. L. U. 


( -Jn] ) 

This descri])tion fits certain!}' best to the female of prkimiis (L.), which has 
white maculae on the forewings, and white maculae with black centres on the 
hindwiugs. 

In J/ Its. LjuI. L'lr. (1 764) Linue describes as jjan.thoiis twofeiiuiJe insects, one after 
the other, which he mates as j and ? : the "S " which is the first described, is said to 
have the wings black with white maculae, and is the same as the ? of T. priarnus (L.), 
which latter insect has been described previous to panthoas; the other insect, the 
supposed ? (" sexus alter, etc."), is described as having the forewings striped with 
white, the stripes being united in pairs at their bases, and as having seven 
maculae upon the hindwings, of which the four anterior ones are yelloW', the three 
posterior white.* 

This " ? " is certainly the J of the insect named by Cramer hypolitus and by 
Fabricius reinus. Now, Aurivillius (I.e.) says that the name of panthous must be 
restricted to the insect chai'acterised as " sexus alter, etc.," i.e. to Cramer's hypjolitus, 
because, if it has been proved that part of a composite species belongs to a 
previously described insect, the new name has to stand for the rest of that composite 
species. This is certainly right in some cases ; but in the present one it would be 
directly against the law of priority. In the description of 1758 there is nothing 
which points to any other species than to the female of priarnus; I must strictly 
deny that the panthovi^ of 1758 is to be regarded as being a composite species. The 
description of 1764 proves again that tlie name of paiilhous must be applied to the 
pnainus 5 , the latter being the first described of the two insects which Linne united 
to one species ; it does not matter at all whether two or more species described under 
the same name, by the same author, ai-e published on the same page, or in the same 
volume, or whether there is an interval of 3' ears between the publications of the 
descriptions — the name must always be restricted to that insect which is first described, 
and if this first-described species has already an older name (as in the jiresent case), 
the name of the composite .species sinks into a s\'nonym. 

Cramer's name oi hypolitus (not Iiippolytus, kippol-ytfms) is based on 8eba's 
bad figures of jilate 46; Cramer's figures (I.e. I. t. 10 and 11) show all the errors 
of neuration and pattern of Seba's figures, and are certainly nothing but copies 
of the latter. Specimens agreeing in pattern with Seba's figures of plate 46 are 
unknown, and I am convinced that Seba had not a variety of the S of the Well-known 
^Nloluccan insect, as suggested by several authors, but a mutilated specimen which 
did not show the exact shape and position of the submarginal spots of the hindwings ; 
in Seba's fig. 19 the left hindwing is difl'erent in pattern from the right one. Tlie 
figures are, however, well recognisable as representing the same species describ<>(l 
two years later, under the name of remus, by Fabricius. 

Cramer gives as " patria " of his hypolitus Amboina ; Seba says (t. 40), " Indiae 
orientales" ; to the figures of plate 45, which represent the same species, Selia gives 
however as habitat Amboina: " Varietates hujus Papilionis descriptae sunt pluresque 
deinceps sequentur," and " haec et, quae sequuntur, ejusdem speciei varietates omnes 
Amboinenses sunt." From these and some other remarks in Seba, it is pretty clear 
that all the specimens of the present species figured by Seba were from .\niboina. 
[Compare also Wallace, Proe. Eat. Soc. Lond. \. p. 23 (1858)]. 

Troides hypolitus (Cram.), which is very remarkable for its pattern and the form 
of the discoidal cell to the hindwings, has developed into three subspecies, namely : — 

' Linu6 say« of the mai-ulao 2, .S, 4 ; " FI;iv:ic, in medico macula allia " : i-onvc-tly it unglil to be 
" macula nigra." 


( 202 ) 

(d) : T. hypolitus (Cram.) fruin tlu' Moluccas ; 

(6) : T. Iiypolitits sulaensis (Standing.) from tlic Sulla IslauiU : 

(c) : T. lii/[jolitu8 ceUidaris nom. iio\'. from Celebes. 

Wallace records T. hyjjolitiis from Halmahera and Morty; 1 Ikim- not seen 
specimens from there, and aui cominced that these islands are not inlialiited In- 
typical liypoliliis. 

(") : T. hypolitus (Cram.), forma typ. [J,?]. 

cJ. The yellow markings on ihf hindwiugs are not constant in size; above, the 
three anterior ones are of the breadtli of the respective cellules; the fom-th, however, 
is often separated in two sj)ots, of which the first stands behind the lower discoidal 
vein, the second, sometimes scarcely indicated, at the first median nervule ; to the 
geminate mark at the second median branch a small spot at the lower median vein is 
joined in some examples, while from other individuals this spot is absent. Below, the 
anterior yellow markings are somewhat sinallcr tliau on the upjii^rsidc ; that at the 
extremity of the third median branch is always present. 

?. The black spots included in the yellow markings of the hindwings are some- 
times rather enlarged, especially those between the subcostal and upper median veins 
on the underside. The white spot in the apes of the cell to the hindwings below is 
often rather small ; above, this mark is mostly indicated by a white scaling, which is 
densely covered by black scales. 

Ilab. Amboina (7 J, 8 j) ; Ceram (1 J). [Halmahera, .Morty, ace. to Wallace]. 

(Ii): T. hypolitus sulaensis (Standing.) [c?,?]. 

Drnitliiipterii )r(«i<<. Wallace {iwr Fabriciu.s, 1777), Tr. Linn. S^ic. Loml. \X.\'. p. '^8. n. G ll8l5y) 

(p.p. ; Sulla Is ). 
(;J 5 . Oniithoptvra hippulijlus var. suhiensis Staudinger, his VII. p. 343 (1895) (.Maugola X., 

Sulla Is.). 

S. The median branches of the forewings above arc mo.slly bordered with 
yellowish instead of white scales. The white area of the hindwings below is tinged 
with yellow in most specimens; the marginal cloud of whitish scales between the 
costal and subcostal veins of the same wings is absent or only indicated. The 
abdomen is seldom white instead of yellow. 

J. The hindwings are much yellower between the median branches than in 
hypoHtus; below, the white scaling in the apex of the discoidal is much reduced. 

//((/-. Mangohi, SuUa Islands (:5 S , '2 ?). 

((■): T. hypolitus cellularis nom. nov. [c^,?]. 

P(ipiiii) irnius, Felder (tier Fabriuius, 1777), I>;7i. :. b. Gen. W'ieii p. 21)1. n. 21. & p. 333. ii. 18 

(181)4) (p.p. ; Celebes). 
OniUlinpteni frmim. Wallace. Tr. Linn. Snr. Lotul. XXV. p. 3S. i\. S ( I Bfio) ( p.p. : Celebes) : Obertb. , 

Kt. (flCnt. IV. p. 30. n. ;"> (187!)) (p.p. : Celebes). 
(Indtlwptent Injpolitus, Hopffer (mc Cramer, 1775), Stitt. Eiit. Zeil. p. 17. n. I (IH74) (Celebes). 
Oriiilhirjitfrit lii/>piil,/luH. Stauding. & Schatz {mc Esper, 1790), Ejul. Sclinirtf. I. p. ,5 (1884) (ji.ji. ; 

Celebes); Pagenstcch., ./nA;i. Niisx. Vn: Xtit. p. 201 (1884) (/)./).): VicVert, /iool. Ja/irbwh. 

p. 741. n. 11 (1889) (/).;).); HoUand, Proc. Buston Sor. y. H. XXV. p. 77. n. 125 (1890) 

(S. Celebes) ; Rothsch., /;■;« V. p. 442 (1892) (S.E. Celebes). 
Omillioptrm (Pompeusptera, PimipcVKjitcriiti, Pompcopteni ! !) hijipiilylus, Kippoii, Icni. (Jniilli. text 

(1889) (^).;,.). 
(J $ . Onutlwjiirm hip/ivh/liiii var. crlrhrnns Staudinger (wc Wallace. 1805). /rin \'JI. p. 342 

(,1895) (Celebes). 


( 2():i ) 

6- ^^c•al■^•ely dift'erent from /ii/pul ihis. The whitish iiei-vuhir strijii's on tiie 
upiiorside of the forewings are due to the scaling being sciace and the niembnine ol 
the wing shining through; there are only a few white or yellowish scales (which 
belong to the under layer), while in hypolitus the streaks are obviously scaled white. 
On the hindwings the yellow spots at the extremity of the two ujjper median veins 
are much clouded with black ; below, the marginal cloud of whitisli scales referred 
to under sidaensis is absent or scarcely indicated. 

J. The median cellules to the hindwings are without a yellow tint ; the dis- 
coidal cell has a white apical spot of variable size on the upperside. 

Hab. Celebes (1 c?, 5 ?); Talaut (W. Doherty leg., 1 <S, 1 ?). 

Tlie two Talaut specimens belong to this subspecies. The male has rather more 
white scales at the nervules of the forewings above, the hindwings are somewhat more 
acutelv dentate, and the second abdominal segment has no dorsal orange spot. 

Xote. — The upperside of the hiniKvings of t)ie miili' lias, as far iis I hi' while aiea 
of the underside is extended, a peculiar grey ai)i]earance, owing (o the lilaek scaling 
lieing rather dispersed ; between the median vein and the abdominal fold the upper 
and under scales are well developed. Tlie scaling of the upperside of the wings has 
a dark green metallic gloss; the scales are much less denticulate than in the other 
yellow species of Troides ; they are toothless in the marginal and discal regions of the 
liindwings. — K. ,1. 

10. Troides darsius (Gray) [c?,?, metam.]. 

fj. Ornitlinjilem iimphimrdon Doubleday (iin- Cramer, 1770), Gen. Diiirn. Li'i'. 1 p. 4. u. fi ( J'.jk). 

t. I. f. -2 ((J) (1846) (Ceylon). 
J ?. P>:j>i/h (lursiiis Oray. Cat. Lej>. hi/. 11 .]f. I. p. .i. n. 11 (IRoi) (Ceylon) ; id., List Lip. fiii. 

B. M. I. p. 4. n. 13 (18.^0) (Ceylon) ; Feld., Verh. .-. h. Ues. U'ien p. -!91. n. 24 (1804) (Ceylon). 
(J ? . Oniitliapleni ilnrdiis. Horsfield & Jloiire, Cut. Lip. Ini. Mus. E. I. C. I. p. 87. n. 1715. t. 2. f. i.'. 

2a (larva, pupa) (1857) (Ceylun) ; Feld., Wim. Eiit. Mmi. IV. p. 07 (I860) : Obertli., Et. iVEnl. 

IV. p. 311. n. 8 (1879); Moore, Lep. O-ylon I. p. 155. t. 55. f. 1. la. lb (J,?, I.,i>.) (1881): 

Fickert, Zi«,l. .Jnhrh. p. 7.W. n. ( 1880). 

6. The yellow cellular mark of the hinilwings is often reduced to a very small 
spot ; the first discal mark is in some individuals about half the size of that in otlier> : 
the posterior mark includes sometimes a minute )>lack sjwt. 

J. Between the costal and subcostal veins of the hindwings \\\vYe are llHl^ll> 
two small yellow linear spots, which cori-espond to the discal and sulnnai-ginal spots d 
the other cellules; below, the submargiiial yellow markings situated between tin- 
median veins are often joined to the inai-gi)ial whitish spots by means of a whitish 
buff scaling which forms two short, longitudinal, n)arginal streaks within each median 
cellule. 

Hah. Ceylon flO (J, 8 ? ). 

11. Troides minOS (Cramer) [c?,?, metam.]. 

?. Pii/)ilii, Kfjiii's TmJuiniK mhws Cramer, I'a/i. K.ml. 111. p. 4. t. 105. f. a (1770| i" W. Sumatra'' 
loc. err.) ; Jablonsky & Herbst, Xtitiir/. S.hmill. 1. p. 2U6. n. 7. t. 4. f. 2 I 17s2) ; Esper, .ivd. 
Schmetl. p. 127. n. 56. t. 32. f. 1 (1702). 

? . Papilio Equeis Ti-ojiiiiiis astenoiis Fabricins. Snn: Inn. II. p. 10. n. .38 (1781) (p.p.) ; Gmelin, Si/it. 
Nnt. I. 5. p. 2234! n. 207 (1700) ; Fabr., Eiif. Si/xl. III. 1. p. 10. a. 58 i'1703) {pp.\ 

?. Papilio amphrl.viis. fiodart, Enc. Mith. IX. p. 27. n. 7 (1810) (p.p.). 

?. Ornitlwptera lii-liin-oii, Boisduval. Spec. Gt'ii. Lfp. I. p. 178. n. 7 (1836) (p.p.). 


( 204 ) 

J . Oniilhrijiliru ;«<//i|)tin, Doubl. Wcstw. & Hew., Gen. Dhirn. Lfp. I. p. 4. n. 9 (18-1()) (»m/< -ydon.) ; 

Hoi-sf. & Moore, Oit. Lfi>. /us. Slim. E. I. (J. I. p. 87. n. 177 (l'<:"i7) (»«/) Hi/nmi.) : Wall., 7V. 

Linn. Soc. Lotui. XXV. p. 39. n. 9 (180.0) (siii aynon.). 
5 . Papilio j>onij>nts, Gray, Cut. Lep. Ins. li. .U. I. p. 5. u. 13 (1852) {niih syiioii.) : id., Lint Lip. Jm. 

B. .1/. I. p. 5. n. 15 (185S) {sub aynon.). 
?. Papilio mhios, Felder, Vcrli. z. b. Ges. Wim p. 291. d. 33. & p. 334. n. 22 (18G4) ("Sumatra" 

loc. erv.). 
(J ? . Ornithoptem spec, Sealy, I'mc. Ent. Soc. Loncl. p. 9 (1875) (Malabar, Travancore, Cochin; metam.). 
(?) cJ ? . OrnithopUm minos, Oberthttr, El. d'Eni. IV. p. 32. n. 14(1879) ("Hurma" Inr. err., rel 

spec. alt. ?). 
(J J . Omithoj>t'iaj>i'inj)iiisva.T. minos, Wood-Mason, ./on™. .I.--. .Soc. Beni/. p. 8G(.l88l)(Trevandrum1: 

Fickert, Zool. .Juhrbiirh. p. 730. n. Ic (1889) ("Burma," "Sumatra," /("■. err.). 
(J?. OntitJioplera minos, Stauding. & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. I. p. 5 (1884) (Malabar); Aitkeii, 

Joiim. Bomb. N. //. .Soc. p, 3.'). n. 73 (1887) (Bombay) ; Dm-idson .t Aitkeii, ibid. p. 3G1. n. 114 

(1890) (life liistory). 
(J ?. Pajiilin (Ornitho/ilera) minos, Hampson, .fount. As. Soc. Beitf/. p. 3ii3. n. 193 (1888) (Nilgiris, 

3000 to70uOfeet) ; Ferguson, Jo«ra. Bomb. N. 11. Soc. p. 445. n. 167(18'.n) (Travancore ; fairly 

common, up to 4000 feet). 

Cramer's figure, which represents a, female with the vellow iibdoiiifii of ii nidlc, 
fits exactly — exchisive of the wrong abdomen -to the only Troidea found in South 
India. Many authors — misled by Fakriciics, who identified minos with his asknous, 
and by tlie erroneous hahitat (''West .Sumatra") given bv Cramer — have treated this 
insect either as synonymous with or as a variety of .T. heleiin (L.) [= ponipeut 
(Cram.) = heiiacon (Fabr.) = astenous (Fabr.)], and I am astonished to see that 
also Fickert (I.e.) did not perceive the close relationsliip of T. tninos (Cram.) to the 
darsius-criton-haliphran group ou one side, and to T. anacus (Feld.) and rlw.da- 
mantns (Lucas) on the other side. While in Ijoth sexes of T. hehna (1..), T. helena 
cerberns (Feld.) and the other subspecies of helena, the black colour enters the cell 
of the hindwings from the costal side of the base of the wing, it enters the cell fi-om 
the abdominal side, or in a straight line from the base, in T. cr'doii, haliphron, etc. ; 
in helen/i the black colour of the basal portion of the hindwings increases in the 
direction from the costal margin to the anal angle ; in criton, dicmius, etc., especially 
in the males, it increases in the direction from tlie aluloniinal margin to the anterior 
angle, or from the base to the outer margin ; in the case of helena the cellule between 
the co.-ital and subcostal veins is the first to become CTitirely tilled up with black, 
whereas in the mules of the other group of .species the cellule between the submedian 
nervure and the lower median vein is the first to assume the black colour, in this 
respect T. minos 3 certainly agrees better with darsius and allies than with helena. 
Tlie rather thin scaling of the middle of the disc of the forewings, and the black 
powdering at the edge of the black marginal border of the hiudivings between tlie 
median nervules which we find in many specimens, are characters which the mah of 
T. minos (Cram.) has in common with the m/de of T. aeaciis (Feld.). That black 
powdering is very peculiar; in certain specimens of aeacus it is rather extended, and 
in one S])ecimen of the Pliilippiue r/tarfrtmaviios (Lucas), which is the nearest ally 
of aeucus, the median cellules are all overiiowdered with black, thus reminding one 
of T. rhadamantii^ plateni (Standing.) from Palawan. The female of minoa agrees 
with aeaciiS in the white border of the cell of the forewings and in tin- position of the 
black discal spots of the hindwings. 

The hindwings of minos <S and J are as hairy in the ba.sal and abdominal region 
as in darsiua. The subcostal nervure, from the base to the origin of the subcostal 
nervule, is as long as in darsiua and allies, i.e. longer than in helena (L.), especially 
in the male. 


( -^"■■^ ) 

S. The black abdominal border of the hindwings extends often beyond the 
lower median nervules ; sometimes it includes a yellow streak of variable size situated 
along the median nervure. The whitish adner\ular streaks assume sometimes a 
yellowish colour behind the cell. The yellow abdomen has on each side of the fifth 
and sixth segments a dorso-lateral black spot, and a dorso-median spot on the eighth 
segment. 

5. The white border to the cell of the forewings varies from extending down to 
the base of the wing to being restricted to the apical third of the cell; the white 
.streaks along the median and discoidal nervules are narrow and sliarply defined. On 
the hindwings the fir.st yellow discal mark liehind the costal nervure is varialile 
in size. The middle of the underside of each abdominal segment is occupied by one 
large or two smaller lilack .spots. 

//'(/). S. India (.Malabar, Travancore, Nilgiris, Bombay; 'J J, 12 jj. 

12. Troides vandepolli (Snellen) [(?,?]. 

S ?. l'<i!Jili" raiiilejioUi Snelleu, TiJ,l.<rlu: r. KnI. XXXIII. p. -'2 (isyil) (Preangpr Mts.. .'.ono t" 

5500 feet). 
Ornitlu.ptern rn,„lq,„!!i, Frulistorfer, Bcrl. Eiit. Zeit^chr. XXXIX. p. L'41. t. 17. f. 1 ( J, ? ) (1S'.)4). 

This is a most excellent species, with a broad discoidal cell to tlie hindwings of 
both sexes. 

(a) : T. vandepolli (Snellen), forma typ. [c?, ?]. 

The underside and the sides of the fourth to eighth abdominal segments are 
yellow, with two rows of black ventral spots. Tliere are no red pectoral spot* 
underneath the wings. 

cJ. The yellow cellular spot of the hindwings has always an ovate shape. On 
the underside of the hindwings there is a marginal, rather ill-defined, yellow mark 
between the second and third median nervules, which often assumes the form of the 
letter U ; many specimens have a transverse yellow bar before this mark. 

J. The two small yellow markings between the costal and subcostal veins of the 
hindwings are sometimes connected with one another and form a large lunule, the 
concave side of which is directed towards the subcostal vein. Kelow, the posterior 
marginal bnfT lunules are mostly joined to the discal creamy or yellowish buff' area 
by means of a buffish scaling forming one or two short longitudinal strsaks in tlie 
cellules between the median veins. 

Hah. Java, at higher elevations (H. Frulistorfer: Mt. (iede. 4000 feet, August 
1892; 8 c?, 6 ? ). 

{h}: T. vandepolli honrathianus (Martin) [J,?]- 

?. Omithnptera hnnrathiiiwi Martin, Bal. Etil. Xeil. XXXVII. p. 49--' (I>t02) (Sumatra). 
cJ ? . Omithqitem hnimilhiomi Martin, NulUKfh. Tijihchr. r. Xeil. Iiid. LIII. 3 (Sep.). p. 1. n. I 
(1893) ; Hagen, Jrix VU. p. lit n. 4 (1894) (Sumatra). 

Differs from the .Tavan vandepolli especially in the abdomen being almost entirely 
black. 

Hah. Sumatra (Battak country; 1 ^,1 ? ; j/rolxihli/ (dso in the monntaiiwi's 
regions of S.W. Sunuitrci). 

This insect seems to me to be only a local form of T. nmdepoUi Snellen, though 
Martin mav be right in treating it as a distinct species; for want of good material 
we cannot decide the question. 


( 206 ) 
i;i Troides haliphron (Hoisd.) [rf,?, iiu-iam.]. 

(J. Ormllioplera hnliphrnn Boisdaval, Spec. Gen. Lip. I. p. 181. n. 9 (183G) (Celebes). 

^J?. Oi-nlthopli-ra luiliphion, Felder, Wien. Enl. Man. IV. p. 98. n. 52. t. 2. f. Sa. Sb (J,?) 

(1860) (Celebes) ; Wall., Tr. Linn. Soc. Land. X.KV. p. 40. n. 14 {18t;.5) (Macassar) : Obcrth., 

Et. tFEnl. IV. p. 30. n. 7. & p. 110. n. 7 (1879) (Celebes) ; Stauding. & Schatz, Ent. .^chntell. 

I. p. 5. t. 2 (S) (1884) (Celebes); Fickert, Zool. Jahrhiich. p. 734. n. 4 (1889) (Celebes); 

Ilibbe, Iris III. p. 39 (1890) (Celebes; larva .t pupa); llothsch.. his V. p. 442 (1892) 

(S.E. Celebes). 
(J. Ornilhojilera ampliimetlon. Doubl. TFestw. & Hew., Gen. Dinrn. l.t^ii. I. p. 4. n. G (184i!) (ji.p.) : 

Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. h. n. 12 (1852) {p.p.). 
(J ? . PnpiUo huUphron, Felder, Verh. z. b. G>-^. Wim p. 291. n. 2.j. & p. 334. n. 20 (1864) (Celebes) ; 

Piepers & Snellen, Tijdsdir. c. Enl. XXI. p. 37. u. 147 (1878) (Saleyer, very common ; 

Bantimoei-oDg). 
? . OrnitJwptera Imliphron var. bauermanni Rober, Irits I p. 19 ( $ , npc J \ (1885) (Kabia Ishmd). 

Three local form.s belong to this species : — 

(a) : T. lialiphron (Boisd.) from Celebe.'; and the adjacenl .small islands ; 

(/') : 7'. haliphron naias (Dohertv) from Sumba, J^ambawa. .Mor. .\donara. and 

Wetter ; 
(c) : T. hftliphron iris (Ruber) from 1-etti. 

Doherty's Troides aaias var. sambawamia and Rober's T. haHphron var. haxter- 
raanni are mere aljerrations. 

(") ; T. haliphron (^Boisd.), forma typ. [(J, ?, metam.]. 
Breast with red hairs nnderueath the wings ; yellow colour of the underside of tiie 
abdomen mni-li restricted, forming narrow transverse liands to the posterior .segments. 

J. .Ml the nervules of tlie forewings are bordered with white l)elow, le.ss so on 
the upperside ; on the underside the discoidal cell has also a white border in the 
apical two-fifths, and the intercellular folds are whitish at the apex. The yellow area 
of the hindwings consists of five discal spots, situated between the costal margin and the 
second median nervule ; the spots are nearly of equal length ; sometimes, however, 
the finst and last are reduced ; behind the second median nervule there is .seldom a 
seventh, minute spot ; some individuals have a small spot within the ajiex of the cell 
stretching ahmg the discocellular veinlets. 

(''') • c?''^'^- bauermanni (Ruber). 
(J. Oinllhoplerii haViphrnn var. banrrnvmiii Rljbcr, Iris I. p. 19 ((J, life ? ) (188J) (Kabia Island). 

The cellular yellow spot of the hindwings before referred to large. 

This aberration, which forms a transition to T. haUplirui) wtias (Uoherty), is 
not confined to the Island of Kabia, but occurs also on the main island of Celebes. 

Rober [Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXIV. p. 270 (1891)] mentions a yellow U-shaped 
marginal mark, standing on the underside of the hindwings between tlie lower 
median nervules, and adds that he cannot find an explanation of this curious 
marking. If we compare other species, and also the fenudes, wc find that this mark 
is not so peculiar, and that it ajjpears also between the upper median nervules. It is 
composed of the marginal internervular spot, and the rest of the adnervular streaks 
whieli in several species run from the yellow discal area towards the outer margin anil 
separate the siibmargiual black sj)ots from each other [compare the j of T. uhlonf/o- 
nvicidatus (Goeze)] ; as the submarginal black spots are entirely merged together 
with the marginal black spots to form a broad black marginal band in haliphron. 


( 207 ) 

criton, etc., the before-mentioned iifliiervular yellow or huffish lines have disapiieareil. 
but appear again in some specimens, and then stand either isolated or are joined to 
the marginal huffish spots, and form in the latter case the U-shaped mark. 

5. The white markings of the forewings are mucli more pronnneut than in the 
S, especially on the upperside ; below there is a geminate streak along the sub- 
median vein, which is absent from the other sex. The yellow area of the hindwings 
is rather reduced; it consists of a cellular mark that occupies about half of the cell, 
and of six discal markings, of which the first is very .small, and the last, which is much 
suffused with lilack, is whitish, not yellow. The discal black markings, four or five 
in number, are rather narrow and long, and stand nearer to the cell than to the outer 
margin, the black marginal border being very broad; below there are two or three 
minute spots between the costal margin and the upper discoidal nervule, which 
correspond to those portions of the discal yellow area which lie between tlie discal 
black margins and the black marginal border. 

{Ir) : ? -ah. jjuflms (Oberth.). 

5 . Oniilliiijiln-ii liiili/ilirtJii ;iberr. (an var. '!) pullem Oherthiir, I'l. tV Eiil. IV. p. Ilo. sub n. 7 (1R7!I) 

(Celebe.sj. 
?. Ornithojitera haliphron var. bauermauni Ruber, Iris I. p. I'.l (1885) ( J p.p. ; K.-ibiit Islaud). 

Streaks of the forewings whiter than in typical haliphron ; base of the forewings 
and body almost fawn-colour. 

Hah. Celebes (9 cJ, 4 ?); Saleyer (1 cJ, 1 ?); Kabia Island. 

(h)- T. haliphron naias (Doherty) [cJ, ?]. 

cj ? . Driiithf/itera naliix Doherty, Juurn. .U. Sue. Bi-nr/. p. 193. n. IIG (1891) (Sumba : commou). 
(J ?. (Iriiilliuptem imias var. sambnimna Doherty, I.e. p. 104. sub n. 116 (1891) (Sambawa). 
cJ ? . Ontithuptera soa-atn Staudiager, Iris IV. p. 71 (1891) (Wetter ; Sambawa) ; id.. I.e. VI. p. 83. 
t. l.f. 1 ((^) (1893) (Wetter). 

Though I have not seen Sumba specimens, I have, judging from Doherty's 
description of naias, no doubt that all the specimens from Sambawa, Alor, Adonara, 
and Wetter belong to this .subspecies. The characters by which Doherty separates 
sambawanus from naias are not at all constant in the Sambawa examples, many of 
the latter belonging to typical ■n.fflj'fts, others to sambawanus; the specimens from 
the other localities are just as variable as, and do not differ from my individuals from 
Samliawa. As the number and size of the yellow spots of the hindwings is so variable 
in all tlie allied insects, I think it advi.sable to treat the aberration sambaivaims 
as a mere synonym, else we shall have to bestow names u]ion a gioal number of 
individual aberrations of hnUjihron, jilalo, iris, criton, etc. 

d. The white streaks on the imderside of the forewings are narrower than in 
haliphron (Boisd.). The hindwungs are much more pointed at the anal angle ; the 
discal yellow area is similar to that of T. haliphron cJ-ab. bauermanni (K6her), but 
extends farther towards the base; the first discal spot, between the costal and sub- 
costal veins, is larger ; the others become gradually shorter ; there are four or five discal 
spots, the fifth being mostly small or obliterated. The cellular sjiot extends mostly 
from the subcostal vein, half-way between the base of the wing and the origin of the 
subcostal nervule, to the origin of the second discoidal vein ; sometimes it is much 
broader at the apex of (he cell, extending as far as the origin of the second median 
nervule, 


( 208 ) 

J . The white border of the cell of the forewiugs longer than in haliphron. The 
(liseiil black sjiots of the hiiidwings stand farther from the cell than in haliphron; 
there are five or -six vellow markings on the disc, the first standing before the sub- 
costal vein being often obliterated, and a yellowish white, rather large mark beyond 
the cell ; the cellular spot occupies about threeK[uarters of the cell ; the discal black 
markings are sometimes merged together with the black marginal border; their 
exterior limits are, however, indicated by some geminate yellow spots situatc^d half- 
way between the yellow discal area and the outer margin of the wing. 

The pectoral red spots underneath the wings are sometimes much rednccd in 
both sexes, especially in the examples from Wetter. 

Hab. Sumba; Sambawa (14 J, G ?); Adonara (5 6, 1 ?); Alor (2 J, 1 ?): 
Wetter (3 S, 1 ? ). 

(c): T. haliphron iris (Kober) [(J, ?]. 

J ? . Oniilhn/ifera Iris Ruber, Eiit. Niwlir. p. 3(;n (1888) (Letti) ; Standing.. Trh FV. p. 74 (1891) 
{iris is probably a local form of haliphron) ; Rober, TijdKrlir. r. ICd. XXXIV. p. '270 (1891 1 
(Letti ; iris differentiated from haliplimn). 

This form is usually devoid of the red pectoral hairs, but in one of my ? examples 
from Letti the breast is as red underneath the wings as in haliphron and nauis ; the 
same specimen has also a red collar, while in typical iris the collar is of a dirty hufT 
colour. In both sexes the edges of the alidominal segments below are not yellow, but 
dirty buffi.sh brown. The white streaks of the forewings are less prominent than in 
haliphron. 

S. The discal yellow area of tlie hindwings is similar to that of hdliphron. In 
most specimens there are only four .spots present, situated between the sulicostal and 
second median veins; but often there appears a spot beyond the second median 
nervule, another before the subcostal vein, and also a third within the apex of the cell- 
$ . The apical third of the cell of the forewings beneath is almost all white. The 
discal black spots of the hindwings are entirely merged together with the black 
marginal band ; there are no yellow spots within this black border of the wing, but 
in two of my specimens they are indicated below. The discal yellow area consists of 
a rather small cellular spot, which does not reach, or scarcely reaches to the origin of 
the third median vein, and four discal markings standing between the first discoidal 
and third median nervules, and varying considerably in length ; to these spots comes 
often a small mark in front of the upper discoidal nervule, and nearly always a [laler 
spot behind the third median vein. 

Hab. Letti (^\■. Doherty, .Tuly 1892) (10 S. 6 ? ). 

14. Troides staudingeri (Kiiber) [J,?]. 

6 ?. Ornithnplerii sluiuliniiiri Riiber, ICnt. Much: p. :i6» (1888) (Loeang I.): Standing., Lis IV. 

p. 74 (1891) (Babber'& Loeang); Ruber, TijUsclir. r. Enl. XXXIV. p. -208 (1891) (Loeang: 

Babber ; nee Wetter). 
T. staudingeri (Rober) and pbiio (Wall.) are very closely allied to T. critmi 
(Feld.),and approach on the other hand also T. hnUphron (I?oisd.)an(l its local races. 
Though I believe that, when the fauna of all the islands between .lava, Celebes, and 
New Guinea is completely know^l, all these Troick.i will be connected by a chain of 
jntergrndiiate specimens, and, therefore, will sink to the rank of subsj)ecies of T. 
haliphron (Hoi,-;d.), I must treat T. staHclinf/eri, plato. criton, riedeli, and halipkrun 
as distinct species, because we can at jn-esent still draw exact parting lines between 


( 209 ) 

tlipse insects. T. wiias (Doherty) iiiiil /»•/'« (I\(ilier), liovvevpr, are not alwavs 
recognisable without the lielp of locality, and are only local forms of T. hnliphron 
(Boisd.). 

Both sexes of stum linger I (Ruber) have red pectoral spots underneath the wings. 
The abdomen is coloured as in riedeli ; the yellow colour of the underside is perhaps 
a little more extended. 

(3. The wliite, adnervular streaks of the forewings below are longer than in 
T. riedeli (Kirsch) ; those which border the second median nervule reach the cell. 
The first discal spot of the hindwings is larger thnn in ricdtii. but shorter than 
in critoH (Feld.). 

5 . The two specimens before me (one of which is lent to me by Dr. Staudinger) 
vary somewhat in the amount of white on the forewings and in the size of the yellow 
markings to the hindwings ; there are no yellow submarginal spots within the broad 
black border of the liindw'ings. 

Hah. Loeang; Babber (W. Doherty, July 1892) (1 d', 1 ?). 

15. Troides plato (Wall.) [(?,?]. 

(J. <lniith,ipln-ii plat'' Wallace, Tr. Liiiit. Sm: Lnml. XXV. p. 40. n. 13 (18l.i.'.) (Timor) : Standing., 

Iris IV. p. 74 (1891) [Timor ; phto is a slight local form of a-ituii (Feld,)]. 
cJ ?. Ovnitkiiptem plato. Rdber, Tijihrhi: v. Ent. XXXIA^ p. 2Gil (18'JI) (Timor). 

Both sexes are devoid of the red pectoral hairs underneath the wings ; but in 
one of my females there stand some red hairs at the side of the metasternum. 
Wallace {l.c.~) says that j)lato has uo red collar. This is a mistake ; most probably 
the head of Wallace's specimen was bent backwards, as in consequence of sncli a 
po.sition of the head the red collar is concealed by the black hairs of the neck. The 
black basal two-fifths of the wings are sharply limited in a regularly arched curve. 

i. The adnervular white streaks of the underside of the forewings are very 
broad, broader than in any allied species, but not of constant size. The scaling of 
the upperside is less dense between the discoidal and median nervules, so that this 
part of the wing has a peculiar appearance, being semi-transparent. The size of the 
yellow cellular spot of the hindwings is rather varial.ile ; in .*ome specimens that spot 
reaches along the median vein as far as the origin of the lower median nervule, while 
in others it reaches .scarcely bej'ond the second median vein. The jiosti>rior spot (the 
sixth) of the di.scal series is also inconstant in length and breadth. 

?. The forewings vary much in the amount of white: the apical fourth or third 
of the cell, and the bases of the cellules at the extremity of the cell, are above feebly 
suffused with white ; or these parts and geminate streaks at the submedian and lower 
median veins are conspicuously white, so that there is a discal white patcli extended 
between costal and inner margins, inwardly concave and sharply limited, exteriorly 
gradually shading off and extending along the veins. In a specimen in Dr. Staudinger's 
collection the apical tw-o-fifths of the cell are white, exclusive of two broad and a narrow- 
longitudinal streak, and the white region outside the cell is nmcli ii'diic'cd in con- 
sequence of the black internervular streaks being long and very prominent ; the black 
streaks between the two lower median nervules and between the lower median and 
submedian veins are especially dark, and join tlie black basal region wilh<iu( assuming 
a paler Colour ; hence the black basal region is much less regularly convex than in 
other /emf'/e.s and the male. 

The subdiscal black spots of the hindwings are in one form of the fe\i\<de well 
marked, the four posterior ones being partly or entirely surrounded with yellow ; in 


( al<> ) 

a second form the spots are merged together with tlir l>hu'k outer margin, and their 
exterior limits are indicated by minute, adnervniar, yellow spots. Tlie yellow patch 
of the hindwings is sometimes much paler below than above ; it consists of six to 
seven discal and a cellular spot ; the latter is in Dr. Staudinger's specimen twice the 
size of that in one of my own individuals, reaching in the former beyond the origin 
of the subcostal nervule ; the first discal spot, standing in front of the subcostal vein, 
is small and often absent. 

The hindwings are rather strongly indented in both sexes. The marginal spots 
of the female are large. The abdomen is similar in pattern to that of T. rieddi 
(Kir-scb). 

Hah. Timor (W. Dolierty : Oinainisa, Dutch Timor, Novemlier to December ISiU ) 

(6<?, 3¥). 

Ifi. Troides criton (Feld.) [J,?, metam.]. 

(J?. Ormlhojilfni oHnn Felder, Wini Enl. Mun. IV. p. -225. n. 7> (18C0) (BiUjan); Wall, Tr. 
Linn. Soc. Loud. XXV. p. 40. n. 12 (1865) (Ratjan ; Ternate; Gilolo ; Morty ) ; Oberth., El. tl'Eiil. 
IV. p. ;U. n. Ill (18711) (Dodinga; Ternate) ; id., Ann. .lAii.s-. Ch: Gemmi XV. p. 408. n. .'1 (1880) 
(Ternate; Halmahera) ; Biitl., Ann. .1%. N. 77. (5). XIII. p. 196. n. 42 (1884) (Ternate): 
Stauding. & Schatz, E.'-ol. Scliwett. I. p. fj (1884) ; Fickeit, Zoul. .Talirliiich. p. 7:!V. n. 7. t. 21. 
f. 7 (J) (18811) : Ribbe, 7ivs III. p. 4.-i (1891) (Batjaii ; larva & pupa). 
(J ?. PupUio criton Felder, I.e. p. 291. n. 23 (18G4) (Batjun: Halmahera) : id., lieise Xunini, Leji. 
I. p. 12. n. 6. t. 4. f. a— c ( c?, ? ) (18G.5). 
(?. The yellow spot of the cell to the hindwings is longest anteriorly, being 
limited basally in the direction of the lower median nervule ; in T. of/longo- 
maculntus (Goeze) the spot is cut off in the direction of the subcostal nervule ; the 
first, postcostal mark of the hindwings is mostly the largest of all the discal spots; 
there is no yellow mark behind the lower median nervule. 

J. The yellow spot in the cell of the hindwings is mo.stly small, and basally cut 
off either transversely or in the direction of the lower median nervule; Ix'hind the 
lower median nervule there is either no spot, or a very small one ; the subdiscal black 
spots are small and joined to the black border of the wings, but are apjiarcnily never 
completelv merged together with the marginal band, as is so often the case in T- 
oblonf/omacidatus papuensis (Wall.). The underside of the aluldiiicii is black, with 
the hinder edges of the segments yellow ; the yellow edge of the eightli scLiiiient i-; 
broad and dilated in the middle. 

Thei-e are three ditfereiit forms of the /cm"/'' :— 

(«2) : Typical feiit'ilc: similar to the male. i.e. forewings black above and below; 
disc of the hindwings of the same yellow colour on both sides as in the other sex. 

(h-) : J -all. (jherthuri ab. nov. 

Forewings with a white patch occupying the extremity of the cell and extending 
alono- the subcostal, discoidal, and upper median nervules, as in T. ohlonr/omnculfitits 
pariuevsis ^-ah.papvaini.'i Oherthi'n- ; yellow region of the hindwings bufUsh below. 
Resembles {\\p feviale of T. riedeli (Kirsch). 

(<?') : ? -ab. f elder i ab. nov. 
Papitio criton ? Felder, Reisf Nnvara, Lrp. I. t. 1. f. b. c. (iSGS). 

Smaller tban the other /emrtZe«. Yellow region of the hindwings of the same 
liutfish colour as in the $ of T. oblontjomaeulatus (Goeze). .Marginal fringe of both 
wings unicolorous buff, not black at the nervules. 


( -'11 ) 

All three /('(/(.((it's occur together, anil are connected by intergraduate specimens; 
the two foiin-- which I have named here are of interest, as their characters point to 
other species of Troldes. 

Ilab. Northern [Moluccas : Hatjan (8 3, 4 j); Ternale (2 S)\ llaliiialiera 
(3 cJ, 3 j); Morty. 

17. Troides riedeli (Kirsch) [cf,?]. 

(^ ? . Oniilhi'plii-a riedeli Kirsch, /'. X. S. p. 275. n. 1. t. H). f. 1 ( (J ). 2 ( ¥ ) (1885) (Timor Laut) ; 
Rober, Tijdsrhr. v. Eat. XXXIV. p. 2G0 (1891) (Timor Laut) ; Smith & Kirby, Illw}). Exot. II. 
On:, p. 3. t. 2. f. 1 ( J). 2 ( ? ) (1892).. 

A very constant species. The breast is covered iindenieath the wings with red 
hairs. 

(i. The forewings have sometimes feeble, adnervular, whitish streaks above; 
below, these streaks are much more prominent. The yellow spot in the cell of the 
hindwings varies a little in size. The diseal spots gradually increase in length from 
the second to the sixth spot ; the first is always mnch smaller than the second, being 
often hardly a third of the size of the latter. The abdomen is black, with the hinder 
edges of the third to eighth segments below yellow; this yellow edge is dilated in 
the middle of the fifth to seventh segments. 

5 . Only one form is known, the forewings of which have a white patch at the 
extremity of the cell, as in T. criton ?-ab. oberthi/ri mihi and in T. vUoiu/omacidalas 
jJd'puemsis ?-ab. papuaims (Oberth.). The hindwings have often a small yellow spot 
in the end of the cell; there are mostly four yellow diseal markings between the 
u))per discoidal anrl the third median nervules ; they are connected along the veins 
with the yellow submarginal spots, and thus the subdiscal black markings are sur- 
rounded with yellow, or partly so; behind the lower median nervule there stands a 
rather small bufhsh spot of variable size, and in some specimens there is also a minute 
yellow spot in front of the upiier discoidal nervule. The abdomen is similar to that 
of the c?, but the seventh segment has a yellow middle line. 

Hah. Tenimbcr Islands (W. Doherty, June to ,July 1892) (.5 S, •) ? ). 

18. Troides oblong'omaculatus fOoeze) [J,?, metam.]. 

Suba, Tiles. ]V. p. 22. t. 111. f. li. 7 ( J : c'.\ Coloiiia Suriuameusi ! ) & p. 55. t. 46. f. 9-12 (J) 
(Amboina) (17(i5). 

(J. Fapilin Equis Triijdiius helaiu, Clurck (««■ Liiim-, 1758), /(■<,«. his. II. t. 22. f. 1 (171)4) : lAwuti, 
Mug. Lull. Ulr. p. 199. ii. 18 (1704) [Uab. in "America meridionali,'' ex err.); Houtt., 
Naturl. Hist. I. 11. p. 20. n. 18 (1767) [p.p.) : Linne, Sijd. Nat. ed. xii. p. 748. n. 19 (1767) 
(p.p.) ; Miiller, Naturs. V. 1. p. 571. n. 19 (1774) [p.p.) ; Fabr., Stjsl. Enl. p. 449. n. 28 (1775) 
{lH'.) ; Cramer, Pup. Ex. II. p. 6(5. t. 140. f. \. i) (,^) (1777) (Amboina) ; Goeze, Ent. Hei/tr. 
III. 1. p. 38. n. 19 (1779) {ii.p.) : Fal)r.. Spec. Ins. II. p. 10. n. 39 (1781) [p.p.) : Jablonsky, 
yalnrs. Schmett. I. p. 203 ii. 5. t. 3. f. 2 (<J) (178.S) ; Esper, Ami Schmell. p. 43. t. 9. f. 2 (1786) 
((J, erroneiiushj ree. as ? ) ; Fabr , .Mant. Jus. II. p. 5. n. 42 (1787) (p./i.) ; Gmelin, Si/st. Xat. 
I. 5. p. 2234. n. 19 fl790) ; Fabr., Ent. Si/st. III. 1. p. 19. n. 59 (1793) ( p.p.). 

?. Pupilio Erpies Trojaims obhjiKjuniacukitus Gouze, Eut. Beijlr. III. 1. p. 44. ii. 22 ( 1779) (;(/y»(S ; 
ficbm fig. 6. 7. tiibulae Ki). 

$ . Pajiilio Eques Triijauui ampliiumhii Cramer. I'ap. E.rtit. III. p. 2. t. 194. f. .\ (1779) 
(Amboina) ; Fabr., Sjiec. lus. II. p. 8. n. 31 (1781) ; .lablonsky, Natiirs. Schmett. I. p. 204. 
n. 6. t. 4. f. 1 (1784) (Amboina) ; Kabr., Maul. Jus. II. p. 5. n. 34 (1787) ; Gmelin, Si/sl. .\'at. 
I. 5. p. 2231. n. 291 (1790) (Amboina); Eaper, Ausl. Scliuicll. p. 7.5. u. 33. t. 18. f.l (1790) 
(" cJ " i-x err.); Fabr., Ent.Sijst. III. 1. p. 15. n. 45 (1793)(.'\mboina) : Espor, I.e. p. 250. t. 40. c. 
f. 2 (1796 ?). 

J . Troide.-! amphimedon, Hubner. Verz. bck. Schui. p. 88. n. 920 (ISlil). 

(J. yroWfd /iefe«((, Hubner, /.c. p. 88. n. 921 (1816) (;)./'•)• 


( -'1-^ ) 

? . Papillo amphiimdoii, Godart. Em. Meth. IX. p. iti. n. 4 (1819) : Gray, Oit. hp. [n.->. II. .1/. I. 

p. o. n. 12 (1852) (Amboina : nee Celebes); id., Lial Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 4. u. 14 (1856) 

(Ceram). 
(J. Papilio helleii, Godart, l.c. p. 27. n. i; (1819). 
?. OniithopUra ampliimetlun, Boisduval, Voi/. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 35. n. 2. t. 1. f. 1. 2 (1832) 

(Amboina; ner Celebes); id.. Spec. Gen. Lep. I. p. 17G. n. 4 (1836) (Amboina; nee 

Celebes) ; Doubl. Westw. i<- Hew., Gen. Diiirn. Lep. I. p •). n. (i^(nec tab.) (1846) (Amboina ; 

iiec Celebes, iier Ceylon), 
jj. Oniilhopteru lieleno, Boisduval, Vdi/. AslmUiie, Lip. p. 30. n. 3 (IH32) (Amboina; nee Burn, 

nee Rawak) ; id., Spec. Gin. Lip. I. p. 177. n. 5 (1836) (Amboina: helena L.= jJ of 

amphimeilon Cram. ?) ; Doubl. Westw. & Hew , Gen. Dinrn. Lrp. I. p. 4. B. 7 (1846) (Amboina) ; 

Vollenhov., Tijdyrlir. r. Enl. III. p. 71. n. 5 (1860) (p.p.). 
J. Papilio hrtena, Gray, Cat. Lep. Lis. li. .1/. I. p. 5. n. 10 (1852) ; id., List Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 4. 

n. 12 (1856) (Amboina): AuriTill., Kongl. Si: Vet. Ah. llamll. XIX. 5. p. 22. n. 18 (1882). 
cj ? . Ornilhopteia hehmi, Wallace, I'roe. Ent. Sue. I.ond. V. p. 23 (1858) (0. amphimedon Cram. 

= ? of 0. helena h.) ; Feld., Wien. Ent. Mon. TV. p. 97. sub n. 51 (1860) (0. amphimedon 

Cram = $ of 0. helina L.) : Wall., Tr. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 38. n. 7 (1865) (Amboina ; 

Ceram); Oberth., AV. d'Enl. IV. p. 30. n. 6 (1879) (Amboina; Ceram); P.agenstech., ./«/n7y. 

Nut. Ver. Xass. p. 55 (1884) (Amboina) ; Fickert, Zool. Jahrtmch. p. 735. n. 5 (1S89) (pji.) : 

Ribbe, Iris II. p. 207. n. 3 (1890) (Ceram ; ab. of ? ) ; id., l.c. III. p. 41 (1890) (Ceram ; larva 

& pupa) ; Rober, Tijdschr. v. Ent XXXIV. p. 268 (1891) (Ceram). 
(J ? . Papilio helena, Felder, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien p. 291. n. 22 (1864) (Amboina ; mc Temate) ; 

Butler, Cat Dinrn. Lrp. descr. Fabric, p. 234. n. 3 (1809). 
(J J. Ornilhoplera hehiui, Stauding. 04 Schatz, Ej:ot. Schiaeft. I. p. 5. (1888) (Amboina ; Ceram). 

Liune de:scnbed the Papilio Eques Achivus helena in Hyst. NM. ed. x. ji. 4G1. 
n. 18 (1758) thus :— 

Alis dentatis atris concolonbu.s : posticis disco comnuuii lUDato. 

Mer. swrin. in tabula titulo praefixa, ficjnra niaxiinu. 

Habitat injlm^ihns Arecae Americes. 

Speciossissiwus colore fidf/eniissimi aiiri, tUrinque in disco alaritni posticaritm. 

We observe that Linn^ enumerates here helena under the " Equites Achivi," 
which have no red spots at the breast underneath the wings ; all the vellow Troides, 
exceiit amphrysits, plato, and allies, have, iio\ve\er, the red pectoral spots, and belong, 
therefore, to the "Equites Trojani." The hdena of 1764, described in Mus. Liid. 
Ulr., stands indeed under the " Equites Trojani." We see, further, that the initial.s 
M. L. L'., which always .stand behind the diagnosis of those species which l,inne had 
seen in the Museum of the (jueen Ludovica Ulrica, are left out. We .see, tliirdly, that 
Linn^ refers to ^Merian's Insects of Surinam ; I have compared all the editions of that 
work, and find that in the editions of 1705 and 1717 there are no Troidea figured, but 
that only on plate 72 of the later editions there is a figiu-e (" jiijara, niaxima ") which 
lepreseuts unmistakably that species of Troides which is generally known as pompeus 
(Cramer). This plate 72 does not, however, stand before tiie title-page {" titulo 
pr((sjixa"), but is the last plate of the work; most probably in the sj)ecimen of 
Merian's book which Linut^ had before him the last plate, which gives figures of 
.\frican and Indian animals and has really nothing to do with the remaining te.\t 
and plates dealing with animals from Surinam, was bound at the beginning of 
the book. 

If we compare further J>inne's sentence, " Habitat injicn'ibus Arecae Americes" 
with the text of Merian, " Arborem Arekam . . . non animus est describere; . . . 
solum hoc loco earn exhibui, ad Erucas et Papiliones, qui sui)er illam proveniunt et 
gignuntur, demon.strandos. Magna ilia Kruca alimentum ex flokibus petit, ... in 
Am-eliam mutatur, unde post aliquot dies pulcherrimus Papilio, formosis nigrisque 
alis supernis, infernis vero aui'eo colons, eruinpit," it is (juite clear — 


( ^1- ) 

(1) That Liiiiie, when describing his Iwlemi in IT.iS, had no specimen before 
hiua, else he would not have put that species amongst the Equites Achivi; 

(2) That Linne described his Iielrno in 1758 from Meriaii's figure only, which 
is Cramer's poinpeus ; 

(3) That Linne found in ITUi the Amlioina insect in the ]\Iuseum of the Queen 
Ludovica Ulrica, and mistook it for the insect figured by Pierian and named heleiid 
in 1758. 

I am very sorry to state that, in consequence of what I have explained here, the 
name of fielena (L.) must be applied to the insect described by Cramer as (P. E. T.) 
jjomjjeus, and that for the Moluccan insect the name which comes next in priority 
must stand. Now the feiivde of the Moluccan Papilionid in question received the 
name of oblongomaculatus Goeze in 1779; Cramer pulilished the same sex under 
the name of ariiphimedon, most probably also in the year 1779. Which name has 
the priority? The "Vorrede" of Goeze's Ent. Beytr. III. 1 is dated " Vor der 
Michaelismesse_ 1779," and has been written after the volume was printed (of. 
" ^'on■ede ") ; (ioeze's book came, therefore, out at the " jNIichaelismesse " — i.e. in 
the middle of the year 1779. Cramer's Vol. III. is dated 1782; the first plates of 
Vol. III. have, however, been quoted by Goeze in 1780 and by Fabricius in 1781, .so 
that undoubtedly a number of Cramer's plates of \o\. III. must have been published 
at least before the " Michaelismesse " of 1780. I cannot find any reference to the 
exact appearance of Cramer's plates of Vol. III., and as I think it only just that in 
all cases of doubtful priority the name of that author must have the priority who 
dated his publication, I am forced to enumerate the insect in question under Goeze's 
name of ohlongoiiKiciddtus. 

This species occurs in the i^outhern Moluccas, Celebes, and New Guinea, and 
must be divided into four subspecies : — 

(«) : T. ohlonijoiiwc^datus (Goeze) from Amboina, Ceram, Banda Islands ; 

(6) : T. ohluiviwiivicidatan boarnensls (Wall.) from the Island of Burn ; 

(c) : T. oblowjo'inaculatus eelebensis (Wall.) from Celebes and Saleyer; 

(cZ) : T. obloH<jo)nacid(dus papuensis (Wall.) from New Guinea. 

In the Northern Moluccas there occurs another species \_T. criton (Feld.)], while 
on the Ke}- and Am Islands no yellow Troides has hitherto been found. 

(") : T. oblongomaculatus (Goeze), forma typ. [J, ?, metam.]. 

cJ. The median and discoidal nervules on the underside of the forewings are 
mostly bordered with a white scaling, which is, however, seldom very obvious, and 
sometimes entirely absent. The first .spot of the yellow area of the hindwings, 
situated between the costal and subcostal nervules, is in some individuals four times 
as large as in others; sometimes the black colour of the base is extended along the 
subcostal nervure as far as the origin of the subcostal nervule ; in other examples 
the submedian nervure and upper discoidal nervule are broadly, but quite iiTegularly, 
black; there is occasionally a black irregular spot in the apex of the cell, and also 
sometimes some niinute patches in the yellow discal area outside the cell. The 
yellow marking between the median and snlimediau norvures is narrow, but mostly 
of about the same length (15 mm.) as the preceding mark ; in one of my specimens 
it is, however, reduced to two minute spots. 

?. The whitish adnervular streaks of the forewings above are often very feebly 
marked; in other individuals the whitish colour is so much extended as to occupy 
the outer two-thirds of the wing, exclusive of the costal and outer margins and the 


( ai4 ) 

blown inteniciv uliir streaks, wliicli reach I'rom the outer margin aliout half-wav to 
the cell. The huffish markings of the upperside of the hinchvings are rather small; 
that within the cell is mostly reduced to a small patch standing posteriorly in the 
apex of the cell between the origin of the lower median and lower discoidal nervules, 
and seldom occupies more than the apical third of the cell ; iu none of my s|)eciinens 
it touches the upper discocellular nervule ; the discal spot between the upi)er 
discoidal and the subcostal veins is very small or absent ; the sjot beyond the lower 
median nervule is very inconstant in size and form ; on the underside it is alwavs 
large, extending from the cell to the outer margin, and includes a submarginal auil 
a subdiscal Wack patch. 

Il((h. .Vmboina (W. l)oherty, I'Vbruary 1892_) (.) i, 7 ?); Sajiarua ; t'erani 
(6cf, 5 ?); Banda Islands (W. Doherty) (1 J). 

The Banda specimen does not differ from Amlwiua and Ceram examples. Fekler 
records oblanrjmimculatus from Teraate ; a i and ? in the Felder collection with 
the locality " Ternate " belong certainly to this species, but the locality is undoubtedly 
erroneous, as the present species is replaced on the Northern Moluccas by T. criton 
(Feld.). 

(//) : T. oblougomaculatus bouruensis (Wall.) [cJ, ?]. 

(J. OniUlKjptent heleito, Boisduvul {iicc Ijinnr, 17o8), I'oi/. Aolmlabe, Lcp. p. 3i). ii. 3 (IKjSi) (Buru : 

nee Amboina, ne.c Rawak). 
(^ ? . Ornithupleru Menu local form b'ii<riicits/i Wallace, Tr. Linn, Soc. Land. XXV. p. 38. sub u. 7 

(1805) (Buru). 

<S. Scarcely different from the typical form ; the yellow region of the hindwings 
is often more reduced in e.xtent than in oblongohiaculntas. 

?. Markings of the hindwings much more yellow than in the tyiiical race, 
especially on the upperside. Size the same as oblowjomacidatus. 

Hab. Buru (W. Doherty) (1 ?). 

(c) : T. oblougomaculatus celebensis (Wall.) [J, ?]. 

$. i h-nithoptrrti (tinjilu/neilon, Boisduval (tirr (Jramer, 177yf, I'ni/, Astrolabf^ Lep. p. 35. n. 2 (1832) 
(Celebes; nee Amboina); id., S/w. (Ihi. Lip. I. p. 176. n. 4 (1836) (p.p.): Doubl. Westw. 
& Hew., Gen. Diiirn. Lep. I. p. 4. n. 6 (1846) (p.p.). 

i. Papilio amphiniedmi. Gray, Oil. Lep. I».<. Ii. if. I. p. 5. n. 12 (1852) (p/i.). 

(J. Ornitlinplera heleni local form relebensin Wallace, Tr. Linn. Svc. Loml. XXV. p. 3'.!. sub u. 7 
(1865) (Macassar). 

(J ?. Omitluiptera hekna var. /cc/<( Staudiuger (nee Wallace, 1865), Iris IV. p. 74 (1891) (Saleyen. 

(J. Forewings below with adnervular whitish streaks, which sometimes reach the 
cell and are connected in pairs at the base. The yellow area of the hindwings more 
reduced than in oblmu/omucidattis, the spot beyond the lower median norvulc wanting; 
the nervules traversing the yellow area heavily bordered with black. 

?. Markings of the hindwings yellower aliove and below than in the typical 
race, smaller, exclusive of that within the cell, which is larger, occupying the apical 
half or more of the cell ; submarginal spots especially much reduced, often absent. 
TInb. Macassar and Saleyer (2 J, 2 ? ). 

(i/) : T. oblougomaculatus papuensis (Wall.) [S, ?]. 

fj. Ornithopkni Helena, Boisduval {nee Linnu, 1758), Vuij. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 36. u. 3 (1832) (Rawak : 

nee Amboina, nee Bufu). 
(?) (J ?. Ornitliopteru tielemi. VoUenboveu, Tijehehr. r. Ent. III. p. 71. n .'i (I81IO1 (p.p.). 


( 215 ) 

(?). cJ. OniilJiapfcra aiiqiliiiiieclnii, Volleiilioven («<-<■ ('i;imtr, 177'JJ. I.e. p. 71. n. il (l>'i;'i) (New 

Guinea). 
?. Ovnithoptera heUiia local foi'm j)«j)wr«.sv'.< Wallace, Tr. f.inii. Soc. Loml. XXV. p. 38. .snb n. 7 

(1865) (New Guinea; Salwatty). 
cJ ?. Ornithoptera helena, Fickert, .Zt/i/?. Jahrhiirh. p. 735. n. 5 (1889) ( p.ii.). 
^. Pompeoptera melpomnna Kippon, Icon. OniHh. pi. D. f. 9. a — b (1892) (ueuration). 
^ ? . Ornilhoplera (Pompeoptera) papueiinis, Bippon, I.e. text & plate (18931. 
cJ. Ornithoptern {Pompeoptera) meljmmona, Rippon, I.e. text & plate (1893) (New Guinea). 

S- P'orewings uniformly lilack above and Ijelow, darker than in ohloiujoniuculatus 
(ftoeze). Cellular yellow .spot of the hindwings usually larger than in the typical 
race, more obliquely cut off basally. Yellow spot before the .subcostal vein absent 
or very small; that behind the cell longer than in oblongomaculatus. 

The black colour of the costal and basal portion of the liindwings penetrates 
often only a little into the cell. Mostly the black colour of the cell is limited 
obliquely, the bordering line having the direction of the subcostal nervule; sometimes, 
however, only the apical half of the cell is yellow. The yellow mark between the 
abdominal fold and the cell extends mostly to the base of the wing. 

?. The yellow area of the hindwings is of almost as deep a yellow colour as in 
the male. The subdiscal black spots of the hindwings are small, and in many 
individuals completely merged together with the marginal black border ; cellular 
yellow spot more obliquely cut off basally than in oblongomaenljUus ; postcellular 
yellow mark shaped as in the male, but longer and broader. Abdomen yellow below, 
with a series of black spots on each side; in oblongomaculatus ? the imderside of 
the abdomen is black, with the edges of the segments and the middle of the posterior 
ones 3'ellow. 

The forewings are either black above and below, as in the male, or there appear 
whitish streaks along the nervules, first on the underside, then also above. The 
yellow area of the hindwings is seldom of the same yellow colour on both sides of the 
wings; in mo.st specimens it has on the underside the pale buflSsh tint as in ohlovr/o- 
maoulatus, especially so in the individuals with paler forewings. 

('(-): ^-ah. pajjuanus (Oberth.). 

Oniilkoptera rri/oii var. (ou aberr. V) /lapuami Oberthiir, Et. rVEnt. IV. p. 31. sub n. 10 (1879) 

(Amberbaki). 
Pompeoptera mrlpomona Rippon, Icon. Orni/li. pi. D. f. 10 (1892). 
Ortiilliop/erii [Pompeoptera) melpomona Rippon, I.e. text & plate (1893) (New Guinea). 

Mr. Oberthiir kindly gave us a sketch of his papuanus, and T must state (hat 
piijmanus lielongs to papuensh (\\'all.), not to criton (Feld.). 

The adnervular whitish streaks of the forewings in the region of tie end of 
the cell are large and united in pairs at their bases ; apical third of the cell also 
white. Hindwings with small, subdiscal, black spots, which are joined to tiie black 
border or stand separate, or with a simi)le, very broad, black border to the outer 
margin. 

This form of i\\f female is connected with the black form by every intergradation. 
In all the yellow Troides (Aviphrisins Swainson) there occur two forms of the fern ate 
sex, one with darker, the other with lighter forewings. 

Hab. New Guinea (11 <S, 14 ?). 

Occurs all over New Guinea (I have examples from Kedscar Hay, British New 
Guinea), but is apparently locally rather scarce. 

17 


( 216 ) 
19. Troides helena (L.) [t?,?, inetam.]. 

(J. Merian, Tiis. Surinam, t. 72. 6g. max. (1719). 

J. Papilio Eques Achiaix hekna Linne, .Si/s(. Nat. ed. x. p. 4G1. n. 18 (1758) (lijptis : fig. .Uerianae). 

J. Pajnlio Equfs Trojanut helena Linnd, .l/"«. Lml. Ulr. p. 199. n. 18 (17ti4) (sub xi/nmi.) ; Houtt., 

Xiil. Hist. I. 11. p. 20. n. 18 (1767) (pp.): Linn^, Si/sl. Nat. ed. xii. p. 748. ii. 19 (17G7) 

(p.p.); MttUer, NiUiirx. V. 1. p. 571. n. 19 (1774) (p.p.) ; Fabr., %s/. Ent. p. 449. n. 28 (1775) 

lj>.p.); Goeze, Ent. Jiii/li: III. 1. p. 38. n. 19 (1779) (p.p.) ; Fabr., Spec. Ins. II. p. 10. n. 39 

(1781) (p.p.) : Fabr., .Uant. Ins. II. p. .'>. n. 42 (1787) (p.p.) ; id., Enl. Si/sl. III. I. p. 19. n. 59 

(mS)(p.p.). 
? . Papilio Eques Adiirus pompeiis Cramer, Pap. Exul. I. p. 39. t. 25. f. a (1775) (Batavia) ; 

Goeze, Ent. Beyti: III. 1. p. 83. ii. 52 (1779) ; Esper. Ausl. Schmell. p. 101. n. 43. t. 24. f. 2 

(1T92). 
$ . Papilio Eques Trojaiins axtenous Fabricius, Sijsl. Ent. p. 448. n. 270 (1775) (li/pe in .Mas. Banks, 

still preserved in Brit. .Uns. ; hab. in "cap. b. ap." ex err.) ; Goeze, Ent. Bei/tr. III. 1. p. 41. 

11. 10 (1779) ; Fabr., Spec. Ins. II. p. 10. n. 38 (1781) ; Jablonsky, Nalurs. Sclimelt. I. p. 201. 

n. 4. t. 2. f. 3 (1784) ; Gmelin, Sysl. Xat. I. 5. p. 2234. n. 297 (1790) (synon. ex parte). 
(J. Papilio Eqius Trnjanns heliacon Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 19. n. CO (1793) (Iiid. or. ; 

type in Mus. Banhs, still preserved in Brit. .Vus.). 
(J. Papilio heliacon, Donovan, Ins. of hulia t. 19 (1800). 
{J. Trokles helena, Hiibuer, Vers. heh. Schni. p. 88. n. 921 (IHIG) (p.p.). 
$. Troides astenous, Hiibner, I.e. p. 88. n. 922 (181G). 
(j ? . Papilio amphi-isins, Godart, Enc. Mith. IX. p. 27. n. 7 (1819) (p.p.) ; Horsf., Ckit. Lep. Ins. 

Mns. E. I. C. I. t. 4. f. 13. a— c (I., p.,anatom.) (1828) : Zinkeri, Nova Act. Ac. Nat. Cur. XV. 

p. 153. n. 8 (1832) (Java ; synon. ex parte). 
(J $. Awphrisius nymphalides Swainson, Zool. Illuslr. (2). II. t. 98 (J, I., p.) (1833) (Java). 
(J ? . Ornithopteia heliacon, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lip. 1. p. 178. ii. 7 (183()) (Java, nee Sumatra ; 

.tyn. ex parte) ; Blanch., //«(. Nat. Ins. III. p. 420. t. 1 [(J ; = hepluiestus (Fold,)?]: 2 (/.). 

3 (p.) (1840) (Java) ; Obertli., Et. iVEnt. IV. p. 32. n. 13 (1879) (Java). 
(5 J . Ornithoptera pomjieius, Doubl. Wcstw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lip. I. p. 4. n. 9 (184G) (Java ; 

synon. ex parte). 
J $ . Papilio pompeus, Gray, Cat Lip. Ins. B. M. I. p. 5. n. 13 (1852) (p.p.) ; id., List Lep. Ivs. 

B. .M. I. p. 5. n. 15 (185G) (p.p.) ; Feld., Verh. j. 6. Ges. Wicn p. 291. n. 28 (1864) (pp.) ; 

Butl., Cat. Diurn. Lep. descr. Fabric, p. 235. n. 4 (1869) (p.p.). 
fj ?. Ornithnptera pompeus, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. 1. C. I. p. 87. n. 177 (1857) 

(p.p.); Vollenhov., Tijdschr. v. Ent. III. p. 71. n. 7 (1860) (Java : Padang : "New Guinea" 

err. loc.) ; Wall., Tr. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 39. u. 9 (1865) (p.p.) ; Stauding. & Scliatz, 

Exot. Schmett. I. p. 5 (1884) ; Fickert, Zool. Jahrlmch. p. 727. t. 21. f. 5 ( J). 6 ( ? ) (1889). 

For reasons wliy this species is the true helena (L.) see T. oblouf/o'inacidativs 
(Goeze) (page 212). 

Fabricius's aslenons is, according to the specimen in the Kanksian collection, 
based on a typical /«»(«/« of helena (I..). The male in the Banksian collection bears 
a label "Papilio an helena?" and conios indeed very near to Merian's figure, upon 
which Linne's helenn is ba'^ed. Donovan's figure of Papilio heliacmi Fabr. was taken 
from " an insect from the East Indies, in the cabinet of Sir Joseph Bank.s, Bart.," 
and agrees perfectly witli the before-ment ioned m«fe. As Fabricius described heliacon 
from the l^anksian collection, I must take that male for the tyjie of Fabricius's species. 
This specimen belongs, however, to the Javan race of helena, so that heliacon (P'abr.), 
as well as astenous (Fabr.), sink as synonyms of helena (L.). 

Troides helena (L.) ranges from X. India to Sambawa and Celelies, and has 
developed into five subspecies : — 

{a) : T. helena (1...) from .Java and S.E. Sumatra; 

(6) : T. helena nereis (Doherty) from Eugano ; 

(c) : T. helena, projnnquus m. from Sambawa ; 

(cl) : T. helena cerherus (F«ld.) from N. India; Malay Peninsula; .\ndanian Islands; 
Sumatra ; Nias ; Natuna Islands : Borneo : Banguey ; 


( 217 ) 

(c) : T. helena, hephaestus (Feld.) from Celebes and Saleyer. 

This species can be expected to be found farther east than Sambawa, and iiiav 
also occur in the Southern Philippines, Sulu Islands, Tonkin, and S. China. I have 
seen specimens said to be from one and the other of these localities whicli did not 
exhibit any differences from tlie Ja\'an helena, and I must therefore conclude that 
the habitat of those individuals was incorrect. 

(n): T. helena (I-), forma tvp. \_(i, ?, metam.]. 

cJ. The forewings vary above from being uniformly lilack to being marked witii 
broad, whitish, adnervular streaks ; these streaks reach often from the cell to near the 
outer margin, and are situated at all the nervules ; those at the lower median vein are 
the shortest and do not reach the cell. Below, the forewings vary in a similar way 
to above, but they are apparently never entirely devoid of white scales, though these 
scales are often only a few in number. The apex of the cell is sometimes whitish, 
especially below. 

In most individuals the cellule between the costal and subcostal nervules is all 
black ; in some examples there appears a small submarginal yellow spot, and in 
others a second, discal, linear mark, which is seldom joined to the submarginal spot. 
The number of the subdiscal black spots \aries from 5 to ; the first and last are the 
largest ; the first is often much enlarged. The spots disappear as follows : first 2, 3, 4 ; 
then I ; last 5. 

The abdomen has mostly a buffisli mark above on the middle of the third, 
fourth, and fifth segments. 

5 . Above, the forewings are brownish black, with very faint whitish adnervular 
streaks ; the apex of the cell a very little paler than the rest of the cell. From this 
extreme form, the forewings vary to having the outer half (including the apical third 
or fourth of the cell) nearly all white, suffused-with black scales. Below, the white 
streaks are always present, and vary in length and breadth enormously. 

The basal-costal black region of the hindwings extends in nearly all specimens 
beyond the origin of the subcostal nerviile ; sometimes it reaches as far as the second 
discocellular veinlet. Between the costal and subcostal veins there is seldom a 
yellow submarginal spot. Tlie po.sterior yellow discal spot reaches often the base of 
the wing. The subdiscal black markings are exceedingly variable in size ; mostly 
they are joined to the black border of the wing, but stand often isolated ; they are 
liable to obliteration, though they disajipear less often than in the male. In Oberthiir's 
T. Jupiter all these spots are absent. I have a specimen in which the second, third, 
and fourth spots are oljsolete above. 

The abdomen is \'ellow below and at tlie sides; each segment bears two black 
spots on the underside; the sjiots of the fii^t and second are mostly merged to~efher 
to one large mark. 

(«-) : nh. jiipilcr (Obcrtli.j. 

?. Ornithiifitfni Ju2>ne)- Oberthur, El. d'Enl. IV. p. :il. ii. 11. t. 1. t. 1 (1879) (.J:iv;i) : Fickert, 
Ziiul Jahrhiirh. p. 741. n. 10 (LSSHl. 

Hindwings devoid of subdiscal black spots. 

{h''): ab. pliiio (I'Vld.j. 

$ OrnithopUra hclincoii var., Boisduval, Sjiec. Gfn. Lep. I. p. 179. sub n. 7 ('1831!) (Javal. 
? . Papilin phdo Felder, Va-h. ■-. h. Ges. Wiin p. 291. ii. 80 (ISfiii) ('■ patria ? '' ; nom. mi(l') ; id., 
Eeise Xorani, Lip. I. p. 18. n. 9 (18C5) (" patria ? "). 


( 218 ) 

cJ ? . OniWioptera Miacon ab. riitilaiis Obcrthiir, El. (TEnt. IV. p. 32. sub n. 13 (1879) (Java). 
? . OrnUhoplerii pompeus var. phito, Fickert, Zonl. Jalirbiich. p. 730. n. lb (1889). 
(J. Omilhnptem pompeus var. hohi Pagenstecher, .Tahrh. Xass. Vei: Xat 103. n. 3 (1890) (E. Java) : 
id., I.e. p. 29 (1894) [hohi Pagenstech. = nitilwis Oberth.). 

Hindwings reddish yellow instead of jellow. 

Felder's type-specimen agrees with hdena (L.), except in the reddish colour of 
the hindwings. 

Hnh. Java (17 cT, 20 ?) ; S.W. Sumatra. 

(h): T. helena nereis (Doherty) [^, ?]. 

^?. Oriiitlii.plr.ra nereis Doherty, Joum. As. Snc. Beng. p. 30. n. 47 (1891) (Engano I.; -'nearest 

the South Indian 0. miitos" ex err.). 
(J $ . Oniitlitipleri! (Pompcuptera) nerela, EippoD, lecm. Oriiilli. text & plate (1892) (Engano ; " the 

affinity of the species is with 0. minos, of Southern India " ex err.). 

This form combines the characters of the Javan hdena (L.) and the ludo- 
Malayan helena cerberun (Feld.) ; the viale comes very close to cerherns (Feld.), while 
the female, of which unfortunately only one example is known, is scarcely dis- 
tinguishable from certain specimens of helena (L.). 

(J. Of the size of the Java specimens of helena (L.). Forewings black, with the 
nervules, especially the two upper median ones, bordered with white ; these whitish 
streaks are very narrow, and become clouded with Mack towards the cell. Hindwings 
with a long yellow mark in front of the subcostal vein, as in cerberus; this mai'k 
is nearly of equal breadth, much nari'ower than it usually is in cerberus, and does 
not reach to the costal vein. The subdiscal black spots are very small ; they vary in 
number from 1 to 5 ; the posterior one is much the largest. The spot between the 
subcostal and upper discoidal veins, which is, together with that between the lower 
median nervules, the last to disappear in helena, is only in one of my five males 
marked. 

? . Forewings with as much white as in the palest individuals of helena (L.) ; apical 
third of the cell' almost pure white, with two very thin black line.s, one in the middle, 
the other in the direction of the upper median nervule ; the adnervular white streaks 
more sharply limited than in helena (L.). The yellow region of the hindwings is 
rather pale, probably owing to the specimen being somewhat worn. The subdiscal 
black spots are large, and merged together with one another and with the black 
marginal band. The basal-costal black area reaches as far as the origin of the 
subcostal nervule, as in T. hdena cerberus ('l-Vld.). 

Hah. Engano Island (5 c?, 1 ?). 

(c): T. helena propinqnus subsp. nov. [cJ,?]. 

Resembles in both sexes the Indo-ISIalayan T. helena cerberus (Feld.), I)ut differs 
in the following points : — 

(J. The forewings are a little shorter; the abdominal margin of the hindwings 
more broadly black, so that the yellow mark behind the cell is .smaller; the black 
outer border of the iiindwiiigs narrower at Ihe nervules; tlie abdomen blacker 
above. 

Forewings deep black on both sides; below with four geminate, white, 
tubmarginal streaks at the median and the second discoidal nervules. The streaks 
do not reach the outer margin of the wing ; the posterior ones are the shortest ; 
that in front of the second discoidal vein is obsolete. At the apical third of the 
upper discoidal nervule there are also some white scales, 


( 219 ) 

The hiudwiugs have a large yellow mark between the coi^tal and subcostal veins; 
this mark is shaped as in T. helena cerberus (Feld.), i.e. it is broadest towards the 
margin and reaches here the costal nervure. The jellow spot behind the cell extends 
along the lower median nervule as far as a third of the way from the cell to the end of 
the ner\ule. The outer margin is rather strongly dentate; the black border is more 
deeply scallojjed than it usually is in helena (L.) and helena cerberus (Keld.j. There 
are four black subdiscal sjiots : the fii-st stands between the subcostal and upper 
discoidal veins, and is as small as the third, which is situated between the upper 
median nervules ; the second is point-like, and stands before the upper median vein ; 
the fourth, which is about six times the size of the first and third, stands between the 
lower median veins, and is merged together with the marginal marking. 

Abdomen yellow; upper surface black, with the middle of the fourth and fifth 
segments feebly fuscous, and the edges of the fifth to seventh segments narrowlv 
yellow. 

?. The black border to the hindwings narrower at the nervules than in T. helena 
cerberus (Feld.J. The abdomen is blacker above ; the yellowish white colour of the 
sides is less extended ; the five basal segments are black below, edged with vellow, 
instead of yellow, spotted with black. 

The adnervular white streaks of the forewiugs are very prominent on both sides, 
narrow, and sliarply defined ; those at the subcostal nervules are much clouded with 
black, except at tlie cell ; they are united in pairs ; the bases of the two streaks 
between the two lower median veins are shaded with black ; the streak behind the 
third median nervule is obsolete, except towards the outer margin ; the two streaks 
at the submedian nervure are broad and short, and have the same position as in 
helenia (L.). 

The basal-costal black region of the hindwings does not extend beyond the origin 
of the submedian nervule ; before the subcostal vein there is a yellow submarginal 
mark ; the subdiscal black spots are joined to the black marginal border by means of 
a few black scales; the submarginal and the subdiscal black spots at the anal angle 
are merged together with the black abdominal margin above. Below, that submarginal 
spot is partly encircled by a yellowish buff half-ring. The abdomen is much darker 
than in the other forms of helena (L.) ; the sides are feebly greyish yellow, the 
lateral black spots (upon the stigmata) are large. Below, the five basal segments 
are brownish black, with the hinder edges thinly yellow; the sixth and seventh 
segments are yellow, with a black spot on each side; the eighth and ninth yellow. 

Hub. Sambawa (1 3,1 ? , in coll. Dr. Staudinger). 

(rf): T. helena cerberus (Feld.) [J,?]. 

tj ? . Papilw pompeus, Gray {m:c Cramer, 1775), Cat. Lep. Ins. B. .lA. I. p. 5. n. Ki (1852) (p.p.) : 
id., LUt Lep. Jus. B. M I. p. 5. n. 15 (185()) {p.p.)  Feld., Verh. z. b. Gen. Wien p. 2yi. n. 28 
(1864) (ji.ji.) ; Butl., Git. Diurn. Lep. ilescr. Fabric, p. 235. n. 4 (1869) {p.p.). 

cJ ? . Ornithoptera pompeus. Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mm. E. I. C. I. p. 87. n. 177 (1857) 
(iJ.p.) : Moore, P. Z. ,S. p. 756 (1805) (Bengal) : Wood-Mas., Jemrn. As. Soc. Bengal p. 252 
n. 94 (1881) (Andaman Is. ; )ieliaconuit!es Moore - pmnpeus Cram.) : id. & NiciSv., I.e. 
p. 373. n. 171 (1886) (Cacliar) : Watson, Joiini. Bowl. X If. Soc. p. 26 (1888) (Burma): 
Elwes, Ti: Ent. Soc. Loud. p. 422. n. 394 (1888) [Sikkim ; not so common as the last 
{rhadainanthits)'\ ; mc^v, Joiini. Homh. N. U. Soc. p. 387. n. 86 (1890) (Cliiu-Liisbai) ; id., 
Gazetteer of Sikkim p. 170. n. 459 (1894) [Sikkim ; still more common than tlic preceding 
[rhadaman tli us)']. 

S ?. Piipilio cerberus Felder, Verh. ~. b. Ocs. U'ien p. 291. n. 31 (1864) (Darjeeling : Siltiet : nom. 
nud.) ; id.. Prise Xocara, Lep. I. p. I'l. n. 10 (1865) (Ind. sept."). 

cJ ? . Ornithoptera heliconoides (!) Moore, P. Z. S. p. 592 (1877) ( Andauian Is.). 


( 220 ") 

J. OinitUoiittm rujicoUu, Butler, Tr. I.nin. .Sue. (2). Zwil. 1. p. b:fl. a. 1 ($, Wfc J) (1877) 

(Malacca). 
(J ? . Oniillioptera heliaciiiioiiles, Wood-Mason & Nicu'v., Joiirn. As. Soi: Btnt/. p. 237. u. 65 (1880) 

(Andaman Is.). 
cJ ? . Oniilhuptera hepkaestus, Distant, llhoj,. M,iL p. 32«. n. 2. t. 27. f . 2 ( $ ab.). 3 (J). 4 ( ? ) 

(1885) (Mai. Pen.) : Weymer, Slell. E. Zeit. p. 270 (1885) (Nias) ; Hagen, his \U. p. 18. n. 3 

(1894) (pp. ; Sumatra). 
(J ? . OrnithopUm m-berus, Staudiug. & Schatz, Exot. SclimeM. I. p. 4. t. 2 ((J) (1884) (N. India : 

"Java" loc. en:) : Fickert, /ioul. Juhrbiuh. p. 732. n. 2. (1889) : Swinhoe, Tr. Ent. Soc. Loml. 

p. 311. n. 372 (IK93) (Khasia Hills ; common). 
(J ?. Papilio (Ornithupkra) cerbcnts, Robbe. .!«/;. Snc. Ent. Belg. p. 123. n. 1 (1892) (Darjeeling : 

Kurseong). 

The differences between cerberus (P'eld.) and helena (L.) are slight, and so 
inconstant that it is in many cases impossible to say without the help of locality to 
which of these two helena forms a specimen belongs. It must be under.~tood that 
the distinguishing characters, i\s they are pointed out below, are vo'ry seldom com- 
bined iu one specimen, and that in a great number of individuals only one or the 
other of these characters will lie met with. So we shall find that if a male specimen 
from India is, for example, identical with a .lavan individual in the pattern of the 
liindwings, the forewings of the Indian individual are longer and narrower, or are 
blacker, or have the adnervular .>treaks, if present, better deliued and narrower, or oi 
a yellowish colour, and so on. 

c?. Generally larger than the Javan helena {L.), the forewings a little narrower. 
The forewings are often all black ou both sides; in many specimens there ajijiear 
below adnervular whitish streaks, which are either submarginal and rather short 
(especially often in Bornean examples), or stand immediately behind the cell, or 
extend fiom near the outer margin to the cell and are confluent in pairs at the 
median vein ; in the latter case the streaks at the median and lower discoidal veins 
are \ery prominent, though narrow, and appear sometimes on the upperside ; tliese 
markings assume often a yellow colour, especially at the base of the lower median 
nervule. 

The hindwings have usually a long and broad yellow mark before the 
subcostal vein ; this spot is broadest exteriorly, and reaches here the costal vein ; 
sometimes this spot is reduced to a small submarginal mark, or is even quite 
obliterated. The submarginal black spots are more often absent than in helena (L.) ; 
the spot between the subcostal and upper discoidal veins, if present, is usually much 
smaller than in helena ; that between the two lower median nervules stands mostly 
farther from the margin, owing to the anal angle being a little more prominent in 
cerhems (Feld.), and forms, therefore, when merged together with the black margin, 
a longer streak than in helena. 

J. The forewings are often all black, with the veins feebly paler; mostly they 
have white adner\ular streaks above and below; these streaks are narrower and much 
better defined than in helena (L.), and are united in pairs at the cell ; the black 
internervular streaks are, therefore, broader, especially towards the cell, and are not 
or feebly suffused with white on the disc. The apex of the cell, which in helena 
is more or less uniformly white or grey, is either black like the rest of the celb 
or it is bordered white and bears a short white streak in the middle that joins the 
white cellular border and forms [as in T. darsius (Gray)] a mark resemliling the 
letter M ; the black portion included in this mark is seldom clouded with white. 

On the hindwings the basal-co.stal black region is generally, though not always, 
more rest ricted t ban in helena, not extending beyond the origin of the subcostal nervule ; 


{ -rn ) 

between the costal and subcostal veins there stands a sul)marginal yellow sjiot which 
varies in size and is seldom absent ; within the same cellule there is often also a discal 
yellow mark. The subdiscal black spots are in most individuals not joined to the 
marginal bonier of the wing, but this character is exceedingly variable in both helena 
and Cerberus ; the number of those spots varies as in helena. 

A single female specimen from Banguey Island (in cull. iJr. t^tuudinger) is 
remarkable in ha\ing the discal spot before the subcostal \ein of the hiudwings 
enlarged, and the cellule in front of the abdominal fold filled up with yellow, the 
subdiscal and submarginal black spots within this cellule being small and standing 
separate from one another. The abdomen of this specimen is rather more e.xtended 
yellow, the ventral black spots being very small. 

Another feraale in Dr. Staudinger's collection, from Xias, agrees in the pattern 
of the forewiugs exactly with T. helena cerberus (Feld.) ; the subdiscal black markings 
of the hiudwings are, howe\er, merged together with each other and with the black 
border of the wing. 

Bab. N. India (Assam, Sikkim ; 18 cf, 28 J ) ; Bm-ma ; Malacca (1 J, 3 j); 
Andaman Islands (1 J, 3 $ ) ; Sumatra (1 $ ) ; Nias (1 ? ) ; Natuna Islands (1 c?, 1 ? ); 
Borneo (3 c?, 3 j) ; Banguey Island (in cull. Staudinger). 

Xotc. — Fickert, /.c. p. 732, says: " Ornithoptera cerberus kommt hauptsiichlich 
in A'orderindien (Sikkim) vor, doch besitzt sie Stwudinger aus der Sormner'schew 
Sammlung audi von Java (das hiesige zoologische Institut, welches ein grosseres 
Material Orni'hopteren aus Java besitzt, hat sie nicht dorther). Staudinger mochie 
deshalla cerberus nicht, wie Kirby es thut, als Localvarietat zu ponvpeus ziehen, da 
zwei Localvarietaten nicht auf einer Insel, auch wenn sie so gross ist wie .Ia\a, 
vorkommen kOnueii, cine Ansicht, welche ioh, vorausgesetzt dass cerberus wirklich 
auf Java vorkommt, nur theilen kann." Fickert refers to Staudinger, whose opinion 
about this question is expressed in Exot. Schmett. I. p. 4 (1884). As in the second 
edition of Exot. Schmett. the same passage occurs, I cannot forbear to state that 
Staudinger and Fickert are wrong in two points : — 

1. An i.sland "as large as Java" can not only be inhabited by two local forms 
of the same species, but it can even produce two local forms. Messrs. Staudinger 
and Fickert forget that the fauna of the mountains is different from that of the 
lower districts, and that many mountain insects are local forms of the species of the 
plains or hills ; thus T. amphrysus (Cram.) has at higher ele\-ations de\eloped into 
T. amphrysus cuneifer (Oberth.). Fruhstorfer \^Ent. Nachr. \\. 169 (1895)] shows 
tliat a good number of species are different in West and East Java. The species 
inhabiting Eastern Sumatra, i.e. the plains and hills of Sumatra, are often represented 
by local forms in the mountainous districts of M'estern Sumatra; the latter districts 
are indeed as closely allied in their fauna to Java as to the faunae of Deli, Malacca, 
and Borneo. Wallace's opinion that Sumatra belongs faunistically together with 
Malacca and liorneo, and is well separated from Java, applies only to East Sumatra, 
not to West Sumatra, and this explains why the islands near the west coast of 
Sumatra (Engano, Nias; the fauna of the others we do not know) have so many 
affinities to Java, not to " Sumatra," i.e. not to Eastern Sumatra. 

2. Though the specimens of Sommer's collection may have been wrongly labelled 
— Staudinger says in a letter to us that he no longer believes them to be from 
Ja\a — there occur specimens of cerberus which are not distinguishable from certain 
examples of helena (L.) (= pompeus Cram.). But that agrees e.xactly with the 


( 222 ) 

chanictt^r of a subsjiecies (local f'onn, Localvariettit). Staudiuger himself was, to iny 
knowledge, the first to draw attention to the important fact — imjiortaut to the study 
of the origin of the species — that a certain form can he indindual variety, i.e. 
aherration ("Aberration" of Staudinger), occurring together in the same locality 
with the typical foi-m (" Stammform " of Staudinger) of the species, and at the same 
time local variety, i.e. suhspecies (" Varietal " of Staudinger), being confined to 
countries from where the tyjiical form is absent. Kirner {EnMehunf/ d. Arten, Jena, 
1882 ; Artbildimg b. SchmetL, Jena, 1889) and Fickert (I.e.) explain the same fact ; 
and the chief law of the development of the local forms in Eimer's UnlersucltuiKjen, 
etc., a law which can be traced in all variable species of the Indo-.Vustralian Regions, 
is indeed this: the local forms have no entirely new characters by which they are 
distinguished from the i-espective typical form and its aberrations: all the distin- 
guishing characters of a local form are more or less obviously indicated in the 
individual aberrations of the typical form, and are only further develojjments of 
certain characters of the typical form. The differences between Tro'tdes lieleaa (L.), 
[= po'inpeiis (Cram.)] and cerberus (Feld.) are not at all constant ; the most developed 
helena and the least advanced cerberus are indistinguishable. There are even Indian 
cerberibs which are rather less advanced than certain Javan lielena; the occurrence of 
every iutergradation proves that we have not two, but one species, which develops in 
one district in this, in another in that direction, and of which the development is not 
yet so far advanced as to render the intergraduate individuals between the various 
forms extinct. — K. J. 

(c): T. helena hephaestus (Keld.) [cJ,?]. 

(J $ . Papilio hephaestiis Felder, I'erli. i. b. Ges. Wieit p. 2'.tl. ii. '2'J (1864) (Celebes; nom. mid.): 

id., Reise .Vovnra, L,-p. I. p. IG. n. 8 (1865) (Celebes). 
(J ? . Oniithoptera leda Wallace, Ti: Linn. Snc. Lond. XXV. p. 39. n. 8 (1865) (Macassar ; Meuado). 
(J ?. Papiliii pompeus \a.T. kephai'stus, Hopffer, Slrtl. E. Zeit. p. 18. n. 2 (1874) (Celebes) ; Snellen, 

Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXI. p. 37. n. 146 (1878) (Saleyer ; Bonthain ; Bantimoerong). 
cJ?. Ornithoptera heplmesim, Oberthiir, Et. d Ent. IV. p. ?>\. ii. 12 (1879) (Celebes); Holland, 

Proc. Boston Sue. N. H. XXIV. p. 77. n. 1-24 (1890) (S. Celebes) ; Rothacb., Iris V. p. 44'i 

(1892) (S.E.Celebes). 
cJ ?. Ornilhoptera jiompeus v.ar, lirphaestus, Fickert, Zool. Jahrbiu'/i. p. 729. n. la (1889) (Celebes). 

This suhspecies comes nearest to the Indian race, with which it has been 
confounded by Distant and other authors. The forewings are of the same elongate 
shape as in cerberus; the outer margin of the hindwings is less scalloped than in 
the other forms of helena (L.), especially in the mcde; the black border to the 
hindwings is conspicuously broader at the nervules, and therefore not so prominent 
within the cellules as in helena (L.), cerberus (Feld.), nereis (Doherty), and propin- 
quus m. The white spots of the marginal fringe of the forewings are reduced in 
length. 

<?. The forewings are mostlv quite black, but have sometimes tlie bases of the 
median nervules below bordered with whitish scaling; at tlie submedian nervure there 
stands on the underside often a white or yellowish patch, which is in some examples 
very large. 

The hindwings have a large yellow s-jiot before the subcostal vein, as in cerberus 
(P'eld.) ; there are no subdiscal black markings, except one between the lower median 
nervules which is nearly always confluent with the black marginal border of I he 
wing ; in one of my specimens there is also a minute subdiscal black spot between 
the two upper median veins, but only on the right wing. 


( 223 ) 

9 . The forewings are, above, all greenish black ; or the cell bears an apical white 
mark, as in cerherus (Feid.), and the subcostal, discoidal, and median nervules are 
bordered with white. Below, there is always a large white jiatch upon the subcostal 
nervure, even when there are no white markings at the other veins ; the median and 
discoidal nervules bear towards the outer margin often short geminate streaks ; in 
the specimens with much white above, the streaks are broader and whiter below than 
on the upperside. 

The costal-basal black region of the hindwiugs extends, as in typical helena (L.). 
beyond the origin of the subcostal nervule ; most specimens have a submarginal 
yellow spot before the subcostal vein; the subdiscal black spots stand either isolated, 
or are partly joined to the black border of the wing; the yellow mark behind the 
lower median vein is sometimes rather reduced on the upperside; below, the yellow 
markings are sometimes much shaded with creamy buS' scales. 

Hah. Celebes (4 c?, 10 ?); Saleyer. 

20. Troides aeacus (F'elder) [<?,?]• 

5. Urnithupta-a rhadii manlhus BoisduvJ (/«(■ rhudniiiaatus Lucas, 1835), .s>rc. Gin. Lep. I. p. 18U. 
n. 8 ( ? , net ? var. A, nee (J) (1836) (Cochiu China ; nee Manila). 

(^ ?. Ornithopteni vhadamanltms, Doubl. Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diuni. I.iji. I. p. 4. n. lU (1846) 
(Cochin China : India) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. I. p. 88. n. 178 (1857) 
(Darjeeling) ; Reakirt, Pmc. Ent. Soe. Phil. p. 444. n. 1 (1864) {p.p.) ; Moore, P. Z. S. p. 755 
(1865) (Bengal) ; Druce, P. Z. R. p. 108. n. 1 (1874) (Siam) ; Dist., Rkop. .Uul. p. 326. n. 1. 
t.,27a. f. 5 ((J) & p. 327. f. 106 ( ? ) (1885) (Mai. Pen.) ; Wood-Mas. & Nicc'v., Joiirn. A.i. Soc. 
Bewj. p. 373. n. 172 (1886) (Cachar) ; Elwes & Nic^v., ihid p. 438. n. 148 (1886) (Tavoy & 
Sinbyoodine) ; Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lniicl. p. 422. n. 393 (1888) (Sikkim ; common in hot 
valleys at 2000 to 3000 feet) ; Manders, ihkl. p. 535. n. 185 (1890) (Shan States ; very common 
in low valleys. 800 to 3000 feet) ; Watson, Jotim. As. Soc. Beii<j. p. 53. n. 205 (1891) (Chin 
Lushai) ; Swinhoe, Tr. Ent. Soc. Loncl. p. 311. n. 371 (1893) (Kbasia Hills) ; Leech, Butterfl. 
of China, etc. p. 513 (1893) {p.p.); Nicev., Ga-.etieer of SiHim p. 170. n. 457 (1894) (Sikkim ; 
common in low valleys from May to October). 

(J ? . Popilid rluidamanlhus, frray. Cat. Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 6. n. 14 (1852) {sijiuin. p.p. ; Nepaul ; 
Moulmein : Hong-Kong) ; id.. List Lep. Ins. B. il. I. p. 5. n. 10 (18,56) {sijnon. p.p.). 

?. OmUhoptera aeiieiis Felder, 117™. Ent. Mon. IV. p. 225. n. 71 (180O) (patria?). 

? . Papilio aeacus Felder, Vesh. z. h. Ges. Wien p. 291. n. 32 (1864) (patria?). 

(^ . fJrnithojitcra rhadanuuithus var. anvphrisins., Kirby, Cat. D'/iirn. Lep. p. 519. sub ii. 9 (1871) 
(Ind. bor.) ; Stauding. & Schatz, E.tot. Schmell. I. p. 4 (1884) (Sikkim) ; Fickert, Z„ol. ./ahrbiirh. 
p. 734. sub n. 3 (1889 1 (N. India). 

^. Oriiillioptem rhudiimantlius var. thoiiisoni Bates, in Thomson's Straits nf .Malacca, etc. p. 546 
(1875) (Siam). 

S ?• Oniithopte.ra minos, OberthUr. Et. d'ICnI. IV. p. 32. n. 14 (1879) (Burma) : id., I.e. XI. p. 14 
(1886) (Ta-tsien-Iu). 

cj ? . Papilio {Ornithopteni) rhadainanthns, Nici'ville, .Journ. As. Sue. Ben;/, p. 98. n. 255(1883) 
(Sikkim). 

Felder's type of (leacws agrees with the Indian females of that species which 
most authors erroneously enumerate as T. rhadariutnthns. The present Troides 
differs from the true rliadamantus (Lucas) from the Philip])ines so markedly that I 
must contradict P^ickert, Staudinger, lieecli, and others, who say that rhadamanhis 
(Lucas) and aeacus (Feld.) belong to one species. About '' avipkrisius (Lucas)," 
" rh(ulamanthus (Boisd.)," .see T. i-hadamantus (Lucas), p. 225. 

Bates's " var. t/iomsonl" from Siam is based on a specimen with the abdomen 
rather more extended yellow; the Siamese examples which I have examined can, 
however, not be sepai-ated from the North Indian ones; tliey are often smaller than 
the latter, and the forewings of the very small individuals are rather strongly falcate; 
but there occm- in Siam also small (and large) specimens, of which the forewings are 


( 224 ) 

less concave at ihe outer margin than in the North Indian and Chinese individuals. 
Very small specimens are also often found in the Malay Peninsula. 

The specimens from the Thibetian frontier of China differ mostly in both sexes 
from the Indian ones. In the male, the adnervular white stripes on the underside of 
the forewings are much less tinged with yellow; indeed, in most examples the stripes 
are unicolorous ; the abdomen has two rows of black spots on the underside (besides 
the spots upon the stigmata) wliich are not present in the Indian, Central and Eastern 
Chinese, Siamese, and Malaccan individuals. In the female, the black spots of the 
underside of the abdomen are large and mostly merged together; the yellow mark of 
the hindwings wliich stands behind the median nerxure is absent or very small- 
:\Iost probably the aeaciia from Thibet proper and from the northern slopes of the 
Himalaya will be more different from the type than those West Chinese specimens, 
and will have to stand as a separate subspecies. 

S. Differs from T. rhddamd.nhis (Lucas) especially in the abdominal segments 
being edged with yellow on the upperside, in the less jiroduceil abdominal angle of 
the hindwings, and in the much sliorter basal partition of the median nervure 
of these mngs. 

The forewings. wliich are louger than in rlntdaiaanius (Lucas), are rather 
variable in shape; sometimes, especially in very small specimens, which are more 
abundant in ]Malacca, Tenasserim, and Siam than in North India and China, they 
are rather falcate. On the hindwings, the black scaling at the marginal spots 
between the median branches is often rather extended ; in one ;\Ialaccan individual 
there are also black scales within the cell ; many specimens have one or two minute 
black subdiscal spots between the median nervules ; on the underside, which is devoid 
of the admarginal black scaling, these spots are in some individuals from Cliina 
rather large. 

5. The white stripes on the forewings are often very broad: in tlie Malaccan 
specimens they are usually nan-ower than in the North Indian and Chinese examples ; 
Felder's type takes in this respect an intermediate position ; the whitish border to 
the cell of the forewings is in many individuals very broad, and is sometimes so 
enlarged as to fill up neai'ly the whole cell, exclusive of two longitudinal streaks. 

The discal yellow spot in front of the subcostal vein of the hindwings is seldom 
absent. The discal and submarginal black spots are never merged together, though 
the two posterior pairs, between the median nervules, stand sometimes very close 
together, and though the yellow markings between these two pairs are rather densely 
overpowdered with black scales, especially on the upperside. 

Hob. 'North India (Sikkim, Assam) (8(?, 6?); Burma and Shan States 
(8 d", 2 ? ); Tenasserim (2 J ); Malacca (5 J, 6 ?); Siam (1 cf, 1 ?); China 
(17 <J, 13 ¥). 

21. Troides rhadamantus (Lucas) [tJ,?, metam.]. 

(J?. Paptliii astenmis. Escbscholz (w-r Faliricius. 177.5), Kotzebue's Seise III. p. 205. t. 4. f. lia. 

6b. ec (J,?) (1821) (Manila). 
J ? . Oriiithojitfrii rhatUiiniintiis Lucas, Leji. E-nit. \>. i> (1835) (Philippines). 
^. Ornitlioptera aiii/ihrisiua, Lucas (nr.c Fabric, 1787), Lej>. Exot. t. 2. f. 1 (1835) (Philippines: 

comp. noil' on p. 5 : "lisez rhadamantiis au lieu d'amphrisiiis ''). 
(J $. Omithopkra rhadamunthus, Boisduval, Sjirc. Gen. Lip. I. p. 180. n. 8 (1836) ((J el vnr. A ? ; 

Manila; iwc Cochin China); Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. p. 444. n. 1 (18114) (p.p.): 

Oberth., Et. d'Enl. FV. p. .3j. n. 16 (1870) (Manila) ; Dewitz, Xoi: Act. h'ais. Leap. Ac. Xal. 

xivL. n. 2. p. 262. t. 2. f. 7. 7.\. 7b (l.,p.} (1882) ; Staudiug. & Scbatz, Exol. Schmcll. I. p. 4. 


( 225 ) 

t. 1 (cJ,? ) (1884) ; Fickert, Zonl. Jahrbikh. p. 733. n. 3 (1889) ; Leech, Butlerfi. ../ Chhui, 
etc. p. 613 (1893) (p.p.). 

tJ ?. Papilio iiepherins Gray, Li^t Lep. Tns. B. M. I. p. G. n. 17 (ISoti) (Philippine Is. : "Hong- 
Kong " luc. err.). 

S ?. P'ipilio rluukimanthus, Felder, Vtrh. :.. b. Ges. Wini p. 291. u. 2G (18lj4) (p.p.). 

(J ?. OrnithupUni mphereua, Wallace, Tr. Linn. Soc. Lund. XXV. p. 40. n. 10 (186.'j) ; Stauding., 
Iris II. p. 4 (1889) ; Semper. Philipji., TagfaU. p. 21)4. n. 386 (1891) {on must of the Philippine 
Ifihitifh all the ijear rouwl). 

Lucas described tlii.s Philippine insect in 1835 under the name of " rhada- 
manius Boisd." ; as Boisduval's Sjxc. Gen. Li'p. I. came out after Lucas's Lcp. Exot.. 
Lucas has the priority, and the name of 'rhadamantus must be spelt without an h 
behind the t. Lucas gives Boisduval as author ; from this I conclude that he I'eceived 
the name of the insect from 15oisdu\al in litt. 

Boisduval's " rhadfi.inanihu^s" of Spec. (jru. Le.p. is a composite species; he 
describes first the Philippine 'iii(de, then the female of the Indo-Chinese representative 
species, and thirdly, as var. A, the proper female to his Philippine male. As most 
authors did not perceive that Boisduval's description of the male applies to the 
Philippine, not to the Indo-Chinese species, and recognised the " var, A " as the 
Philippine female, they erroneously used the name of " rhadamantltus Boisd." for 
the Indo-Chinese PapiUonid, not for the Philippine one. Gray was the first to make 
this muddle ; he bestowed a new name upon the Philippine species, and called the 
Indo-Chinese insect " rhadamanthiw Boisd.," and nearly all the authors writing upon 
the Indian fauna follow him. 

Lucas calls the species " aniphrisius " on the plate (not in the text), but corrects 
this misprint in a note on page 5. In Kirby's . Catalogue " amphnsiua Lucas" 
is said to be from North India; Staudinger & Schatz in Exot. Schmett. I. p. 4 
(1884), and Fickert in Zool. .fahrbuch. p. 734 (1889), uncritically accept this mistake, 
so that now in most German collections the Indian species stands as " var. amphrisius 
Lucas," the Philippine insect as " rhadamanthus Boisd.," while in England the first 
is known as "rhadamanthus Boisd." and the second as " nephereua Gray." The 
proper nomenclature is as follows : — 

(1) T. rhadamantus (Lncaus) : Philippines; 

(2) T. aeacics (Felder) : India, JIalacca, Siani, China. 

Two sulispecies l^elong to T. rhadamantus (Lucas) : — 

(a) : T. rhadamantus (Lucas), forma typ. [cJ,?, metam.]. 

S. The anal region of the hindwings is strongly produced and pointed; the 
branches of the median nervure stand rather closer together than in the other species 
of Troides ; the basal portion of the median vein is very long, more than half as long 
again as the corresponding part of the subcostal nervure. The median cellules of the 
hindwings above are sometimes (chiefly in Mindoro specimens) shaded with a rather 
dense black scaling, wliich occupies, besides the median cellules, often also part of the 
discoidal cell. 

The adnervular streaks of the forewings are alwaj's whitish and very narrow ; 
below there is sometimes a feeble spot at the sulnnedian nervure wliich assumes 
a yellowish colour. 

The abdomen is entirelv Iilack above, the segments not lieing edged witli yellow, 
as in the Indian alh'ed species. 

?. The white mark in the ajie.x of the cell lia> the same form as in 7". helena 


( 22r, ) 

Cerberus (Feld.). The adiierviilar white streaks of the forewings seem to be as 
constantly i)reseut above and below as in the male sex ; the markings at the sub- 
median nervure are mostly feebly marked on the ' upperside ; sometimes they are 
entirely absent from both sides of the wing. 

On the lundwings there is in some specimens a rather large yellow discal >]iot 
before the subcostal vein ; the length of the discal yellow markings is variable. The 
black border of the wings includes usually a series of geminate, adner\ular, \ellow 
spots of variable size; these spots are larger below than above. 

The abdomen bears beneath two series of black spots, of which those upon the 
lifth to seventh segments are larger; the spots are sometimes confluent with one 
another. 

Ildb. I'hiliiipine l^lands (recorded from nearly all the islands) (14 d, 15 j). 

(b): T. rhadamantus plateni (Standing.) [J,?]. 

(J?. Oi-Mthojtlera plateni Staudinger, Iris I. p. -274 (1888) (Palawan); id., /..-. II. p. .S (I88it) 

(Palawan) ; Fickert, Zuol. Julirhiich. p. 762 (188'j). 
(J?. Omitlioj>lira {Pria/iwjiterti) pliiteiii, Rippon, Jcun. Driiitli, text & plate ((J,?) (1890) 

(Palawan). 

There is a female specimen in my collection with tlir locality "Palawan" 
attached to it which is so very close to the female of T. rhadaiaantus (Lucas) 
that I had much doubt whether it really came from that island, till I found in 
Staudinger's careful description of plateni, in Iris II., a similar Palawan siiecimen 
mentioned. Staudinger says that his specimen is distinguishable from the Philippine 
t'emales only by the yellow discal markings of the underside of the hindwings being 
shaded with whitish or grey, and by the adnervular, submarginal spots of the same 
wings below being conspicuously large and whitisli grey. The first of these two 
characters appears, however, also in certain rhadamantus females, though the 
peculiar creamy huff shade is less extended. The second character does not apply 
to my rhadainantu3-\ike female of plateni ; the submarginal spots are small and 
yellow, excejit the two anterior ones, which are, as in some Philij)()ine females, creamy 
buff. This proves, however, that the females of plateni and rhadamantus cannot 
be separated specifically. In the male sex, the difference between the dark Miudoro 
individuals, with the median cellules and part of the discoidal cell overjiowdered witli 
black scales, and those examples of plateni which exhibit disper.sed yellow scales 
within the black region of the hindwings, is again rather slight. Staudinger says 
himself (I.e.) that plateni is perhaps only a local form of " nephei-eus Gray" [recte 
rhadaviantus (Lucas)], and I must adopt this opinion. T. rhadamantus plateni 
(Stauding.) is certainly one of the most interesting forms of Troides, especially so 
as it forms a transition to the T. dohertyi (Rippon) with an entirely black up])erside 
to the hindwings. 

S . The yellow area of the upperside of the hindwings is mostly reduced to two 
sjwts standing between the costal margin and the upi)er di.^^coidal vein. Many 
specimens have a third small mark behind that nervnle, and in one of Staudinger's 
e.xamples this mark is so much enlarged as to reach the second discoidal vein. 
Within the cell there is often a narrow yellow streak along the subcostal nervure. 
Below, the yellow area consists of eight large spots ; the area ajji^ears greenish in 
certain lights as far as the black colour of the upperside is extended. The median 
cellules are often almost black ; sometimes they have only a black sprinkling, or are 
almost pure yellow. 


( 227 ) 

The adnprvular breaks of the forewiiigs are mostly very faint on the u[ipprsicle, 
but sometimes they are almost as white as in rhaduinrintiis (Lucas). 

? . The hindwings have, besides the large cellular spot which occupies the 
whole cell, exclusive of the extreme base, from 4 to 7, often rather small, discal 
mai'kings ; the black border of the wing includes often one or two small yellow or 
yellowish huff subniargiiial spots, lirlow, the yellow discal area is more or le.ss 
shaded with creamy white. 

Hub. Palawan (8 J, 7 ? ). 


22. Troides dohertyi (Rippon) [cJ,?]. 

J?. Ornithojitera {Pnmpeopttra) ihhertyi Rippon, Ami. Mag. N. 11. (7). II. p. '295 (1893) 

(Talaut I.) ; id., Icon. Oriiith. text & 2 plates ( cJ, ? , aberrs.) (1893). 
cJ ? . Papi/w uordermaiii Snellen, Tijdsehr. r. Enl. XXXVII. p. 191 (189.'), June) (Talaut). 

6. The upperside is all black, the adnervnlar white .streaks of the underside 
showing through above. The amount of yellow on the underside of the hindwings is 
very variable ; the anterior spots between the costal nervure and the upper discoidal 
nervule are usually the smallest and disajjpear first. Within tlie apex of the cell 
there is sometimes a minute yellow mark. 

?. All the specimens of this sex whicli ;\Ir. W. Doherty obtained seem to be 
much faded, and are of a light brown colour, recalling the same sex of T. lialiphron irin 
(Eiiber). The hindwings are above often unicolorous ; most specimens liave, how- 
ever, four irregular and small yellow discal spots round the apex of the cell, and a 
very feelile mark within the end of the cell. Sometimes there are also some very 
faint submai-ginal yellowish spots marked on the upperside. Below, these spots are 
larger and of a creamy buff colour, often much overpowdered with brownish black 
scales ; the submarginal spots are sometimes extended along the nervules and joiued 
to the marginal, internervular spots, forming U-shaped markings ; the space within 
such a mark is occasionally more or less filled up with buflfisb scales. 

Hah. Talaut, north of Celebes (W. Doherty coll.) (18 cj, 7 ?). 

It is not improbable that on one of the i.slands between Celebes and the 
Philipiiines exists a Troides .species which has totally lost the yellow markings ; and 
there may also be, for example on the Sulu Islands, a Troides which connects dohertyi 
(Rippon) with plafeni (Standing.). 

23. Troides mirandus (Butl.) [c?,?]. 

(J y. raj,ilin mirmiihi Butler, Lep. E.cul. I. p. 3. t. 1 ( J) (18fi9) (Saraw.ik). 

Ornithoptera mirnnih, Druce, P. Z. S. p. 3J0. n. 1 (1873) (Sarawak) ; Oberth., Et. irEnl. IV. p. 110. 

n. 9. bia (1879) (Borneo) ; Dist. & Prycr. .■!«». Mmi. N. 11. (:<}. XIX. p. 272. n. IC') (1887) 

(Sandakan). 

C'ollar yellow in both sexes. 

(J. The black border to the hindwings is .slightly variable in breailtli ; otherwise 
very constant. 

5. The forewings have on the ujjperside .sometimes a complete scries of while, 
geminate, linear markings, of which those between the subcostal veins are connected 
at the base in pairs ; in other specimens these markings are nearly entirely obliterated; 
below, the markings are more pronounced than above. 

Tl'.e aniotmt of yellow on the hindwings is very inconstant ; the yi-llow area 
occupies in one of my specimens three-quarters of the cell, in others only half the 
cell; in others again there is, moreover, a rather large black s];ot in I he apex of the 


( 228 ) 

cell; the yellow discal spots between the discoidal anil upper median veins are some- 
times obliterated ; occasionally all the yellow markings are much shaded with black. 
The tear-shaped black discal markings are in some individuals well defined ; in 
others they are all merged together. 
Hah. North Borneo (i <S,~ ?). 

21. Troides andromache (Smuding.) [<?,?]. 

(J ? . Oriiithoptera andromache Staudinger, Iris V. p. .39.8 (1892) (N. Borneo) ; id., I.e. YII. p 341 
t. 8. f. 1 ((?). 2 (?) (1895) (Kina Balu. 1200 to 1500 metres). 

Collar red in both sexes. 

^. Forewings small, black, with a blue tint, which is, however, much feebler than 
in T. rnirundas (Rutl.). In the marginal region the scales of the under layer become 
often whitish, and in consequence of this there appears sometimes a feebly marked, 
faintly yellowish, submarginal band on the upperside. Below, the forewings ha\e 
large, triangular, whitish markings, which shade off towards the disc into yellow, 
and which remind one of the markings of T. bfookianus (Wall.). 

?. Recalling T. annjjhrysus fiavicollis ?-ab. loc. oiympia (Honr.). The fore- 
wings are whitish, exclusive of the outer and costal margin, and, in some specimens, 
of the base. The cell of the hindwings is all yellow; the yellowish .spot behind the 
cell extends also to the base of the wing; the outer margin is rather less indented 
than in T. mirandus (Butl.), but this character is not constant. 

T. a7idromache (Standing.) is the rejjresentative species of T. niirnndus (Butl.) 
at higher elevations. 

Hab. Kina Balu (1200 to 1.500 m.; 4 J, 4 ?). 

Both T. andromache and rairandiiv are allied to T. amphryaus (Cram.) in the 
absence of red hairs from the breast underneath the wings, and in the long basal 
portion of the subcostal nervure of the hindwings. The males have also the dorsal 
markings to the abdomen which we meet with in the forms of T. amphrysus (Cram.). 

25. Troides amphrysus (Cram.) [J,?]. 

(J. Papilio Erjues Trqinmm amj>hr;jsus Cramer, Puj). IC.rof. III. p. 4.3. t. 219. f. A. (<J) (1782) (.Java). 
(J. Papilio Kques Trqjamis (Vnphrisus, Jablonsky, Xutiirs. Srhmell. I. p. 197. n. 2. t. 1. f. li (1784) ; 

Esper, And. SchmHi. p. 133. n. 59. t. 34. f. 1 (1792). 
(J. Pnpilio Eques Trojiiuus iniipUrisius, Fabricius, Mimt. Jnx. II. p. 3. n. 23 (1787) (Iiid. or.) : 

Gmelin, Sy/sl. .\at. I. 5. p. 2230. n. 2K7 (1790) ; Fabr., Enl. Si/xl. III. 1, p. II. n. 33 (1793) 

(India). 
(J. Troides amphrysus, Hubner, Verz. bel: Schm. p. 88. n. 923 (18IG). 
(J. Papilio timphrisins, Godart, ICiir. Mith. p. 27. n. 7 (1819) (p.p.) : Gray, List Lep. Ins. B. M. I. 

p. 6. n. 18(18.%).(p.i>.). 
[^ ?. Oriiithoptera oinphrisius, Boisduval, f^pec. Gin. Lip. I. p. 178. n. fi. t. In. i. \ {$) (183G) 

(Java ; nee Sumatra) ; Donbl. Westw. & Hew., Gm. Diitrn. Lep. I. p. 4. ii. 8 (184G) (Java : 

nee Penang) ; Vollenhov., Tijdsehr. r. Knl. III. p. 71. n. 8 (18fi0) {p.p.); W.all., Tr. Linn. 

Sac. Land. XXV. p. 40. n. 15 (18G5) (/)./).) ; Oberth., El. d'Enl. IV. p. 30. n. 9 (1879) (p.p.). 
<J?. Papilio amphrysus, Feldcr, Verh. c. h. Ges. Wim p. 291. n. 34 (1864) (p-P)' But'-, Oit. 

Diimi. Lep. dtser. Fabric, p. 235. n. 5 (1869) (Java). 
(J 5 . Ornilhopttm amphrysus, Druce, P. Z. S. p. 356. n. 2 (1873) (Java) ; Stauding. A Schatz, 

ICxot. Srhmetl. I. p. 5 (1884) (p.p.) ; Fickert, Znnl. Jahrhiich. p. 739. n. 8 (1889) (p.p.). 

The basal portion of the subco.stal vein of the hindwings, from the base to the 
ujjper discocellular nervule, is in the S longer than the corresponding part of the 
median nervure, from the base to the lower median nervule; in the ? bdth parts are 


( 229 ) 

alike, or the first is the longest. In Trokles helena (L.), oblangomacidntus (Goeze), 
etc., the basal portion of the median vein is obvionsly longer than that of the 
subcostal nervure. 

This species has developed into four local forms : — 

(a) : T. amphrysus (Cram.) inhabits .Java, except the higher mountains, where 
it is represented by 

(/*) : T. amphrysus cuneifer (Obertli.) ; 

(c) : T. nmphrysus Jiamcollis (Druce) occ'urs in Sumatra, ]Mala_v Peninsula, 
Borneo, and I'anguey Island, and is replaced in the mountainou-; districts of 
Sumatra by 

(d): T. amphrysus snmatranus (Hagen), which corresponds to T. amphrysus 
cuneifer (Oberth.). 

The caterpillar and chrysalis are unknown. 

(a): T. amphrysus (Cram.j, forma typ. [(^,?]. 

(J. The yellow colour of the forewings varies in extent ; the submedian vein is 
often entirely black. The submedian, linear, black mark on the upperside of the 
hindwings, standing between the lower n\edian uervules, is mostl}- joined to the black 
border of the wing, but in many individuals it stands separate, and sometimes it is 
reduced to a point ; below it is often absent; in one of my specimens it is much 
enlarged and parti}' merged together witluthe black abdominal margin ; in the same 
example the black marginal spot at the end of the subcostal nervule of the hindwings 
is extended along that vein half-way to the cell. 

The abdomen is yellow, with the upperside of the basal segments brownish ; or 
it is greeni.sh yellow, with the whole upper surface brownish black, exclusive of the 
lourth and fifth segments, which bear each a paler brown dorsal mark. 

The metathorax has, underneath the hindwings, rarely a few red hairs at each 
side. 

5. The white markings on the forewings are variable in size, and assume 
sometimes a yellowish colour towards the hinder angle. The yellow disc of the 
hindwings shades mostly into whitish towards the base and the abdominal margin. 

The abdomen varies above from being dirty creamy buff to being olive brown ; 
below it is yellow, or greenish yellow. 

(a'-'J : ab. pialabuanus Fruhst. 
Ornithoptfra amphri/sits var. palabimnaFvnhsiorier, Ent. Xttrhr. p. 4-1 (IStU) (PaLibuan, S.W. Java). 

Adnervular streaks on the forewings darker than in typical amphrysus, almost 
" reddish brown." 

Hah. .lava (IGJ 6, ¥). 

(fe) : (? ? . T. amphrysus cuneifer (Oberth.). 

(J. Ornithiiitirii amphrisiiis ab. rumifn-d ObortliUr. El. il' llnl. IV. p. 110. sub n. !l (1S79) (.lava). 
(J?. Fapilio {(Jrnithn/ilcm) rilsetmip SnuUen, Xolfs Leyd. M"s. p. 1.5'! (1889) (Java; Preaiiger, 
Ardjoena, 1500 to ISOO metres). 

This mountain-form of T. amphi-ijsus, which Sir. Oberthiir described as cuneife)' 
from a single 7nale ten years before jMr. Snellen published it under the name of 
ritsemne, cannot be maintained as a distinct species. Jlr. P. C. T. Snellen (I.e.) 
dififerentiates cuneifer chiefly by the following characters : — 

<S. (1) 1'. cuneifer (= ritsemae Snellen) is smaller than ampJirysus (Cv:\m.). I lie 


( 230 ) 

first measuring from fio to 70 mm. Qengtli of forewing], whereas the latter measure^ 
from 76 to 84 mm. 

The forewings of my Java males oi anvphrysMS vary in lengtli from 03 to 78 ram., 
those of my cuneifer from 64 to 80, and tliose of my Bornean T. amphryam ab. 
ntficollis (Butl.) from Borneo 57 to 79. 

(2) The iipperside of the forewings is i-ather browner, less black in cuneifer. 
This is ccitaiuly the case in all my citneifer, though some specimens are blacker 

than other.s. 

(3) The markings of the forewings are less yellow. 

The colour of the streaks on the forewnngs of omphrysus, e.specially of the 
Bornean form, is often not yellower than in certain cuneifer; but in the latter insect 
the fourth and fifth subcostal and the upper discoidal veins are black or almost so, 
and the yellowish white colour is, therefore, more restricted, and forms almost a 
diagonal band, which crosses the wing at the apex of the cell. 

(4) The black basal pari of the forewing, limited towards the ape.x bv the before- 
mentioned yellowish white streaks, is horizontally cut off in amphryniis, while in 
cuneifer it slopes off towards the outer margin. 

This character is very variable, lioth in finiphrystis and cuneifer, owing to the 
individually different length of the streak which borders the upper median nervule 
at its hinder side. 

(5) The hindwings have a greener tint in cuneifer. 
This character seems to be fairly constant. 

(0) The veins of the hindwings are in c?<nej/er heavier black than in nmplirysns. 
This is indeed the case; and I may add that the black band at the discal side 
of the abdominal fold is broader in cuneifer. 

(7) T. cuneifer has on the hindwings from 3 to G submarginal black spots. 
In my series of cuneifer the number of the spots varies from to 5. 

(8) In cuneifer the marginal black spot between the ujijier median nervules of 
the hindwings is more prominent than the otlier marginal s|;ots. 

In one individual of cuneifer all the marginal spots are equally prominent 
(exclusive of that between the loirer median nervules); and in some arnjihrysus the 
spot in question is also more prominent than in the others. 

(9) The costal nervure of the hindwings of cuneifer is much less arched than in 
amphrysua. 

In most specimens oi amphrysvs the costal vein is indeed more arched, but not 
in all individuals. 

(10) The '• third and fourth " abdominal segments bear on the upperside a black 
mark each, w^hich is entirely absent from the abdomen of amjjhrysxis. 

These spots, which stand on the fourth and fifth, not on the third and fourth 
segments, are sometimes feebly indicated in .Tavan ampkrysus, and rather well 
marked in many individuals of T. amphrysus flaricoUift (Druce), though never of so 
deep a brownish black colour as in cuneifer; in the Sumatran representative form 
of cuneifer — namely, in T. amphrysus sumatramta (Hagen) — the spots are not 
develojjcd. 

(11) The abdomen ol cuneife)' is deep earth-browu above, greenish yellow at the 
sides, and yellow below, while in ainphrysits the four basal segments are of a 
dull ochreous colour above and at the sides, and the remaining segments and the whole 
underside yellow. 

The abdomen is constant in colour in my e^ineifei; very inconstant in amphrysus. 


( asi ) 

varying in the latter from being entirely yellow to being above as black as in 
cimeifer : in the specimens with the brownish black upperside of the abdomen the 
sides of the aljdomen are of the same greenish yellow colouras in cuneifer. 

Thus there remain only the somewhat browner colour of the forewings, the 
gi-eener tint of the hindwings, and the broader black band along the discal side of 
the abdominal fold of the hindwings, by which cuneifer i is distinguished from 
(imphri/sus and its local forms. I must add that the hindwings of cuneifer are of 
a different shape, being less rounded in the anal region than in most aniphrysiis, 
that the scent-organ within the abdominal fold is rather whiter than in (imphrijsuf, 
and that the hind femora are black. 

?. In the female, however, there is not a single character by which all the 
specimens of cuneifer can be differentiated from all the specimens of amphrysus. 
In most (not in all) individuals of cuneifer the markings of the forewings, chiefly 
those towards the hinder angle, are more yellowish, and the yellow region of the 
hindwings is less yellow towards the base and beyond the cell. 

Hub. Mountains of .Java : Mount (jede, ^Mount Ardjoena, Preanger (' S . ' 2 ). 

(c): T. amphrysus flavicollis (Druce) [d",?]. 

OmiOioptera flamcollis Druce, P. Z. S. p. 3oG. n. 3 (1873) (Borneo) ; Skertchley, .Inii. Mag. .V. H. 

(G). VI. p. -210 (1889) {kuhita). 
Ornilhopteni (inqilirixhis var. flavicillis, Oberthur, Et. iJ'Eiit. IV. p. 30. sub n. 9 (1879) (Borneo). 
Ornithiiptera amphri/siis va.r.jUiririiUis, Fickert, Houl. Jahrhiirh. p. 739. sub n. 8 (1889) (Borneo). 
OrnithopUra (^Pompeopteni) amphrysus va,T. JtavicoUis, Rippon, Icon. Oniilh. text & plate (1891) 

(p.p.). 
PoiiipeopteraflarkolUa, Rippon, Lc. t. 10. f . 4 ( J var. ) (1891). 

The collar of this subspecies is either yellow or red ; the yellow-collared form is 
confined to Borneo and the adjacent small islands, where it flies together with the 
red-collared form, and is nothing but a local aberration. As, however, the name of 
flavicollis (Druce) has the prioiity' over the name oi ruji colli s (Butl.), we must apply 
that name to the subspecies; the name of fldvicollis includes therefore the red- and 
yellow-coUared specimens. There occur e.xamples in which tlie collar is vellowish 
red, and this proves that the colour of the collar is of no .specific value. 

cJ. The black border of the hindwings is obviously narrower than in ainp>hrysus 
(Cram.) ; the yellowish markings of the forewings are restricted to the marginal 
region of the wing in most individuals, and seldom occupy so much of the apex of 
the cell as in amphrysus ; below, they are decidedly whiter than in the Java insect. 

?. Often scarcely or not di.stinguishable from amjjhrysus (Cram.); the white 
patch at the apex of the cell of the forewings is more triangular, being more extended 
along the subcostal than the median nervure ; in many individuals the white colour 
is much increased on the forewings. The hindwings are less whitish towards the 
base and lieyond the cell ; the yellow spot between the costal and subcostal nervures 
is often larger than in amphrysus, especially in individuals with pale foi-ewings. 

(a^): ?-ab. loe. olympia (Honr.). 

J. Oniithoptera {Pompeoptera) niiqthrijsns var. jlaiirnjlis, Rippon (iiei' Druce, 1873), Icnn. Ornith. 

text & platfi ( ? ) (1891). 
? . Ornithiiptera oli/mpia Honrath, Ent. Nachr. XVII. p. 241 (1891) (S.E. Borneo). 
?. Oniithoptera flavkullis var. ohjmpia Honrath, B,rl. Ent. Zeit. XXXVI. p. 429. t 15 f. 1 (1891). 

The white coloui' of the forewings is much iiici-eased ; discoidal cell entirely, or 

18 


( 232 ) 

almost entirely, whitish. Collar yellow or red. lilack tear-shai)ed sjiots of the hind- 
wings large ; there is sometimes a black spot within the end of the cell. 

This remarkable aberration, which corresponds in characters to the female of 
T. lydius (Feld.) of the pi-iamtis-gTowp, is confined to Borneo. 

(6') : ab. riLJicollis (Butl.). 

(J ? . Pajtilio amphrisiHs, Godart, Enc. Metli. IX. p. 27. n. 7 (1819) (pp.) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. 

B. M. I. p. (5. n. 15 (18.^2) (Penang ; Borneo ; "N. India" loc. en: vel spec, alt.) ; id., List Lep. 

Ins. B. M. I. p. 6. D. 18 (ISyl",) (p.p.). 
cJ ? . Ornilhopttra ampliri-iius, Boisdural (nee Fabricius, 1787), Spec. Gin. Up. I. p. 178. n. li 

(1836) (p.p.); Dc Haan, Verh. Nut. Gesch. Ned. nrcrz. he:, p. 19 (1840) (Borneo); Doubl. 

Westw. & Hew., Gen. Dim-n. Lep. I. p. 4. n. 8 (184(i) (Penang ; n,c Java) ; Horsf. i»t Moore, 

r„t. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. I. p. 88. n. 179 (1857) (Borneo) ; VoUeuhov.. Tijehchr. r. Ent. 

III. p. 71. n. 8 (I860) (p.p.); Wall., Tr. Linn. Soc. Loud. XXV. p. 40. n. o (1865) (p.p.) ; 

Oberth., Et. d'Ent. IV. p. 30. n. 9 (1879) (p.j).). 
Papilio amphi-i/su.'i, Felder, rfi7i, s. b. Ges. Wien p. 291. n. 34 (1864) (p.2>.) : Snellen, \utes Leijd. 

Miis. p. InS to 157 (1889) (pp.). 
J. Ornithoptera ruficollis Butler, Tr. Linn. Soc. Land. (2). Zool. 1. p. 552. n. 1 (jj. nee ? ) (1877) 

(Malacca). 
Oruithoplera amphri/sus, Kheil, Rhop. Xias p. 34. n. 13G (1884) (Nias I.). 
cJ ? . Ornithojilera rujirolli.i, Distant, lihop. .Wal. p. 328. n. 3. t. 27. f . 1 ( J ). & p. 329. f. 107 ( ? ). 

& t. 27a. f. 1 (? var.) (1885) (Malay Pen.). 
Ornithoptera ainjihrysus var. ruficollis, Fickert, ZooL Jalirbiic/i, p. 739. sub n. 8 (1889) ; Hageu, 

Iris VII. p. 18. n. 2 (1894) (Sumatra). 
Ornithoptera (Pompeopteru) amphrysus var. ruficollis, Rippon, Icon. Orntth. text & plate (1891). 

Collar red instead of yellow. 

P. C. T. Snellen [.Votes Leyd. Mus. p. 157 (1889)] reproaches Distant with not 
having seen that " Papilio ruficollis Distant " is exactly identical with " Fctp. 
a'>nphi~ymis " from Sumatra. I do not know whether Distant ha.s compared Sumatran 
specimens, but if he had done so he would certainly have perceived the identity of 
the ^Malaccan and Sumatran insects, and would have righteously referred both to 
ruficollis, not to " Pap. amphry&us," a.* the Javan umphrysns is not identical with 
the race of amphrysus inhabiting Sumatra, Malacca, and Borneo. 

I have a female from Padang and two from Nias which stand intermediate 
between typical a'mphi-ysu6 (Cram.) and amphrysus flavicollis (Druce). 

Hab. Malacca (o J, 1 j); Sumatra (1 $); Xias (2 j); Borneo (26 c?, 1" ?); 
Pulo Laut (1 (?) ; Banguey Island (3 ?). 

A form corresponding to T. amphrysus cuneifer (Oberth.) and sumalranus 
(Hagen) is not known from Malacca and Borneo. On the Mount Kina Balu only the 
yellow-collared yiavicoWis (Druce) has been found. 

(d): J. T. amphrysus sumatranus (Hagen). 

(J. tjrnilhoplira ritsenuie var. siiinatr(inu.< Hagen, Lis \'I1. p. 19. n. 5 (1894) (Sumatra). 

(?. The two black markings on the upperside of the abdomen wanting ; otherwise 
similar to T. amphrysus cuneifer (Oberth.). 

? . Xot described. 

Hab. Mountainous regions of Sumatra. 

26. Troides magellanus (Felder) [(?,?]. 

1^?. Ornithoptera nmgellanus Folder, IIV, ,i. Ent. Mim. VI. p 282. n. 31 (1862) ( (? Babuyanes. 
? Lujon) ; W.iU., Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 4(i. n. 11 (1865) ; Fickert. Znol. Jahrbiich. 

p. 740. n. 9 (1889) ; Semper, Philipp., Taat'aller, p. 264. n. 385 (1891) (Babuyanes ; Polillo ; 

E. Mindanao) ; Haase, Untersuch. i(b. Mim. p. 29 (1893). 
tJ ?. Papilio magellanus Felder, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien p. 291. n. 27 (1864) ; id., Reise A'oivira, Lep. 

I. p. 14. n. 7. t. 6. f. a (J), b ( ? ) (1865). 


( 233 ) 

cJ. Rather constant; the hindwings have on both sides, when viewed from 
behind with the eye between light and insect, a strong opalescent gloss. 

$ . Felder's type-specimen is ratlier pale on the forewings, the white adnervular 
stripes are broader, and the yellow spot before the cell of the hindwings is longer than 
in other examples. The yellow area has aliove a distinct trace of the opalescent gloss 
of the other sex. 

Hah. Philippine Islands: Babuyanes (1 S), Luzon (1 $), I'olillo (1 S,\ ? ). 
K. ^Mindanao. 


Genus PAPILIO L., .%»<. Nat. ed. x. p. 459 (1758). 

I. HECTOR-GROUP. 

Miden devoid of anal valves. Legs similar in structure to those of Eurtjcas 
Boisd. 

27. Papilio hector L. [cJ,?, metam.]. 

Rajus, Hist. Ins. p. 1.34. 137 (1710); Gronovius, Zvoph. p. 189. n. 729 (17G4) (India); Seba, 

Thes. lY. p. 35. t. 28. f. 23. 24 (1765) (■' capeiisis est" ex err.). 
Pajnlio Eques Trojaniis lierlor Liiind, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 459, n. 2 (1758) (Indiae) ; Clerck, Irm. 

Ins. 11. t. 33. f. 1 (17l'.4) ; Linn(5, Mii.i. Lud. Ulr. p. 183. n. 2 (17G4| ; Houtt., N^iturl Hist. 

I. 11. n. 190. n. 2 (1767) ; Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 745. n. 2 (1767) ; Mtill., Nalnrs. V. 1. 
p. 566. n. 2 (1774); Fabr., Syst. Ent. p. 443. n. 4 (1775); Sulz., Gesch. Ins. p. 141. t. 12. f. 1 
(1776) (India) ; Cram., Pap. E.cot. II. p. 67. t. 141. f. A (1777) (Cororaandel ; Bengal ; 
" Amboina" lor. err.) ; Goeze, Ent. Beytr. III. 1. p. 29. n. 2 (1779) ; Fabr., .S/wc. Ins. II. p. 2. 
n. 5 (1781) {I'.p.) ; Barbut, Genera /us. Linyie p. 161. t. 10. f. 2 (1781) ; Meusch., lade.r Gronur. 
Zouphijl. (1781) ; Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 15. n. 2. t. 1. f. 2 (1784) [synon. e.r p.) ; Jablonsky, 
Naturs. Hclunrlt. II. p. 137. n. 34. t. 13. f. 2 (1784) [synnn. e.r p.) ; Fabr., Mant. Jus. II. p. 1. 

II. 6 (1787) ; Gmelin, Syst. Xat. I. 5. p. 2225. u. 2 (1790) {synon. e.e p.) ; Fabr., Ent. Syst. III. 
1. p. 3. n. 7 (1793) ; Esper, Ansl. Schmett. p. 246. t. 40. f. 2 (l). 3 (yi.) (17!IS) (Trantiuebar). 

Princeps heroieus hector, Hnbner, Samml. E.rot. Sclinietl. I. t. HO. f. 1. 2 (1806-lli). 

Meiieliddes hector, Hubner, Ver:. hek. Schmett. p. 84. n. H64 (1816) ; Moore, Leji. of Ceylmi I. p. 152. 
t. 58. f. 2 (1881) (Ceylon ; low country) ; Swinhoe, P. Z S. p. 145. n. 142 (1885) (Poona, 
Belgaum, Bombay : March to October). 

Fupilio hector. Godart, Enc. .Ileth. IX. p. 70. n. 124 (1819) ; Charpent, Ziisiitse zu Esper's An.tl. 
Schm. p. 3 (1830) (Ceylon) : Lucas, Lej>. E.vot. p. 8. t. 4. f. 2 (1835) (Bengal ; Coromandel ; 
'•Amboina" loc. err.) ; Boisd., Spec. Ge.n. Up. I. p. 269. n. 93 (1836) (Coromandel ; Ceylon ; 
" Pegu." Burma, Im;. err.) ; De Haan, Verh. Not. Geseli. Ned. overz. hez. p. 39 (1840) (p.p. ; Ceylon ; 
Coromandel ; "Amboina" he. err.) ;. Westw., Arc. Ent. I. p. 9. t. 3. f. 1-4 (/., p.) (1845); 
Doubl. Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. I. p. 9. n. 25 (184(5) (N. India ; Ceylon ; " Pegu " he. err.) ; 
Gray, Cm. Lrp. Ins. B. M. I. p. 11. n. 41 (18.52) (India ; Ceylon) ; id., List Lep. Ins. B. M. I- 
p. 13. n. 45 (1856) (Calcutta : N. India ; Ceylon) ; Lucas, in Chenu's Enc. d'llisf. Not. t 5. f. 1 
1851-53) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. I. p. 93. n. 189. t. 2. f. 4. 4.a. 4b 
(/.,y<.) (1857) (Calcutta : N. India ; Madras : Ceylon) ; Vollenhov., Tijdschr. v. Ent. III. p. 79. 
n. 77(1860)(Pondicherry : " Amboina" et "New Holland" he. err.) : Feld., Verh. z. b. Gcs.Wien 
p. ,326. n. 493. & p. 375. n. 290 (1864) (Ceylon ; Ind, sept. ; "Pegu," "Amboina," "Australia'' 
he. err.); Moore, P. Z. S. p. 756 (1865) (Bengal); Kocb, Indn-Anslral. Lep. Eiiuna p. 63 
(1865) (Slid & Nord Indien : Ceylon ; "Java," "Amboina," "Australia" he. err.) ; Alexander, 
Ent. Mo. .Matj. p. 20,S (18ii5) (Sanger); Butl.. Cat. Diurn. Lrp. de.^cr. Fabric, p. 258. n. HO 
(1869) (Madras); Eaton, Entoniol p. 276 (1879) (roosting in flocks) ; Oberth., Et. d' Ent. IV. 
p. 44. n. 61 (1879) ("Inde"; ah. with some of the red spots on liindwings obliterated); 
Aurivill., Konijl. Sr. Vet. Ak. Handl. XIX. 5. p. 9. n. 2 (1882); Stauding. & Schatz, E.rot. 
Schmett. I. p. 6. t. 3 (cJ)(1884) ; 'Watson, Journ. As. Soc. Bene/, p. 268 (1890) (Madras ; common, 
.lune to September) ; id., Jonrn. Bombay N. II. Soc. p. 37. n. lli; (1890) (Mysore ; common) ; 
lietham. ibid. p. 330. n. 115 (1891) (Central Provinces); Haase, Vntersnch. lib. .Vim. p. 24 
(1893). 


( 234 ) 

Papilin (.Uenelaitles) hector, Nic(!ville, Jouni. As. Soc. Beng. p. 52. n. 132 (1885) (Calcutta, rare : 
Chamlemagore, common in November) ; Hamps., ibid. p. 3G3. n. 198 (1888) (Xilgiri Hills ; 
lUOO to 7000 feet) : Fergus., iliid. p. 44i). n. 178 (1891) (Travancore : very common in the low- 
country and in the lower slopes of the hills). 

The range of this species is rather restricted, lu Ceylon and ."southern India 
P. hectw is very common at low elevations; farther north it becomes rarer, and does 
not seem to i^o beyond the 2.ith degree of N. Lat. Mr. Ifanijison records it from 
the Nilgiri Hills as oecnrring from 1000 up to 7000 feet. 

The subapical white macular band on the forewings, which is sometimes reduced 
to three small spots, is often joined to the discal band by means of white discal linear 
markings between the upper median and the discoidal veins ; in such specimens the 
white colour is distributed over the wing nearly as in P. jnphon Gray. The discal 
band assumes often a reddish tint near the hinder angle. Tlie discal .series of spots 
on the hindwings, though not quite constant as regards the size of the red dots, is 
seldom incomplete; ]Mr. Oberthiir (i.e.) records a variety from " lude " which has 
.some of the discal spots of the hindwings obliterated. 

Hab. Ceylon, S. India, Madras, Central Provinces, Calcutta (20 J, 4 ? ). 

28. Papilio jophon Gray [cJ,?]. 

PiqnUo joplwn Gray, Cut. Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 10. n. 3.5. t. 4. f. 4 (?) (18.52) (Ceylon) ; id.. List 
Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 11. n. 38 (185G) (Ceylon) ; Feld., Verh. z. b. Grs. Wici p. 320. n. 480 
(1804) (Ceylon) ; Haase, Untersiuh. iib. Mini. p. 24 (1893). 

Papilin pnh/plwntes, Oberthiir, Ef. d'Eiil. IV. p. 44. n. 58 (1879) Q^ jnphon Gray est uno J de 
2>nly/tlinntes un peu plus blanchie que la $ type " !). 

Meneloidrs Jnphon, Moore, Le/i. of Cei/lon I. p. 152. t. 58. f . 1 ( ? ) (1881) (Ceylon). 

The forewings of the male are narrower than those of the female. The first 
discal white mark of the hindwings situated before the subcostal vein is often 
obliterated above and below; the subniarginal red spots are sometimes small and 
very narrow. The anal red mark is mostly joined on the upper.side to the ]iosterior 
white discal spot, but stands also very often separate. 

Hah. Ceylon (local; rather rare; 5 cJ, 3 ?). 

29. Papilio pandiyanus -Aloore [c?, ?]. 

PiipiUn jnphnn, Wood-Mason (nee Gray, 1852), ,/ouni. As. Soc. Beng. p. 86 (1881) (Trevaiiilrum i. 

Papilin 2>(indii/anii Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lnnd. p. 313 (1881) (Travancore). 

Papilin {.Mfiiehiides') pandiana, Hampson, Jniirn. .is. Soc. Beng. p. 303. n. 197 (1888) (Nilgiri 

Hills ; confined to the western .>ilopes. 1000 to 3000 feet, where it is common). 
Papilin (Mrnilaidrs) jimidii/nna, Ferguson, ,Inui~n. Bombaii N. U. Snc. p. 446. n. 179 (1891) 

(Travancore ; abundant in the hiUs at about 2000 feet, found also in the low country at the foot 

of the hills). 

Though clo.sely allied to P.jophon Gray, this species is constantly (as far as we 
know) difit'erent in pattern. The wliite colour of the forewings is much more extended, 
especially in the apical region, but also more shaded with black scales ; the inter- 
nervular black streaks between the median nervtiles are much longer ; the white 
linear markings in the cell reach the discoceilular veinlets. On the liindwings the 
last discal white .spot reaches mostly to the .submedian nervure ; the anterior one is 
very large in the mule, small or divided into two spots or obliterated in the female; 
the discoidal cell is in the male often almost entirely filled up with white, whereas 
in the female the white colour sometimes extends scarcely beyond the origin of t!\e 
subco.stal nervule. 

Hab. S. India (I S,-i ? ). 


( 235 ) 
30. Papilio oreon Doherty [(?, ?]. 

(5 ?. Papilio (Menelaides) urevn Dohurty, Juiini. As. Soc. Bern;, p. 192. n. 109 (18'JI) (Sumba). 
Fapil/o godmani Riiber, Tijthch: r. Ent. XXXIV. p. 271 (18',11) (AJor) ; id., I.e. t. 3. f. 1 (1892). 
Papilio ureon, Pagenatecher, Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. p. 57 (1894) (Sumba). 

Combines to a certain extent the eliaracter.s of P. pandiynnus Moore and Itris 
Godart. The forewings are much more extended whitish than in pnndiyaniis; 
below, they have a strong gloss when viewed obliquely, owing especially to the 
scaling being rather dispersed. 

The anterior discal white spot of the underside of the hindwings is exteriorly 
(and mostly also towards the base) concave, and often extended along the subcostal 
and costal veins, thus separating from the black border of the wing a black spot 
which stands at the basal side of the first red submarginal mark ; the posterior white 
mark varies considerably in size; the other white spots are more triangular than in 
pandiyunus and jopihon, and exteriorly sinuate. Within the red mark at the anal 
angle below, there is often a black spot in either sex. The tail has, in Riiber's 
specimen, red scales at the vein traversing it which are not present in my Alor 
specimens. 

The up])er median and the lower discoidal veins of the hindwings originate 
closer together than in either pjandiyanus or jophon, the lower discocellular veinlet 
being very short ; the upper discocellular veinlet is .shorter than the second one, 
which is slightly concave ; in this respect P. oreon agrees with P. liris Godart, of 
which Doherty considers it to be a local form. The shape and pattern of the wings 
distinguish oreon, however, well enough from liris for it to be treated as a distinct 
species, the more as no intergradations are known. 

Hab. Sumba ; Alor (4 c?). 

31. Papilio liris Godart [S, ?]. 

J J . Pa/ulia liris Godart, Kiir. .UHk. IX. p. 72. i;i2 (1819) (Timor) ; Boiad., Speo. Gen. Up. I. 
p. 2G9. n. 92 (1830) (Timor) ; Ue Haan, Fec/i. Nal. Gesch. Ned. overz. hez. p. 38. t. 4. f. 3 ( ? ) 
(1840) (Timor): Doubl. Westw. & Hew., ft». />;«/■». Lpp. I. p. 9. n. 24 (1846) (Timor; 
"X.W. Australia" loc. en:) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 11. n. 40 (1.S52) (" N. Australia'' 
/'«■. err.) ; id., List Lep. Ins. B. il. I. p. 13. n. 44 (185(5) (" Nortli-West coast of Australia " hic. 
err.) ; VoUenhov., Tijdschr. r. Ent. III. p. 79. n. 7G (1800) (Timor) : Fuld., Vtrh. s. b. Ges. 
Wien p. 32(1. n. 462. & p. 375. n. 289 (1804) (Timor ; " Australia sept. Occident." loc. err.) ; 
Wall., Tr. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 44. n. 30 (18(;5) (Timor : "X.W. Austral." loc. err.) : 
Uiiber, Tijdschr. r. Ent. XXXIV. p. 272 (1881) (" Timor Laut '' loe. err.) : Haase, Untersuch. 
iib. Mini. p. 24 (1893) (Timor ; " N.W. Austral." lor. err.). ' 

The specimens from "N.W. Australia" in the ]5ritish Museum, recorded by 
Doubleday (I.e.) and Gray (I.e.), agree well with small Timorese individuals and are 
most probably not from Australia ; as the prt'esent species has developed into several 
subspecies on the islands of the Timor and Tenimber group, it is hardly acceptable 
that the typical liris reappears in N.W. Australia. 
I divide liris into five local races, namely : — 
(«) : P. Una Godart from Timor ; 
(b) : P. liris wetterensis subsp. now from Wetter; 
(c) : P. liris senescens Kober from Kisser ; 

(d) : P. liris pallidas subsp. nov. from Letii and .Moa ; 

(e) : P. liris aberrans Butl. from Tenimber and Babber. 

The size and shape of the submarginal spots and the shape of the discoidal cell to 
the hindwings are not constant. 


( 236 ) 

(<'): P. liris (lodnrt, forma tyj). [^, ?]. 

Tiie front of the head and sides of tho prothorax are huffish, tinged with red ; the 
abdomen (excUisive of the back anil tlio middle of the underside of each segment) 
and the submarginal spots to the hindwings are red. 

The female is somewhat paler than the male, especially in the basal region of 
the forewings. 

Hab. Timor (W. Doherty : Oinainisa, November to December 1891; Dili, May 
1892)(9(?,7 ?). 

(b) : P. liris wetterensis subsp. nov. [_<S, ?]. 

Head and sides of thorax redder than in liris ; abdomen and submarginal spots 
to the hindwings as in liris, but the submarginal spots are less distinct on the u])per- 
side, being much shaded with black. The pale region of the forewings is as broad 
as in Liris, and whiter, being scarcely tinged with buff; the band of the hindwings 
is much narrower than in liris; above, it is strongly shaded with black; below, 
it bears a red spot at its outer edge behind the costa, and is entirelv (J) or almost 
entirely (?) red beyond the lower median nervule. 

The basal and marginal region of the wings is rather deeper black than in liris, 
especially in the/rmrtZe. 

Bab. Wetter (W. Doherty, .May 1892) (2 c?, 1 ? ). 

(f) : P. liris senescens Ktiber \_S, ?]. 

(J?. PaiiiUo liris var. sr.iieicens Ruber, Tijihc/ir. v. Knt. XXXIV. p. 272 (1891) (Kisser, nee 
Letti). 

Differs from T. liris in the body being buff-colour instead of red, the wings 
[laler Ijrown, and the median band to the hindwings narrower. 
This form combines the characters of liris and aherrans. 
Hah. Kisser. 

(</): P. liris pallidus subsp. nov. \_S, ?]. 

Paiiilio liris v.^^. seiipsmis Rober, l.r. p. 272 (IH'Jl) {p.j). ; Letti, nee Kisser), 

Agrees in t he buff-colour of the body and the submarginal spots of the liindwings 
with P. liris fiherrans Butl. The wings are of a pale sepia-brown colour; the band 
of the wings and the spots of the hindwings are much shaded with brown on the 
ujiperside; below, the submarginal s^wts are also more or less shaded with brown. 

The band of the hindwings varies rather in breadth; on the underside, it is 
lirowu beyond the lower median vein in some specimens ; in others it includes a 
small black spot near the anal angle ; in others again there is also a small black spot 
behind the costa. 

Huh. Letti (W. Doherty, .Inly 1892) (10 (?, 3 ?); :\Ioa (2 S). 

(«) : P. liris aberrans i5utl. [_S, ?]. 

(J ? . Papilio aherrans Butler, /'. Z. .S. p. :\{\'d. ii. 14 (188:!) (Larat). 

Papilio liris ab. aberrans, Rober, Tijilsclir. r. Ent. XXXIV. p. 272 (1891) (Timor Laut). 

Differs from liris especially in having the head, jiarts of breast and abdomen, 
and the submarginal spots of the hindwings buff instead of red. 'ihe females are 
as brown as the darkest s^pecimens of the preceding subspecies, 


( •^■■'•7 ) 

Hall. Tenimber (W. Doherty, June to July 18'J2j (9 J, ;5 ? j ; 15abber (W. Doherty. 
July 1892) (1 cJ). 

Note. — The area occupied by the species allied to jophon is discontinuous, no 
representatives having been found in the countries lying between the ranges of 
pandiyanKS (S.W. India) ard oreon (Sumba, Alor). — K. J. 


32. Papilio polyphontes Boisil. [J,?]. 

PiipiUo jiiilj/iliiiiiles Boisduval, Sjier. Gin. Lep. I, 20H. ii. 91 (183ti) (Celebes) ; De Haan, Virli. Nat. 
Gescli. AVrf. orer:. hex. p. 39 ((J, ncc ?) (1840): ^ — P. polytis titexeus J -f . loc. timorennis 
Feld.) ; Doubl. Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diimi. Lep. I. p. 9. n. 23 (1840) (si/nnn. ex p.) ; Gray, 
Cat. Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 11. n. 39 (1852) (synon. ex p.) ; id.. List Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 12. n. 43 
(1856) {synon. ex p.) : Yollenhov., Tijdsckr. v. Ent. III. p. 79. n. 74 (1860) {sub synon.) ; 
Feld., Verli. z. h. Ges. Wkn p. 326. n. 485 (18i;4) (Celebes) : Wall., Tr. Linn. Soc. Loml. XXV. 
p. 43. n. 28 (1865) (Celebes ; Batjan ; Morty) : Hopff., .S7r■/^ Ent. Zeit p. 21. n. 20 (1874) 
(Celebes) : Piepers & Snellen, TijJsehr. r. Ent. XXI. p. 40. n. 159 (1878) (Saleyer ; Bonthain : 
Balangnipa ; Bantimoerong ; not rare ; " polyphontis is perhaps only a large variety of polyilorus " 
ex. en:) ; Oberth.. Ei. d'Ent. IV. p. 44. n. 59 (1879) (Celebes ; Halmahera ; "Jophon Gray = 
5 piilyjilioHtes Boisd."! ex err.); id., Ann. Mus. Cir. Genova. XV. p. 472. n. 11 (1880) 
(Halmahera) ; Standing. & Schatz, Exnl. Selnnelt. I. p. 6 (1884) ; Bull., Ann. .Uay. N. II. (5). 
XII. p. 197. n. 48 (1884) (Ternate) ; Holland, Proc. Boston Soc. N. II. p. 77. n. 126 (1890) 
(Celebes) ; Rothsch., Iris V. p. 442 (1892) (S.E. Celebes). 

Papilio kohotes De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. orcrz. hez. p. 38 (1840) {p.p. ; ? " with pmlonged, 
broad, parallel tails"). 

Papilio polydorns, Pagenstecher, Jalirh. Nass. Ver. Nat. p. 202 (1884) {p.p.). 

This species is considered by several entomologists [cf Snellen (I.e.). Pagen- 
stecher (i.e.)] as a tailed variety of P. polydorus h. ; the two insects have, however, 
nothing to do with one another. The fore- and hindwings of 2^olydoru8 a.\)d poly- 
plioides are differently shaped ; the abdominal fold of the male is very small in 
polyphontes, rather large in polydorus ; the polyphontes from Ternate and Halmahera 
have an orange red front of the head, whereas in polydorus from the Northern 
Moluccas the head is entirely black. 

The specimens from the Northern iMoluccas do not seem to be sub.specifically 
distinguishable from those from Celebes, Sulla Islands, and Talaut, though my 
specimens show a very slight difference in the colour of the head, the latter being 
more or less blackish just before the antennae in the Celebes, Sulla, and Talaut 
individuals, whereas the front of the head is of a uniform reddish colour in the 
examples from the Northern ^Moluccas. 

(«*) : ab. ?•(«?((.«( tlieith. 

Popiliu jiulyphmiti-s viir. rosia Oberthiir, El. d'Enl. IV. p. 113. .sub n, 59 (1879) (Celebes). 

])iscal [patch ol hindwings red instead of white. 
This form is known only from Celebes. 

Hab. Celebes(ll J, 4 $); Sulla Islands (Mangola Island : 1J,1 j); Talaut(lc?, 
3 $); Batjan (1 j); Ternate (3 $); Halmahera (1 (?,2$); Morty. 

Note. — About the differences in the .scaling of tlie abdominal folds of Jc? in 
P. polyphontes and P. polydo'nis, see p. 252, sub n, 39 — K. J. 


( 238 ) 
3:5. Papilio polydorus L. [6.^ . \>u\y,\']. 

Seba, T/ire IV. p. 35. t. 28. f. 21. 22 (ITCi) (■' I'lomont. b. sp." he. en:). 

ra/tilio puh/doi-iis hitmr, Amoen. Aaul. TI. p. 401. n. 50 (1763) ("India") : C'lerck, Iron. /»;.■. II. 
t. 33. f. 2 (1764) ; Godart, ICnc. Melh. IX. p. 71. n. 130 (1K1<») ( ? , nee J) ; Doubl. We.stw. & 
Hew., den. Diurn. Lep. I. p. 9. n. 18 (184(j) (" Indian Archipelago"): Gray, Oit. Le.ji. Im. 
li. M. I. p. 9. n. 33 (1852) (.s«6 gynon.) ; id., Lint Lep. Im. B. .1/. I. p. 10. n. 3(! (1852) (mh 
si/non.) ; Vollenhov., Tijdschr. r. Ent. III. p. G3. n. 72 (1800) (Amboina : " Macis-sai' " loc. 
en: )) : Feld., Verli. z. b. (!es. Wien p. 32G. n. 483. & p. 375. n. 287 (1864) (Amboina ; Ceram : 
Ternate : nee Australia; "Java" luc. en:): Koch, Ijiilo-Aiislrnl. Lep. Fhhihi. p. 63 (1865) 
(Ceriim : Amboina; nee Australia, Celebes: ",Iava" hie. en:): Wall., /'/■. Linn. Soc. Loml. 
XXV. p. 42. n. 24 (1805) (p.p. : Ceram ; Matabello I. : Batjau ; Huru) ; Biitl, Cal. Dunn. 
Ltp. ikxer. Fabric, p. 258 (1869) {p.p. ; nee Aru Is.): Oberth., Et.d'Enl. IV. p. 44. n. 57 
(1879) (Amboina) ; Aurivill., Kongl. Sr. Vet. Ak. IIundL XIX. 5. p. 171. n. 8 (1882) : 
Standing. & Schatz, E.rul. Sehmelt. I. p. 6 (1884) ; Pagenstech., Jakrh. Naan. Ver. Nut. p. 202 
(1884) {p.p. : Amboina) ; Ribbe, Iris II. p. 208. n. 4 (189(1) (Ceram : Amboina : nee Aru, 
Papua) ; Haase, Unlersnch. nh. Mint. p. 25 (1893) (Molucca.s ; (ut Australia). 

Papilht Eijueii Trajunus ])ulii<li>ru.i Linm'. Si/st. Xut. ed. xii. p. 746. n. 10 (17(i7) C India ") ; Fabr., 
Sijst. Ent. p. 446. n. 14 (1775) ("India"); Goeze, E7it. Beijtr. III. p. 33. n. 10 (1779) (c.i-c(. 
Kleemann's Beijtr.) ; Fabr., Hpec. Ins. II. p. 6. n. 20 (1781) (synon. ej- p.) ; Esper, AtixL Sehmett. 
p. 28. n. ID. t. 5. f. 2 (17851 (Amboina ; " Cap," " Bengal," " Coromandel, ' " Surinam '' loc. err.) : 
Gmelin. Sii.hI. Nat. I. 5. p. 2229. n. 10 (1790) {p.p.) : Fabr., Ent. .S//..7. III. 1. p. 9. n. 26 (1793) 
(p.p.). 

Papilio Eqiies Trojanus polydotns Miiller, Naturs. V. 1. p. 568. n. 10 (17741. 

Menelaides polydorus, Ilitbner, i'erz. bek. Schniell. p. 84. n. Hi\K (1H1(>) {p.p.) : id., Samml. Exot. 
Sehmett. U. t. 102. f. 3. 4 (1816-24). 

Fapilio polydorus vat., Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. I. p. 267. sub n 90 (1836) (Moluccas). 

Mehniides polydorus, id.. I.e. {183(i). 

Papilio leobotea De Haan, Verb.. Nat. Gesch. Ned. orerz. bez. p. .'18. t. 6. f. 3 (1840) (Moluccas). 

The variation of this species according to locaUty is not very conspicuous, hut 
still important enough to justify a separation of poh/dorus into a number of geo- 
graphical races, of which that inhabiting the Southern Moluccas is the typical one 
described by Linne. It has not yet been observed that several of these races have 
black heads and necks, while others have these parts red ; the extent of the red on 
the abdomen is also different in several subspecies, and so is the size and form of the 
white spots on the hindwings ; such differences are, however, not of specific value, as 
there exist intergradations of every kind. I distinguish eight subspecies, to which 
probabl}- will come a ninth, from VVoodlark Island : - 

('') : P. jioh/rlorus L. from the Southern JNIoluccas ; 

(b) : F. poli/dorii.s thesfialia Swinh. from the Key and Aru Islands ; 

(c) : P. polyilorus tenimberensin subsp. nov. from the Tenimber Islands ; 
(cl) : P. polydm-tis queenslandicw) subsp. nov. from Queensland ; 

(e) : P. pulydoms septentrionalis subsp. nov. from Ilalmahera ; 

(/) : P. polydorus tjodartieinv.'i Luc. from Jlysol, Salwatty, Waigeu, New (iuiuea, 

D'Entrecasteaux Islands; 
(g) : P. polydorus novolyritannicrm sub.sp. nov. from the Bismarck Archipelago ; 
Qi) : P. polydoi~u8 polydaemon Math, from the Solomon Islands. 
In polydorus, Ihessalta, teniynherensis, and queenslandicus the front of the head 
and t he sides of the breast are more or less red ; in the other four forms they are black. 

((I) : P. polydorus I.., forma typ. [c?,?]. • 
'I'he forewings liave always a wljilc patch beyond the cell on either side. The 
hindwings are produced into a rather prominent tooth at the end of the upper median 
vein; the submarginal red spots are all visible above, though much shaded with 


( 2:59 ) 

liliick. The cellular white mark is always rather large, extending liehind to the base 
of t lie lower median nervule, or almost so far; the first diseal spot is much broader 
than long, and is situated along the second diseocejlular veinlet; the second spot 
is about as long as broad ; the third has a length of about 3 or 4 mm. ; the fourth 
reaches from the median nervure to the end of the third spot; the fifth is as long as 
the fourth. The nervules separating the spots from one another are black. 

Head, sides of sterna, last segments, and ventral edges of all the segments of the 
abdomen, red. 

My Buru si^iecimen (?) is rather small; the submarginal spots to the hindwings 
above are rather distinct, and the diseal white spots to the same wings are exteriorlv 
somewhat clouded with black. 

Hill). Amboina (3 cj, 4 $); Ceram (1 ^, 1 ?;; Burn (W. Doherty lee/. : 1 ?); 
Batjan (?) ; Ternate (?). 

In the Felderian collection are two specimens of this race from Ternate and 
Batjan ; I doubt the correctness of the locality, but must say that Mr. Philip Crowley's 
collection contains also red-headed " Batjan " specimens. 

(b): P. polydorus thessalia (Swinh.) [J,?]. 

Piijiiliii /mlt/doriia local form n, Wallace, Ti: Linn. Soc. Lmul. XXV. p. 42. sub n. 24 (1805) (Key & 

Aru Is.). 
PajiHiij jioli/donis, Oberthiir, Ann. Mns. Cir. Genom XV. p. 472. n. 10 (1880) (;).;).) ; Ribbe, /ivs I. 

p. 78. n. 2 (ISSC) (Aru Is.) ; Rober, TijcUehr. v. Ent. XXXIV. p. 272 (1891) (Key Is.). 
PiipiUo leoilamas, Ribbe («fi- Wallace, 1865), I.e. p. 78. n. S (188G) { Aru Is.). 
cJ. Mniehiiihs tJnsmVu .Swinhoe, Aim. Mag. N. If. (6). XII. p. 258 (1893) (Key Is.: ■' ? " e.r eirore, 

ace. to tyi)e-sj>ec.). 

Colonel Swinhoe compares this " species" with P. polyphonti's Boisd. in.stead of 
with P. jjolydwus L., of which it is a geographical race, and which Colonel Swinhoe 
evidently does not know. The type-specimen, in the British Museum, is a mule, not 
ajemaie, as Colonel Swinhoe .says. 

Differs from typical polydorus especially in the form of the white patch to the 
hindwings. The cellular spot is much reduced, often pointlike or even absent from 
the upperside; the first diseal mark is, above, about four times as long (in the 
direction of the nervules) as broad, or reduced to a point, or absent ; tlie second spot 
has a length of from 5 to 6 mm. ; the third is of the length of the fourth, and reaches 
therefore farther on the disc than the latter; their length varies from 7 to 9 mm.; 
the posterior spot is smaller than in polydortis, often triangular. The second and 
third median nervules are nio.stly red within the white patch. 

Huh. Key Islands {\ S , \ ?); Aru Islands (1 S, 1 ;). 

(c) : P. polydorus tenimberensis subsp. nov. [(?,$]. 

Front of the head red, but the red hairs are so densely mixed with black ones 
that the head appears to be more black than red. 

Upperside deeper black than in polydorus. 

The white patch on the forewings beyond the cell purer white than in the two 
preceding subspecies. Hindwings a little shorter than in polydorm ; the sul> 
marginal spots .stand, as in t/iessalla, rather closer to the margin than in the typical 
race. The white patch resembles, in the length of the second, third, and fourth spots, 
that of thessalia. The cellular spot is larger than in thes,wiia, almost as large as in 
polydorus ; the first diseal mark is of even breadth (2 mm.) and has a length of from 


( 240 ) 

4 to 7 mm.; the three following ones have an average length of (i, 7. and 8^ mm. 
respectively ; the fifth mark is longer than in poli/dm-ns, as it is basally less obliquely 
cut off. The nervules are much thinner black than in polydorus and thessalin; 
the second and third median ones are reddish. 

The posterior submarginal spots are above, as in tliessalia, less suffused with 
Mack than in polydonis. 

Hah. Tenimber Islands (W. Doherty, June to .Tuly 1892) (Z c?, 5 ?). 

(d): P. polydorus queenslandicus subsp. nov. [c?,?]. 

Papilin pnh/iloi-us, Gray (nee Linni-, 176:5), Cal. Lep. /««. 11. M. I. p. 0, n. 3H ^852) (Rockingham 

Bay) ; id., LisI Lep. In.i. B. M. I. p. 10. n. 3G (I85G) (Rockingham Bay) ; Feld., IVr//. :. h. lies. 

IFiV« p. 32(>. n. 483 (1864) (p.p. ; Austral.) ; Koch, Inihj-Austr. Lep. Fauna p. 63 (1865) (p.p. ; 

Austral.) ; Bull., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4). XX. p. 125. n. 25 (1877) (Cape York) ; id., P. Z. S. 

p. 471 (1877) (Cape York) ; Semp., Jimni. ^fus. Guilefr. Heft 14. p. 42. 129 (1878) (Cape 

York); Oberth., .Inn. Mus. Civ. Genom XV. p. 472. n. 10 (1880) (p.p.) : Mathew, /Vor. 

Linn. Soc. X.S. Wales p. 263 (1885) (Thursday I.). 
Ptipilio iforfamas Wallace, Tr. Linn. Soc. Lontl. XXV. p. 43. n. 25 (1865) (p.p. ; Rockingham B. ; 

ace. to spec, in Brit. Mus.). 

Comes nearer to typical polydai'iis L. than to leniiiiberensis m. and thesmdia 
(Swinh.), and differs from it as follows : — 

Size rather smaller ; forewings moi'e rounded. Cellular spot to the hindwings as . 
in polydorus ; the three first discal spots longer, the first also narrower; the two 
posterior ones as in jjolydorus. Below, there is an additional white mark between the 
upper discoidal and the subcostal veins, which is sometimes also marked above. The 
veins bordered with black as in polydorus. Head, thorax, and abdomen as in 
polydoru.'i. 

In my Thursday Island specimens the white colour on the forewiugs is rather 
restricted, and in one individual there is, below, a white transverse spot behinil the 
cnsta of the hindwings at the basal side of the first submarginal red mark. 

P'rom tenimherensis m. this subspecies differs especially in the much less 
extended white and rounder forewings, in the shorter discal spots to the hindwings, 
of which the first is broader, and in the presence of an additional white discal spot 
before the first discoidal vein. 

From tkcisaliii (Swinh.) it is distinguishable by the rounder forewings again, 
the much larger cellular spot to the hindwings, the larger and differently shaped first 
discal spot, the shorter second and fourth spots, and larger fifth one. 
Hah. Queensland (3 <?, 3 ?); Thursday I.-^laud (2 c?). 

(e): P. polydorus septentrionalis subsp. nov. [J, ?]. 

Head and thorax entirely black. Larger tlian f/odarliamis ; upperside less dee]i 
black, with a much feebler bluish gloss. Forewings longer, with the black inter- 
nervular strijies more prominent than in typical fioilartinjws, the posterior white 
stripes less marked than in polydorus and ab. phtr/iatus, but more than in tyjiical 
godartianus. 

The submarginal spots to the hindwings are all visible above; the white cellular 
spot is about as large as in typical godartinmw, or a little larger; the discal spots are 
all rounded exteriorly; the first and last are triangular; the third, fourth, and fifth 
are shorter than in r/odaHiamis ; in my single tj the anterior spots are clouded with 
black. The nervules separating the spots are heavily black. 

n<fh. Halmahera (\V. Doherty, August 1892) (1 (J,3 ?). 


( 211 ) 
(/): P. polydorus godartianus l.ucas [cj, ?]. 

P,q>ilio (jodartianns Lucas, Rn: Zml. p. 12!l. t, lU. f. 1 (1852) ("lies de 1 Oo-'an-Pacifique " ; 

fi<l. abd. aUfiiii) : Grose Smith, Xor. Zoot. p. ?,'U. n. 10 (1894) (Humboldt Bay ; Mansinam). 
PiqiiUo hodanuis Wallace, Ti: Linn. Hoc. Lund. XXV. p. 43. n. io. t. 5. f. 2 (18(!.i) (New (iuinea ; 

Mysol ; »«c Rockingham Bay): Kirsch, Mitlh. Mus. Dresden I. p. 112. n. 2 (1877) (Ansus) ; 

Oberth., El. d'Ent. IV. p. 44. n. .58 (1879) (Amberbaki) ; id., .-Inn. .U„s. Cir. Genoiv XV.' 

p. 472. n. 12 (1880) (N.W. New Ouinea; Salwatty). 
Papilio jiohidonis (iodmnn & Salvin, P. Z. S. p. 648 (1878) (New Guinea) ; Oberth., Ann. Mux. Civ. 

Genni-n XV. p. 472. n. 10 (1880) (p.p.). 
Papilin pithidiirux VAT. papnanns Oberthiir. EL d'Ent. IV. p. 44. n. .")7 (1879) (N.W. New Guinea). 

Though I have about forty-five specimens of poli/dorus from (rermaii and Dutch 
New Guinea, Waigeu, and Salwatty, and some hundreds from the D'Entrecasteaux 
Islands, now before me, I cannot decide at present whether we have here one or more 
local races. The typical godarU(tnw) Lucas, of which leodamas Wall, is a synonym, 
has dark forewings, without a white patch on either side; the white adnervular 
streaks, though sometimes well marked below, are always narrow, and separated from 
each other by means of black intemer\-ular streaks which run from the outer margin 
of the wing to the black basal area; the whitish streak behind the lower median 
nervule on the underside is especially remarkably small. The white patch on the 
• hindwings has the cellular spot small, often smaller than that discal spot which 
stands before the upper median nervule; the first discal spot is small, longer than 
broad, often ab,sent ; the second mark has a length of about 3 mm., and is mostly of 
an oblong shape, owing to the upper median and lower discoidal veins being heavilv 
bordered with black. Such specimens are figured by Lucas as godaiikmus and by 
Wallace as leodamas. In many individual.s of godaiiianus the cellular and the 
anterior discal spots on the hindwings are much shaded with black; this slight 
aberration is, as Oberthiir informs us, papiuinns (Iberth. 

Typical godartiawis I know only from the N.W. Peninsula of New Guinea 
(Arfak, Dorey, Ati-Ati-C)nin), and from IMysol and Salvatty-. 

At Humboldt Bay and all over German New Guinea there occurs a form which 
is remarkable for some characters: the npperside has a peculiar bluish gloss in 
certain lights, which is more obvious than in {y[)\Qii\ godartianus ; the black inter- 
nervular streaks on the upperside of the forewings are not strongly pronounced, 
which gives the wing a peculiar soft appearance ; the white streaks in the postcellular 
region, though often but feeiily marked above, are always large below, and form in 
most .specimens a large white i)atch, which is not interrupted by complete internervular 
black streaks; in my darkest specimen the white is more e.xtended than in my jialest 
e.xaxnple of godartianiis. On the hindwings above only the last two submarginal 
spots are marked or indicated ; there is no trace of the other spots, while in most 
specimens of godartianiis, in all specimens of polydorus, queenslandicus, etc., the 
other submarginal spots are indicated at least by a paler brown scaling. The cellular 
white mark is very variable, occupying almost half the cell, or being reduced to 
a small spot ; the upper discal spot is large, mostly rliomboidal, often notched, 
seldom reduced to a small streak; the other spots are also larger than in typical 
godartianus, especially the posterior one; the nervules traversing the white patch 
are \ery thinly black. 

From Waigeu I have six specimens which agree with the individuals from 
German New Guinea, except in the black internervular streaks on the upperside of 
the forewings being more prominent, in the submarginal spots to the hindwings 


( ^-12 ) 

being all indicated at least bv a hrown scaling, and in the fust discal sjwt l)eing 
longer and narrower. In these characters, the Waigen individnals agree better with 
the Halmaheran race of pobjdoriia than with the above-described New Gninea form. 
The close relationship of the Waigeu polydorus with those from German New 
Guinea renders it impossible for me to treat the \Vaigeu and German New Guinea 
specimens as a subspecies distinct from godartianus, which occupies the interjacent 
country, and I think that the differences of the forms present themselves to us at 
present thus, as explained above, because om- knowledge of the fauna of those 
districts is still very insufficient. To draw, however, the attention of the explorers 
to the present question, I propose to call the form from German New Guinea 
(type from Stephansort) — 

(r(^) : ab. plagiatus ab. no\-. 

from the i.sland of Fergusson, D'Entrecasteaux group, "SU. A. S. Meek sent 
a large number of specimens, which are all more or lessditTerent from either plafiUUiis 
or typical godartiamis, and agree fairly well with the Waigeu polydorus, all of 
them having a white patch on the forewings, at least on the underside, the first discal 
■white spot of the hindwings elongate (sometimes obliterated), and the submarginal 
red spots all indicated on the upperside, as in Waigeu specimens. As Mr. A. S. Meek 
will e.xplore some more of the islands lying east of New^ (xuinea in the course of this 
year, it is best to treat this Fergusson polydm'vn for the present as f/odartianus 
ab. placjiatvM. 

Hah. Salvatty (1 ?); Mysol ; Waigeu (2 c?, 4 ?); N.W. Peninsula of New 
Guinea (8 J, 7 ?); Humboldt Bay and German New Guinea (11 i, 14 ?); Fergusson 
Island (a long series). 

Note. — The Fergusson specimens are somewhat different in scaling from the New 
Guinea and Waigeu examples; the white scales, for example, between the lower 
median veins on the underside of the forewings have much longer and sharper teeth 
than in typical godartianus, ab. plagiatiis, polydorus, etc. In all races, the upper 
scales are bi-, the under scales tridentate on both sides of the forewings. In some 
specimens from German New Guinea there appear a few red hairs behind the eyes. — 
K. .1. 

(g) : p. polydorus novobritannicus sulis].. nov. [cr,?,pupa]. 

/'■'/i^lhi /inhjdm-iis (>.), Godman & Salvin (mr LiniK', 170:!), /'. Z .S. p. I V.\ n. :!7 (IM77) (Duki' cif 
York I.) : id., I.r. p. IGO. n. 46 (1879) (New Ireland). 

Head and thorax black, but the front of the head, and the sides of pronotum 
and of uiesosternum, clothed with more or less obvious red hairs, besides the lilack 
ones. Abdomen mucli more extended red than in godartianiis. 

Forewvtigs : the white stripes well marked, also those in the ant ciioi- region oi 
the disc, which in all the other subspecies are rather obscure. The black inter- 
nervular .streaks prominent; that between the lower median veins abbri'viated, tli(> 
following one very short. 

The submarginal spots to the hindwings are all visible above; the anterior one, 
standing behind the costa, is \'isibly red; the po.sterior ones are also red, but more 
shaded with black than in godartianus. The cellular white spot is large, reaching 
anteriorly at least as far as the origin of the first discoidal nervule ; the discal 
markings are short, but broad, the nervidcs not bi'ing heavily black; the first is 
more or less trapezi'-forni, often broader than long, and olilii|ue ; its Icngt h \aries from 


( 243 ) 

2i to 4 iniu. ; the next two are much smaller; the fourth is considerahly shorter 
than in the other races, and as liroad as in fjodartlaiiun ; its average length is about 
4 mm. ; the fifth is more or less rhomboidal, mostly somewhat longer than broad, 
shorter than in ijodartlanus. 

The specimens from New Irehmd and Duke of York Island form partly a 
transition to the next subspecies, as their forewings are darker above than in the 
Xew Britain novohritannicus m., and the discal spots to the hindwings more 
rounded. 

The pupa closely resembles that of P. aristolochiiie Falw. ; the abdominal 
tubercles are rather higher than in that species. 

Hah. New ]5ritain (type; 2 J, .5 ?) ; New Ireland; Duke of York Island (2 6). 

(It): P. polydorus polydaemon Mathew [J,?]. 

rujiilio jivli/ilaemmi M.-itliew, Tr. Ent. Sue. Lmnl. p. 4« (18H7) (Ugi, Solomon Is.). 
Pttpil/n jmlypemiiii Mathew, l.r. p. 49 (1887) (Treasury I.). 

I cannot see that the specimens from various parts of the iSolomon Islands lielong 
to more than one race. The size and shape of the spots to the hindwings are rather 
variable in every locality ; the nervules separating the white markings are always 
\erv broadlv black. The posterior black internervular streaks on the underside of 
the forewings are sometimes complete, extending from the brown border of the wing 
to the basal brown area. 

Hah. Solomon Islands : Ugi ; Guadalcanar (4 J, 5 ¥ ) ; Alu (3 cJ, 4 ? ) ; Treasmy 
Island. This is the most advanced form of polydorus, which I should treat as a 
species, if it were not for the Duke of York specimens of P.polijdorua novohritannicus 
m. and for P. polydorus septeidi-ionidis ni. 

34. Papilio annae Keld. [J, ?]. 

PapilU, amuie Felder, ^Vlen. Ent. Man. V. p. 297. n. 2 {^, iiec ?) (1861) (Mindoro) ; id., Vcrli. 

:. /). ties. Wici p. ;t26. n. 491 (1804) (Mindoro) ; id., K-lm Nvcara. Lep. I. p. 132. n. 98. t. -211. 

f. c ( ? ) (18li.^) (Mindoro) : Wall, Tr. Lhin. .Soo. L„„d. XXV. p. 43. n. '29 (18135) (Mindoro). 
Pai>ll/o{Menel,iid<s)uniiae, Samper, Pliilipp., Taiifall. p. 271. n. .397. t. 40. f. 2( ? )(1891)(Mindoro). 

(")• !*• annae Feld., forma typ. [J, ¥]. 

The hindwings have, besides a large cellular spot which occupies more than half 
the cell, six white discal markings, of which the posterior ones are the longest. 

The submarginal spots are either all cream-colour, or the three posterior ones 
are red; above, the submarginal markings are rather ob.scure, especially in the 
individuals with a red body ; the anal mark is sometimes connected below with the 
last white discal mark, and is of the same colour as the submarginal sjjots, i.e. either 
buff or red. 

Tiie front of the liead, sides of the thorax underneath the wiugs, and part of the 
abdomen are either yellowish buff or red. 

Hah. Mindoro {.\. Everett, December 1894) (4 ?). 

(//): P. annae phlegon I'eld. \_S, ?]. 

5 . Papilio anime Felder, ll'/«i. Ent. Mon. V. p. 297. n. 2 ( ? , n.»o ,}) (1801) (" Mindoro " he. err.). 
$. Papilio phlKjou Felder, Vcrli. z. b. Get. W'ini p. .320. n. 49i) (1804) (Mind.-inao). 
^ ? . Papilio {.yeiH'laiilis) pldujon. Semper, Philij'/i., Taijfalt. p. 271. n. 398. t. 40. f . 3 ( J ) (1891) 
(S.W. Mindanao ; Guimaraa). 

I know this insect only from the descriptions and temper's figure; it differs 
from aiiiHte in the white markings of the hindwings having a liluish instead of a 


r 1M4 ) 

faint yellowish tint ; the spots round the cell are also a little smaller, and the tails 
are somewliat shorter. These differences are, however, so slight, tliat I cannot treat 
pidegoii as specifically distinct from anaae. 

Felder described the female from " Mindoro " ; according to Semper {I.e.). in 
whose collection the ////>« is, the si)ecimen came, however, fronv Mindanao. 

Hab. S.W. Mindanao; (iuimanis. 


:i5. Papilio mariae Semper \_S, ?]. 

Pdjiilio iiiurUic iSemper. Wrh. \'ii: .Xatunr. i'literli. Hamhuiij. III. p. ll.'i (1H78): Obertli., /•,'(. 

,1'Enl. IV. p. 44. n. GO (IST'J) (" Philippines"). 
I'upilio {.Uvitelakle^i) markie Semper, I'hilipp.. T<i;(t'i'lt. p. 270. n. 31)5. t. 4(;. f. 5 (J) (1801) (Bohol ; 

Cebu : Mindanao). 

Front of the head black. Hindwings with a cellular mark which does not reach 
beyond the base of the lower median uervule, and with four or five discal spots round 
the apex of the cell white ; abdomen much more restricted red than in the allied 
species. Since I cannot separate Semper's P. alinae as a distinct species, we have to 
enumerate two subspecies : — 

(«) : P. mariae Semper, forma ty p. [c?, ?]. 

Hindwings with five white spots round the apex of the cell. 

The length of the hindwings is somewhat variable; the size of the spots is also 
inconstant ; the anal mark of the hindwings is either small and white, as in Semper's 
figure of 'mariae, or large and almost as red as in Semper's figure of ahiuie. 

Hab. Bohol; Cebu; Mindanao (1 cJ, 2 ?). 


(//): P. mariae almae Semper [c?]. 

cJ. TapWw (.Uenelaidis) almae Semper, PhiUijp., Taijfalt. p. -2711. n. 3',ilj. t. 4l!. f. () (J) (1891) 
(Polillo : two specimens !). 

Hindwings \vith fom- white spots round the apex of the cell, the spot beiiind the 
lower median uervule being absent ; the basal segments of the abdomen (piite black. 
The anal mark of the hindwings below large and red. 

The only difference between this and the preceding form seems to be the 
absence of a fifth discal spot fi-om the hindwings. 

Hab. Polillo. 

;i(i. Papilio phegeus llopffer [cJ, ¥]. 

I'aiiUw i^licrjem Hoplfer, SMI. Ent. Zeil. p. 32. n. 13 (jj) (186G) ("Luzon " luc. ,n: !)■ 
PuiiiliK {.Mruplakhs) plicijcHK, Semper, J'liiliji/j., Tanfalt. p. 27n. n. 394. t, 4i;. 1 4 (cjl (1891) 
(Samar ; Panaon ; E. & S.E. Mindanao). 

Itetiier con.stant. The hindwings Imve three wliite discal spots between I he 
lower discoidal and lower median nervules, and a fourth minute one behind the latter 
vein ; besides a small red mark near the anal angle, there are on the u[)perside 
three (6, ¥ ) or four (?) red submarginal spots, of which the anterior one is smallest; 
below, the hindwings have six submarginal spots, the. first of which is, however, as 
in Hopffer's type, often absent. 

Huh. Luzon (Zoc. c/T. ?) ; Saniar ; I'anaon ; Mindanao (1 S , Z ?). 


( 24J ) 
'■'>'. Papilio atropos Stauding. [S. ?]. 

Pajntiu uti-oj/o-< Staudinyoi', Iris I. p. 2H\ (1M88) (Palawan) : id., I.e. p. 11 (188'J) (Palawan). 

The whitish ^cahng of the ibrewings is extended to the base, the basal unifonnly 
black area which is present in the allied species being absent. The hindwings have 
the rounded shape of those of P. annae Feld., i.e. they are less produced in the post- 
caudal region than in P. aristolochicte Fabr. The tails are long, rather thin and 
spatulate. The submarginal red spots of the hindwings of the allied forms are 
absent from atropos, though they are very faintly indicated by a scaling which is 
slightly paler than that of the rest of the wing. The third discocellular veinlet of 
the hindwings is less oblique than in P. aristolochiae ; hence the discoidal cell is 
less pointed at tlie origin of the upper median nervule than in that species. 

Hah. Palawan (2 J, 5 ?). 

Note. — The scales of the wings of P. atropos .Stauding. are different from those 
uf P. aristolochiae acatas Druce. On the forewings the scales are more regularly 
triangular, not being rounded at the sides, and have longer and sharper teeth, 
especially those on the underside of the wing; on the upper.^ide of the hindwings 
the upper layer consists of Ijidentate scales in P. atropos, of tridentate ones in acutus. 

The second median vein of the hindwings is on. an average 2 mm. shorter in 
atropos than in acutus. — K. J. 

38. Papilio schadenbergi Semper [t?, ?]. 

Paji/liii {.Ueitelditles) sc/niclenbergi Sempur, Plulijiji., Tagfalt. p. 269. n. 393. t. 44. f. 1 ( cj) ; t. 45. 
f . 5 { ? ) (1891) (N.W. Luzon ; Babuyanes ; May, June, and September to November). 

(«) : P. schadeubergi Semper, forma typ. \_S , ?]. 

Hindwings shaped as in aristolochiae Fabr. ; with the submarginal s))ots rounded 
and well marked on the upper- and underside, the anterior ones white, the posterior 
ones red; without discal markings. 

Hah. X.^V. Luzon and Babuyanes (ace. to Semijer, I.e.) (3 c?, 2 ?). 

(6): P. schadenbergi micholitzi Semper [J, ?]. 

Papiliti {.Uenelakle.'i) sdiadtiihcnji var. la'fJtoViV.i SuiuptT, /.<■. p. 269. sub n. 393. t. 44. f. 2((^): 
t. 45. f. 6 ( ? ) (1891) (N.E. Luzon). 

Differs from the tyjiieal form in the spots of the hindwings being all white, or 
creamy white; the forewings are less white behind the cell. 

Hub. N.E. Luzon (ace. to Semper) (1 J). 

As the dry-season specimens of P. aristolochiae kotzeliueiis Eschsch. are some- 
times very similar to the present species, and as further there are no differences 
between the two insects besides jiattern, F believe that schadenberiji will turn out 
to be the northern form of lot zebu e as ; but this is only a supposition. 

39. Papilio aristolochiae Fabr. [J,?, metam.]. 

Papilio Efjues Tmjunii.i (irUtolochiae Fabi-icius, Sij>it. I'.ul. p. 443. n. 3 (1775) (India) ; Goeze, Knt. 

Reytr. III. 1. p. 40. n. 4(1779). 
Papilio Equen Trajanux jiuHfluriis, Cramer (nee jmlyd'iriis Liiine, 17(;.'i), Paji. F.xot. II. p. -15. t. 128 

f. A. B (1777) {p.p. ; Coi-omandel, Tranqiieb.ar, Bengal ; ner Amboina). 
Papilio Eqnes Trojanm polijdoru.i, Gocze, Eiil. lieyti: III. 1. p. 33. n. 10 (1779) {p.p.) ; Fabr., 

SiKe. Jns. II. p. 6. n. 20 (1781) (p.p.) ; .lablonsky, Xaliirs. Scliiaelt. II. p. 201. n. 43. t. 15. f. 3 

(1784); Fabr., .Uaii/. Im. II. p. 3. n. 21 (1787): Gmolin, Si/s^. Sat. I. 5. p. 2229. n. 10(1790) 
p.p.) ; Fabr., Ent. f^yd. III. 1. p. 9. n. 2(i (1793) (p.p.). 


( 246 ) 

Papitio Equis Trojamis hectur, Fabricius, Spec. Jiia. 11. p. 2. n. 5 (1781) (pji.) ; Jablonsky, Xuliira. 
Schmelt. II. p. -201. n. 43 (1784) {sub sijmn.); Esper, Aiisl SchmfU. p. lo. n. 2 (1784) («i(// 
synon.) ; Gmelin, Sijd. Sat. I. o. p. 2226. n. 273 (1790) (ahJ si/non.). 
PiipiUo Eipies Trojamis (lipliilu.i Esper, Ausl. Sclimilt. p. loij. n. 73. t. 40. f. 2 (1792) (Tranquebar). 
Princeps lieroiCKS poli/doni.i, Hiibner, Suikih!. ExoI. Sclimetl. I. t. Ill (180lj-16). 
Menelaides piilydorin), Hubner, Verx. bek. Srlnnelt. p. 84. n. 868 (181*!) (.p.p.). 

Papilio pnli/<luriis, Godart. Enc. Meth. IX. p. 71. n. 130 (1819) {p.p. ; Bengal, Coromandcl. Java : 
nee Amboina) ; Horsf., Cat. Lep. Im. Mus. E. 1. C. I. t. 3. f. 17 (larva) (1828) (Java) ; 
Boisd., Spec. Gin. Lep. I. p. 2(')7. n. 90 (1836) (pp. ; Java, Borneo, Bengal, Ceylon ; iiec 
Amboina); De Haan, Verli. Xul. Gcsch. Xed. oeerz. b<-:. p. 38. t. 8. f. 1 (1840) (■'MoIu<-cas" 
he. ti-r.): Doubl. Westw. & Hew., Gin. Dinrn. f.ip. I. p. 9. n. 18 (1846) (mb nynun.); 
Wallengren, HV.n. Eut. .Mon. VII. p. 65. n. 4 (1863) (Java ; February). 
Pupilio adumax Zinken, Xova Act. Ac. Xat. Cur. XV. p. 144. n. 3 (1831) (Java). 
Pohjdnrus t/was Swainson, Zuol. Illustr. (2). II. t. 100 (J, /.,//.) (1833) (Java). 
Papilio dipliilus, Gray, Oil. Lep. Ins. B. .1/. I. p. 10. ii. 34 ( 1852) (India ; Ceylon : Java) : id.. List 
Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 11. n. 37 (1856) (Java ; N. China; N. India : Ceylon) ; Horsf. i*i Moore, 
Cat. Lep. /?w. .Vus. E. I. C. I. p. 94. n. 190. t. 2. f. 5 (/.). 5a (/,.) (1857) (Java; Calcutta; 
N. India) ; Vollenhov., Tijdsehr. r. Ent. III. p. 79. n. 73 (1860) (Java ; "Moluccas" loc. en:] ; 
Feld., Verb. :. b. Ges. Wien p. 326. n. 486 (1864) (China austral. ; Si.im ; India sept. ; Ceylon ; 
Java; "Luzon" loc. err.): Lang, Eut. Mo. .\l,iy. p. 101 (1864) (X.W. Himal): Wall., Tr. 
Linn. Soc. Loml. XXV. p. 43. n. 26 (1865) (Java : Malacca ; India : nn- Philippine Is.) ; 
Moore, P. Z. S. p. 756 (1865) (Bengal) ; Chaum., Ent. Mo. .Maij. p. 37 (1865) (Sangor) ; Alex., 
ibid. p. 208 (1865) (Sangor) : Moore & Wall., P. Z. S. p. 356 (1866) (Formosa) ; Butl., CuX. 
Diurn. Lep. discr. Fabric, p. 258. sub n. 78 (1869) ; Druce, P. Z S. p. 109. n. 8 (1874) (Siam) ; 
Pryer, Ent. .)/.,. Marj. p. 52 (1877) : Butl., Tr. Linn. Soc. Land. (2). Zool. II. p. 553. n. 21 (1877) 
(Malacca); Butl, P. Z. S. p. 153. n. 31 (1883) (N.W. India). 
Papilio aristolochiae, Butler, Cat. Diurn. Lep. descr. Fabric, p. 258. n. 78 (1869) (Ceylon) ; Holland, 
 Tr. Amer. Ent. Sue. p. 123. n. 77 (1878) (Hainan); Moore, P. Z. S. p. 840 (1878) (Upp. 
Tenasserim : aristolochiae Fabr. = dipliilus Esp.) ; Oberth., Ei. d'Ent. IV. p. 43. n. 56 (1879) 
(India; China; aristolochiae ¥ahr. ^ diphilus ^sp. =.= polydoriis Cram, [luc Linnr], Hiibn., 
Boisd.) ; Xice'v., Jonrn. As. Soc. Beny. p. 53 (1881) (Sikkim ; October) : Elwes, P. Z. S. p. 872 
(1881) (Ningpo) ; Butl., Ann. Mag. X. H. (5). XVIII. p. 189. n. 48 (1886) (Upp. Burma) : 
Ehves, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lmid. p. 427. n. 403 (1888) (Sikkim : common up to 2000 or 3000 feet 
from April to December ; P. aristolochiae "Gram." ej err.) \ Leech, ibid. p. 114. n. 64 (1889) 
(Kiu Kiang) : Manders, ibid. p. 535. n. 188 (1890) (Shan States : very common, but not found, 
I think, aljove 5000 feet) , Pagenst., Jahrb. Xas.s. Ver. Xat. p 99. n. 138 (18y(.l) (E. Java) : 
Davids & Aitk., Jmirn. Bomb. X. H. Soc. p. 362 (1890) Canara: /., p.): Wat.>;on, Journ. As. Soc. 
Beng. p. 268 (1890) (Madras) : id., Jonrn. Boinba;/ .V. //. Soc. p. 53 (1891) : Rothsch., Iris V. 
p. 442 (1892) (Celebes) : Robbe, .Imi. Sue. Ent. Behj. p. 124. n. 4 (1892) (Kurseong) ; Leech, 
Ihitterfi. of China etc. p. 554 (1893) (China) : Oberth., Ft. d'Ent. XVII. p. 3 (1893) (^Tonkiu). 
Papilio marine var., Oberthiir, Et. d'Ent. XI. p. 14 (1886) (W. China : kacc spec, teste Oberth. 

in litt.). 
Menelaidis aristolochiae, Moore, /'. Z. S. p. 259 (1882) (X.W. Himal.). 
Papilio (.Uenelaidis) diphilus, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. p. 512. n. 59 (1884) (Kurracbee). 
Pajiilio (Menelaides) aristolochiae, Nici'ville, .lourn. .I.s-. Soc. Beng. p. 52. n. 131 (1885) (Calcutta ; 
very common : strongly smelling, hence called "Rose ButterHy ") : Doherty, ibid. p. 137. 
n. 230 (1886) (Kumaon) : Wood-Mas. & Nice'v., ibid. p. 376. n. 190 (1886) (Cachar) ; Elwes 
ii NicH-., ibid. p. 435. n. 130 (1886) (Tavoy ; Ponsekai) ; Hamps., ibid. p. 363. n. 199 (1888) 
(Nilgiri Hills: 1000 to 7000 feet); Ferguson, Joiini. Boinbag X. II. Soc. p. 446 (1891) 
(Travancore) : Nicev., Ginettetr of Sikkim p. 171. n. 470 (1894) (Sikkim : common in lower 
valleys). 
Papilio aristolochiae var. dijihilus. Distant, lihoji. .Miil. p. 337. n. 5. t. 31. f. 6. 7 (1885) (Mai. Pen.) 
Menelaidea diphilus, Swinhoe, P Z. S. p. 145. n. 141 (1885) (Bombay and Deccan ; common every- 
where from October till June) : id.. I.e. p. 433. n. 97 (1886) (Mhow) ; Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. 
Land. p. 51 (1889) (Mergui). 
Meiielaides aristolochue (sic !), Swinhoe, Tr. Ent. Soc. Land. p. 313. n. 386 (1893) (Khasia Hills). 

The name of aristolochiae given to this insect by Faliricius in 1773 entirely 
disappeared after 1781, wlien Fabricius curiously confounded his s])ecieswith hector J.,., 
till Mr. Butler (I.e.) re-established the name in 1869. Cramer,aud after him (Jodart, 


( 'Ml ) 

Boisduval, De Haau, etc., mistook tliis species for the Limiean P. polydorus, while 
Esper, recogtiisiiig Cramer's mistatce, and being misled by I-'al5ricius's Spec. Ins., 
where uristolochine stands as a synonym of hector, descriljed and figured it under a 
new name, P. diphilus Esper. This name again disappeared till 1852, when Gray 
applied it to the present insect. Zinken (I.e.), not being aware that aristolochiae was 
a published name and not a manuscrijrf name of Fabricius, described the Papilio from 
Fabricius's manuscript of " Syst. Gloss, ined." as new, under the name of ailamits. 

Fabricius gives as locality only 'India orkntalis" \ E.sper's dlpldlas came 
i'rom Tranquebar, and Zinken's adamas from ,Iava. Now the aristolocliiae from 
Java, Malacca, Burma, Continental India, Ceylon, and China cannot, in my opinion, 
lie sejiarated into local forms, though a good nunjber of .specimens from some of these 
localities exhibit characters which are local, so that one can indeed in many cases 
tell the locality from the peculiar characters of a specimen ; but as only a relatively 
small percentage of individuals show the local characters, we have no sub.species, bi t 
local abeirations which have not yet developed into subsiiecies. 

Several modern authors liave treated aristolochiae and diphilas as distinct 
species, or at least as two representative forms of a species. Mr. Butler, in his Cat. 
Diurn. Lep. descr. by Fabriciits, p. 258, says of aristolochiae : " This is the Ceylone.se 
rejjresentative of P. diphilas Esp.," and gives as s^'nonvm Gray's var. c [Cut. Lep. 
Ins. B. M. I. p. 10. n. 34 (1852)], which has a whitS spot in the apex of the dis- 
coidal cell to the bindwings. Fabricius describes the hindwings thus : " Fascia 
maaidari alba lunidisqiie rubris " ; the " white macular band " fits, howex^er, cer- 
tainly better to the specimens without tlie cellular s[)Ot than to those with that 
additional spot, especially to .Tavan individuals with a row of four or five white markings. 
This question is of some importance, as !M core's ceylonicus, which is an aberration, not 
a local race, is based on specimens with the cellular spot. Esper's diphifas has three 
white spots situate between the lower median and lower discoidal veins ; the second 
one is the longest. Such specimens which agree with Esper's figure occur not only 
in Tranquebar, but also in Ceylon and all over Continental India, Burma, Siara, 
Malacca, and China, and fly together with specimens which have more white markings, 
P. diphilus is, therefore, not a local race of aristolochiae, but one of the numerous 
widespread individual aberrations, and will be best regarded as a mere synonym of 
aristolochiae Fabr., as it certainly is quite inopportune to have a number of aberra- 
tional names for the specimens with a series of two, three, four, or five discal spots 
to the hindwings ; the individuals with the additional cellular spot cau, however, 
be kept separate as ah. ceylonicus (Moore). As I have, therefore, to treat aristo- 
lochiae, dijjhilis, and adamas as belonging to one geographical race, there remain 
seven subsjjecies of the species in question, namely : — 

(a) : P. aristolochiae Fabr. fr-om Ceylon, Continental India, IStu-ma, Malacca, Siam, 

China, Loo Choo Islands, Xatima Islands, Java, Celebes ; 
{b) : P. aristolochiae austrositiulaniis subsp. nov. from Sambawa ; 
(c) : P. aristolochiae camorta Moore from the Nieobar Islands ; 
(d) : P. aristolochiae phiiipipus Standing, from the South-Eastorn Islands of the 

Philippine group ; 
(e) : P. aristolochiae kotsebueus Esehsch. from the Xortheru and Western 

Philippines and the Sulu Islands ; 
(/') : P. aristolochiae acidue Druce fi-om North Borneo and Palawan ; 
(.'/) : P. aristolochiae a,ntiphus Fabr. from Sumatra. Nias, Java, I-ombock, Natuna 
Islands, and Borneo. 

19 


( 248 ) 

The reasons wliicli iiiiliK :• me to n'giinl nntiphiis, acutus, and kotzehaeas as 
geographical races o{ arhlolocliiue arc as follows : — 

(!) The caterpillars of aristolochiae and anliphus, as deseriiicd and figured by 
Moore and Hagen respectively, do uot differ from one another. Dewitz's figure of 
the mi-va of kotzebueus (see below) is incorrect ; the whitish baud and spines ought 
to stand upon that segment which bears the first pair of venti~dl legs, instead of upon 
the preceding segment ; this mistake is excusable, as Dewitz's figures were jiartly 
taken from drawings of the collectors. 

(2) There occur individuals of the butterflies intermediate in colour between 
nriUolochiae and antiphus, and between philippas and kotzehuevs. 

(3) The sexual organs of the males are the same. 

(4) The position, form, and scaling of the submarginal spots of the hindwings 
are the same in (iristolochiae and antiphus. 

P. aristolochiae and nntiphuM occur together in .Tava and on the island of 
I'unguran (Natuna Islands) ; in the first locality anliphus is, however, very scarce, 
while on liungurau arisiolochiue is rare, out of 150 specimens received from Bunguran 
only two belonging to this form ; from Uorneo, Sumatra, Palawan, and tlie Sulu Islands 
aristolochiae has not been recorded. 

(«) : P. aristolochiae Fain-., forma typ. [J, ?, metam.]. 

This race is especiall}- \arial)le in the extent of the black basal region of the 
underside of the forewings, and in the number and position of the white spots on the 
hindwings. The submarginal spots to the hindwings are sometimes rather small. 

In the North Indian indinduals the black basal area of the underside of the 
hindwings reaches mostly somewhat beyond the origin of the lower median nervule, 
often even beyond the base of the second median vein, and extends much farther 
along the subcostal than along the median nervure ; the white-coloured apical portion 
of the cell is often reduced to three small spots. The number of white spots on the 
hindwings varies from three to four ; that behind the lower median vein is in many 
examples also almost white and .seldom includes a black spot. The discal spots 
become often reduced in size ; as the reduction of each spot takes place from the 
basal side, the remaining pai-ts of the spots stand very often far from the cell, in 
many individuals midway between the cell and the submarginal markings; this 
latter character appears very .seldom in s])ecimens from other localities. 

The Ceylonese specimens agree with the North Indian ones; but the white 
colour of the under.side of the forewings is often more extended, and a greater number 
of individuals have a white cellular spot to the hindwings, which character mi.sled 
]Moore to treat the Ceylon specimens as belonging to a distinct species (Meiielaidea 
ceylonicus Moore). The spot at the anal angle includes mostly a black mark, or is 
emarginate at the lower median vein. 

Most of my Burmese examples, and those from tiie Shan States, are remarkable for 
the length of the white markings; the spot between the first and second median liranches 
is the longest, and usually of the same peculiar form as in P. aristolochiae philippus. 
The anal reddish mark includes, as in the Ceylonese examples, a black spot, or is sinuate. 
The basal black area of the forewings as in the North Indian specimens. The individual 
from the Shan States have often a white cellular spot to the hindwings. 

The Malaccan indi\iduals have the black region of the underside of the forewings 
often reduced ; the white spots of the hindwings stand (always ?) close to the cell ; 
the spot before the iipjier median nervule is mostly the longest ; the spots are more 


( 249 ) 

rounded exteriorly than in most Bunnese specimens; tlie anal niaik as in the latter; 
a cellular spot is often present. 

The two Bunguran specimens {d (J) have three white discal markings, of which 
the middle one is the longest ; in one individual there is, besides, a nunute 
white pointlike sjjot liefore the second discoidal vein ; the tails of both specimens 
are short and narrow, and in one the tails are not dilated towards the apex, thus 
reminding one strongly of P. (iristolochiae ncidun Druce. 

On the island of P^ngano Doherty obtained one specimen of arifilolocliiae which 
agrees well with Javan examples, but has the anal spot not sinuate. 

In the Javan s[ieciniens the black area of tlie underside of the forewings is 
mostly much reduced, more than the ajiical half of the cell being whitish (exclusive 
of four black folds) ; the white spots on the hindwings stand (alwavs ?) close to the 
cell ; all my specinrens have four white spiots besides the anal mark, which latter is 
deeply sinuate; there is never (?) a spot within the cell. The front of the head 
just before the antennae is rather black. 

The fenuiles of the Chinese aristolochiae are rather [)ale. In both sexes the 
black basal region of the underside of the forewings is somewhat less extended 
than in North Indian examples. The white spots vary in number from two to 
four; they are usually small, and stand close to the cell; the spot before the uji]ier 
median nervule is mo.stly the longest; there is no spot within the cell; the anal 
mark is always deep!}' sinuate, sometimes oliliterated above. The front of the head 
is mostly darker than in Indian examples, especially in the females. 

My two Loo Choo specimens have the anal mark of the hindwings small and 
non-sinuate ; both have four discal spots, which are tinged with red, especially below ; 
the anterior spot is small, but well marked, and stands closer to the .submarginal 
^pot than to the cell ; the second and third spjots are rather long. 

(«-) : ab. ceylonicits (Jloore). 

Papilin diphilus var, c. Gray, Cat. Lei), -^"s- i^- '"• I- I' "^- *"'' °- '^^ (1852) (Ceylon). 
Menehddes ceylonicus Moore, Lep. of Ceylon I. p. lal. t. 57. f. 2 (1881) (Ceylon). 

Hindwings with a white spot within the apex of the cell. 

This aberration is in my collection from Ceylon, Burma, the Shan f^tates, and 
-Malacca ; it occurs also in N. India, but not in China and Java, as far as I know. 

From Burma I have several examples of aristoluchitre in which the red colour 
of the abdomen is very much extended. 

Hab. Ceylon (0 cf, 3 ?); S. India; N.W. IncUa; .Sikkim (i).^, 7 ?); Assam 
(4 c?, 4 ? ) ; Burma (2 <J, 2 ? ) ; Shan States and Siam (14 (^, .5 ? ) ; Malacca (2 <?, 2 ? ) ; 
Java (4 c?, 5 ?); Engano (1 (?) ; Bunguran, Natuna Islands (2 J); Tonkin; China 
(13 cJ, 9 ? ) ; Loo Choo Islands (2 tj) ; Celebes. 

(/)): P. aristolochiae austrosundanus subsp. nov. [c?,?]. 

Papilio urislulochiae, Doherty (ner Fubricius, 177:'.), .fount. .Is. Soc. Beng. p. 192 (1891) (Sambawa ; 
"nonnaC ex err.). 

The /«»ia^ is scarcely of a paler ground-colour than the inule. In both sexes 
the black border to the forewings beneath is rather broader than in nristolochiae ; 
tlie internervular black streaks are also broad ; the basal black area is of almost the 
same form as in the Javan arieioluchiae, but often a little more extended. On the 
hindwings there are three while discal spots of small size; that between the upper 
median branches is the longest, and about twice (or less) as long as broad : the spots 


( 250 ) 

become reduced es^)ecially from the exterior side, and lienCe remain ratlier close 
to the cell; the anterior one is sometimes very small. The reddish mark near the 
anal angle includes a black spot, which is situated close to the lower median nervule. 
The submarginal spots assume in most specimens a lunate sha])e ; in ow female 
the two posterior ones are rather arched and touch each other, and the last one is 
also connected with the anal mark, which is prolonged along the third median vein. 
The front of the head has seldom a few black hairs. 

In general appearance this form resembles certain Chinese specimens of aci'«/o- 
lochiae K;ibr., but can be distinguished by the much darker fenuile and by the 
presence of only three small white spots on the hindwing.s, of which the middle one 
(not that before the upper median vein) is the longest. From three-spotted Indian 
and C'eylonese arintohchi'te it is distinguishable especially by the position of the 
white .s])ots. 

Hah. Sambawa (W. Doherty, September 1891) (12 6, 3 ? ). 

(c) : P. aristolochiae camorta Moore [J,?]. 

Pajnlii) urixlohchiae var. caiiiurla Moore, P. Z. .S. p. 692 ( J ) (1877) (Kamorta) : Wood-Mas. <4 
Nicdv., Journ. Ax. Soc. Beiir,. p. 237. n. rJ6 (1881) (Nicobar Is.) ; iid.. I.r. p. 18. n. no (1882) 
(Nicobar Is.). 

The white spots of the hiudwings small, only that between the lower median 
veins is clearly marked on the upperside ; the two others, standing before and behind 
the upper median nervule, are sometimes entirely absent from the U[)perside, or, when 
present, are much suffused with black ; below, there is usually a spot within the apex 
of the cell. 

Hob. Nicobar Islands (3 J, 1 ?). Not recorded from the .Vndamans, but 
Staudinger informs me that he received Andaman specimens from the late 
Mr. Koepstorf 

(d): P. aristolochiae philippus Semper [(?,?]. 

Papiiui (Mcnf.laides) arhUihich'uh var. jiliiliji/ius .Sunipcr, Philipj)., TtiijfiiH. p. 269. n. 392. t. 44. 
f. 7. 8. 9 ((J) ; t. 4.5. f. 3. 4 ( ? ) ; t. 4fi. f. 1 ((J-ab.) (1891) (Lejte, Panaon, Siargao, Camiguin, 
Mindanao). 

The tails are broader than in aristolochiae, a character which philippiLs has 
in common with the other Phili]>pine subspecies of aristolocliiae, namely kolzchiieiui. 
The hindwiugs have from tlirce to five white discal sjiots, which .stand close to the cell ; 
the spot between the two ujiper median branches is the longest and at the apex 
trianguhirly pointed; the nervides separating the .spots are thinly black or red. 
The submarginal markings are mostly purer red on the upperside than in tyjiical 
aristolochiae. There is ne^er a spot within the cell. 

Hab. 8.E. Islands of the Philippines (8 <?, 5 ?). 

(e): P. aristolochiae kotzebueus Kschsch. [c^,?, larv., pup.]. 

Papilio h,lzfbuca Eschs.iliallz, K..I:.. h,,.-, i;,,:<r III. p. 202. t. 1. f. 2a. 2b ( ? ) (1821) (Manila); 

F«;ld., Verh. z. b. Gen. Wien p. .Hill. n. 488 (1864) (Lu7.on). 
Papiliii iKilijgUts Godart, Em. .Meih. IX. Siippl. p. 811 (1823) (Philippines). 
Papilio aiiliphun. Boi.sduval, Spec. Gin. Lep. I. p. 266. n. 89 (1836) (Pliilippines) : Thou. 

Xaturg. Schmell. p. 19. t. 7. f. 35. .36 (1837) (Manila) ; Doubl. Westw. i^ Hew.. Gni. Dhirn. 

Lep. I. p. 9. n. 21 (1846) (p.]>.; Philippines; ner Java. Borneo); Gray, Cat. Lep. Im. 

B. .V. I. p. 11. n. 37 (1852) (s«J synnn.); id., Lixl Lep. /ux. B. M. I. p. 12. n. 41 (1856) 

(»«i «/HO)i.); Reak., Pioc. lint. Snc. Phil. p. 456. n. 5 (1864) (/).;'.): W.-iU., Tr. Linn. Soc. 

Land. XXV. p. 43. n. 27 (1865) (,p.p.)\ Oberth., El. (FEitt. IV. p. 43. n. .15 (1879) 

(Philippines). 


( 251 ) 

Ptijiil/n antijifiu.i var., firay, Cat. Lep. Ins. II M. I. p. 1 1, sub ii. .'.7 ( IS.'rJ) (Manila) : iJ., l.ixt I,,//. 

/„M. B. M. I. p. 12. sub n. 41 (185lj) (Pbilippines). 
I'lijiilin aiilipJiiis var. Icotzehiiea, Dewitz, A^ora Ail. Ar. Xal. Cnr. XLIY. 2. p. 2()4. t. 2. f. 3. ;i.\. 3ii 

(I., p.) (1882) {larmfahe siijnata). 
J'(ij„lio {Jfciielakki') aiitiphvx. Semper, Phihpp., TaiifnU. p. 2i;7. n. :!81. t. 44. f. :i. 4 (J). 5 (?) : 

t. 45. f. 1. 2 ( ? ) (1891) (Luzon ; Polillo ; Mindoro ; Bohol ; Cebu ; Sulu Is. ). 

Tail.-i broader than in antiphus Ynhr.; bindwiiigs below ino.-tly with a bandlike 
jiatfh near the anal angle consisting of 2, 3, 4, or 5 spot.s, which are mostly red, but 
.'sometimes white, and ai)j]ear occasionally — according to Semjjer in the specimens 
of the dry season — also on the uppersifle. The submarginal red spots are also well 
marked on the upperside in certain individuals, wldch thence become rather similar 
to P. schfuleiihevf/i Semp. The underside of the forewings is less extended white 
than in anti'phvu. the white colour being almost re.stricted to the )JOstcellular part 
of the wing. 

In the individuals from the Sulu Islands the tails are as broad as in the 
Philippine specimens, hut tlie bandlike patch on the lundwings beneath is reduced 
to one spot, which is sometimes partly vvhiti.sh. 

Hah. Northern and Western Philippines (25 cJ, 15 ?); .Sulu Islands (1 rjj. 

(/.) : P. aristolochiae acutus Druce [c?,j]. 

Papilio nntiphus var. b, Gray, Cut. Lep. Ins. B. M. I, p 11, siilj n. 37 (I8,",2) (Borneo) : iil. I.ht 

Lep. Im. B. }[. I. p. 12. sub n. 41 (18,'iC) (Borneo). 
Papilio unilii Druce, P. Z. S. p. 358 (1873) (N. Borneo). 
F(ipilit) (iiilijilins var. iiruia, Oberthiir, Et. il'Eiit- IV p. 113. n. ."lo (187'.i) (Iiabuan) : Stauibng., 

/;■;» II. p. in (1880) (Palawan). 
Papilio {Mtnelaideti) atitiphya var. acuta, Semper, Philipp.^ Tai/falt. p. 2(j8. sub n. .''.I'l (18i)l) 

(Palawan). 

Tails not spatulate, being of even breadth or pointed ; they are variable in 
length. Hindwings below with a small red anal spot, not with a baudlike patch 
as in kotzehueiis. 

{IP) : ah. periphvs (^berth. 

Pii/nlio nyitipliiix var. prripliiis Oberthiir, Et. d'Eiit. lY. p. 43. sub n. ^ki. & p. 113. suh n. 55 (187'.0 

(Borneo). 
Pnpilin aiiti/iluis var. anilii ah In-rrirnuthi Stauclin^^or, I,is II. p. HI (l.S'S9) (Palawan). 

Tail icdncc'd to a toot h. 

11, lit. North Porneo (1 J j ; I'ahiwau (8 J. ?). 

(,(/): P. aristolochiae antiphus Falir. [c?,$, larva, pupa]. 

Papilio Kipies Twjamis antiphus Fabricius, Enl. Syst. III. 1. p. Ml. n. 28 (1793) (India). 

Pajtilio antiphus, Donovan, Ins. of India t. 15. f. 2 (180U) ; Godart. Enc J/elh. IX. p. 71. n. 129 
(1819) : De Haan, Verh. Xal. Gesch. Xe/l. ove.rz. hez. p. 49. t. 8. f. 2 ( ? I (18ili) (Borneo: 
Sumatra) ; Doubl Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diimi. Lep. I. p. 9. n. 21 (184(1) (Java : Borneo ; 
nee Pbilippines) : Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 11. n. 37 (1852) : (;)./;. ; Java) : id., List 
Lep. Ins. B. .1/. I. p. 12. n. 41 (1856) (/)./). : Java ; Sumatra) : Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Leji. Ins. 
Mus. E. I. C. I. p. 94. n. 191 (1857) {p.p. : Java) ; Vollenhov., Tiplsehr. i: Eat. III. p. 78. 
n. 71 (18C0) (Borneo : Sumatra) : Fcld., Veih. ,-.. h. Grs. W'ien p. 3211. n. 487 (18(14) (Java : 
Sumatra : Lombok) ; Reak., Proe. Knt. Soc. Phil. p. 455. n. 5 (1864) (ji.p.) : Wall., 7V. Linn. 
Soe. Lonil. XXV. p. 43. n. 27 (18(15) (Sumatra : Borneo : Java : Lombok : n-r Philippine 
Is.); Kheil, Rhop. Xias p. 3(i. n. 1.37 (1884) (Nias): Standing. & Schatz. E.rol. Srhmett. 1. 
p. (1 (1884) ; Dist. * Pryer, Ami. Mag. X. II. (5). XIX. p. 273. n. 175 (1887) (.Sandnkan) : 
H,-igen, Iris VII. p. 20. n. 12. t. 1. f. 1 (1.) (1891) (Sumatra). 

Papilio tliesens. Butler, Cat. Dium. Lep. tle.irr. Fabric, p. 258. n. 79 ( J, /<•'• 9 ^ '18(',>l'i 


( 252 ) 

The liindwiugs are iJomewbat deeper indented than in acuhis; the tails are 
mostly spatiilate, but sometimes they are rather short and of even Ineadth; such 
speoimens, which occur in Sumatra and on Bunguran, are not distinguishable from 
Hcuhis Druce. The submarginal spots of the hiudwings are feebly indicated above, 
except tiie posterior one, which is, like a spot at the anal angle, nearly always well 
marked ; the siK)ts are variable in size and sometimes partly obliterated. 

My I^mbok specimen, captured by Wallace, is of small size, but does not differ 
from certain Bornean and Sumatran individuals. 

Some specimens from Bunguran (Xatuna Islands) have white scales between the 
upper median nervules of the hindwiugs close to the discoidal cell, and form a 
transition to P. anstolockifie Fabr. 

P. theseus of Cramer, which Mr. Butler {I.e.) lielievcd to be the fenuile of 
finilphus Fabr., is a form of P. polytes L. 

Ihib. Sumatra (23 (J, 6 c?) ; Nias ; Java ; Lombok (1 3) ; Bunguran and Sirhassen, 
Xaluua Islands (about 150 specimens); Borneo (10 c?, 3 ?); Banguey Island (2 S). 

In Northern Borneo the specimens belong partly to this, partly to the preceding 
subspecies. 

The geographical distribution of the forms of P. arlstoluchiae Fabr. is very 
remarkable ; the range of the white-spotted races is interrupted by that of the black 
subspecies, and what is still more important to note is the discontinuity of the range 
of the typical race of P. aristolochiae. 

Note. — The species of the hector-gvoui> can be se]iarnli'd in two sections as 
follows : — 

I. Moles with the abdominal margin of the liindwiugs turned upwards and 
forming a more or less distinct abdominal fold, which is smallest in /'. poliiphdiili-s 
Boisd., rather large in P. phegevs Hopff., mariae Semi)., polydoriis L. 'l"he scaling 
within the fold assumes a pale colour; some of the .scales become rather narrow, 
almost hairlike. In P. polyphonies Boisd. the scales are much less different in shape 
and colour Ironi the scales on the disc than in P. polydorus L., ariatolochiae I'abr., 
j/hegeas Hopff., etc.; in these latter species they become longer and narrower, and 
are liable to lose the teeth ; they represent, in fact, a rudimentary scent-organ. 

II. Miden with the abdominal margin of the hindwings simply turned downwards 
as in the other sex. The scaling in the neighbourhood of the submedian nervure is 
scarcely different from that on the disc. In this section belong P. heclw h.,jophon 
Gray, pandiyanus Moore, oreon Doherty, liris Godart. Haase [Untersuch. uh. Mini. 
p. 25 (1893)] refers P. jophon Gray to the first section witli rudimentary scent- 
organ, but is wrong in doing .so. — K. J. 

II. COON-GKori' 

.\n:il valves of the rn(de developed, but there is an open interspace Ix'tween tliein 
(loisally. Legs similar to tho.se of the jireceding group. 

■40. Papilio coon Fabr. [tJ,?]. 

Pa/jilin Eqiies Ti-ojnmis coon Fabricius, j:,il. Si/sl. III. 1. p. 10. n. 27 (I7'.l/>) ("(Jliiiia ' Inc. fry.). 
Pajiilio conn. Donovan, Jim. of China t. 'H. i. 1 (1798) : Oodart, Ew. Mi-lh. IX. p. (1.5. n. 100 (18111) 

("Cbiaa" lac err. ) : Zinken, Nora Act. Ar. Xnf. Cur. p. 14G. n. 4. t. 14. f. 3 (18:«) (Java) ; 

Lucas, Le/i. Exot. p. 11. t. 6. f. 2 (183ii) (Java : " Coromandel '' loc. err.) ; Boisd., Spec. (?('n. 

Up. I. p. 201. n. 14 (1836) (Java) : Blanch., //is/. .Vnf. !n.i. III. p. 421. t. 2. f. 1. (1840) 

(" Indes orientales ") ; Doubl. Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diuni. Lep. I. p. 10 n. 41 (1846) (Java: 


( -25?, ) 

nee Biirmah) ; Lucas, in Chenu's K„r. dllint. .\n/., P'ijj. t. 14. f. 1 (18S1-.J3) : Gray, Col. 

Lqi. Ills. 11 .1/. I. p. 16. n. 60 (1852) (Java ; " India " loc. m:) ; id., Lid Lep. Ini. /i. M. I. p. l'.>. 

n. 64 (18.'>0) (Java ; '■ India" he. err.) : Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mua. E. I. C. I. p. 9o. 

n. 192 (1857) (Java: "N.India," "China" loc. err.): Vollenhov., Tijdschr. r. ICnt. III. 

p. 73. n. 20 (1860) (Java; "Borneo" he. err.) ; Feld., Verli. -.. b. (ies. Wi-n p. 326. n. 428. & 

p. 374. n. 28li (1864) (Java; nee Moulmein : "Borneo'' loe. err.); Wall., Tr. Linn. Sue. 

Land. XXV. p. 42. n. 23 (1865) (Java ; Sumatra ; "Borneo (De Haan) " loc. err.) ; But!., f'at. 

Diurn. Lep. descr. Fabric, p, 257. n. 76 (1869) (Java) ; Oberth., El. d'Ent. IV. p. 45. n. 65(1870) 

(Java) ; Standing. & Schatz, Exot. Schmett. I. p. 6 (1884) (Java) ; Haase, Untemuch. iib. .Mini. 

p. 26 (1893) (Java ; " Borneo," " Birma " loc. frr.) ; Hagen, //■;.« VII. p. 17 (1894) (Padaug, 

in coll. Standinger). 
Papilio liiipenor Godart, Enc. Milh. IX. p. 65. n. 108 (1819) (Java). 
AchiUidcs hijiicnnr, Hiibner, ^amnd. Exot. Schmclt. III. t. 23. f. 1. 2 (1834-41). 

Very constant. The anterior spot of the submarginal series on the hindwings is 
sometimes absent from the ujiperside ; the .-imall discal spot standing before the 
npper median vein is seldom marked above. The yellow mark at the end of the 
second median nervule is, in one of my specimens, connected below with the cor- 
responding submarginal spot. 

Hob. Java (9 (?, 2 5); Sumatra {tesle Wallace, and in coll. Staudinger). 

41. Papilio doubledayi Wall.. [<?,?]. 

Papilio coon var.. Gray, Col. Lrp. //,.<, /!. M. I. p liV sub n. 60 (1852) (Moulmein) ; id.. Lid Lep. 

Ins. B. il. I. p. 19. sub. n. 64 (1856) (Moulmein ; "Assam" loc. err. anl snhsp. all. ?) : Feld., 

Verh. 3. b. Ge.-:. Wien p. 326. sub n. 428 (1864). 
Papilio doubledayi Wallace, Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 42. note (1865) (Moulmein ; " Assam " 

loc. err. aid snbsp. all. '! ) ; Moore, P. Z. S. p. 840 ( 1 87K) (Upp. Tenasserim) ; Oberth., El. d'Enl. 

IV. p. 45. n. 64 (1829) (Burma) ; Dist.. Hhop. .Mai. p. 3:!i;. n. 4. t. 33. f . 4 ( ? ) (1885) (Mai. 

Pen.). 
Papilio {Jtenelaidrs) doublcdai/i, Elwes & Nici'V., ./ok™. As. Soc. Peng. p. 435. n. 131 ( 18Sli) iTavny). 
Menelaides donhle^af/i, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. p. 51 (1889) (^lergui). 

Though .Messrs. Wood-Mason & Niceville treat I'litler's cacluirensis as a 
synonym of P. doiibledai/i Wall., I must keep it separate as a subspecies, since 
it exhibits some characters by which it is pretty well distinguishable fi-oni dov.l>le.ilai/i 
(see below). 

(11)  P. doubledayi Wall., fumui typ. [cJ,?]. 

The size of the white spots on the hindwings is very incon.stant : in most 
specimens the white patch within the discoidal cell occuiiies two-thirds ot the cell, 
but sometimes it is reduced to some small .spots which stand in the ajiical half of the 
cell. The mark before the subcostal vein is about as large as the following one, but 
is in one of my specimens much smaller. The red spot at the extremity ol the 
second median nervule is not connected with the corresponding submarginal mark, 
though in one of my specimens there are some red scales in the interspace between 
the two spots. 

Iffih. Bnrma ((i c?, 1 5): Tenasserim (2 cf ) ; Malacca (1 y ). 

(b) : P. doubledayi cacharensis Hull. T <?,?]■ 

Papilio doubledai/i, Butler ((leo Wallace, 1865), Tr. Ent. Sf,c. r.oud. p. 8 (1879) (Cachar). 
Paiiilio cacharmsis Butler, Ann. Ma<i. X. H. (.5). XVI. p. .334. n. 113 (1385) (near Ass:im ; Ca;h;.r). 
Papilio (Menelaides) donbkdaiji, Wood-Mas. & Nict-v., Journ. As. Soc. IScmj. p. 377. n. 191 (ISM) 
(Cachar). 
Differs from doubledayi Wall, in its smaller size, paler brownish black colour of 
the wings, shorter postcellular white spot of the hindwings. and in tlie nuich ])al<M-, 


(254) 

often yellowish red, marginal ami sulimarwiual niarUiiigs in the anal region of the 
hindwiugs. Head, sides of breast, and abdomen are a yellowish red, instead of 
vermilion red. 

The white spots on the liindwings are small; one of my specimens, labelled 
" Himalaya," to which Distant referred in his liliop. Mai., has the cellular mark 
reduced to a short streak. 

ITah. Caeliar ("and ]irobably the neigljlionring districts) (3 cJ). 

(c): P. doubledayi sambilaug^a Dolierty \_S, ?]. 

P'l/iilio doublfdaii var. s-iniliihiixjii Doherty. Joiirn. As. Snc. Bemj. p. 2t').'i. ii JO (IHSC) (fireiit 
Nicohar : rather common). 

■\Vhite postcellular s|iot to the hindwings very short ; marginal s[iot at llic end 
of the lower median vein large and orange-red ; the next marginal sjiot joineil to the 
submarginal one, as in P. rhodifer Hull. 

In the female the tails are shorter and broader than in the male. 

Hob. Great Nicobar. 

(</) : P. doubledayi delianus l-Vnhst. 

PapiUo douhledai/i, Hageu (««■ Wallace, IHG."!), Iri.-: II. p. 21. n. 14 (l.s'.U) (Sumatra). 
Pupilio i!niiblif(Ifn/i Wallace var. delianus Fruhstorfer, K/it. A'l/.Ar. p. 19l) (1895) (Sumatra). 

Bodv of a much yellower tint than in douhledayi Wall., being orange instead of 
red. (Vllular sjjot to the hindwings much reduced, as in /'. doidiledrnii cacliarensia 
Butl. ; middle discal spots small, the anterior one absent from the upperside. 
Marginal spots at the extremities of the two lower median branches as in doiMedayi 
Wall.: submarginal mark in the upper median cellule not marked above ; below, it 
staniis separate from the marginal spot. 

Hah. Sumatra (1 (?, 1 ?). 

This form flies in the hills of the nortli-western ]iarts of Sumatra : in tlie south- 
west it is replaced by tv)>ical P. coon Fabr. 

11'. Papilio rhodifer I'.ntler [(?,?]. 

I'lil.ilio rh'idifi'i- Rntler, KnI. Mik Miuj. XIII. p. .''iT (1«7<",) (Andaman Is.): Moore, P. Z. S. 
p. .W2 (1S77) (Andaman Is.) ; Obertli.. Ef. d' Ent. IV. p. 45. n. 63 (1870) (Pt. Blair) ; Wood- 
Mas., .luvrn. .-l.s. .S'rtc Bcng. p. 240. n. 73 (1K80) (Andaman Is.) ; id. & Nicc'v., I.e. p. 2.53. n. W 
(18K1) (Andaman Is. ; descr. of ? ) ; Stauding. & Schatz, Kjiot. ScJinwft. I. p. fi. f. 3 (J) 
(1884) (Andaman Is.) ; Haa,se, Uiitersiich lib. Mini. p. 2G. t. G. f. 40 (1893) (Andaman Is.). 

The spots of the hindwings \-arv in size; the cellular mark reaches sometimes 
to the apex of the cell, while in other individuals it does not extend beyond the base 
of the lower median vein; the spot liehind the cell is almost twice as large in some 
specimens as in others ; mostly there are on the upjierside four white spots round the 
apical half of tlie cell ; sometimes, however, there appear two small spots between 
the second median and lower discoidal nerviiles, and a third one in front of the 
subcostal vein. The two marginal spots, which stand at the ends of the second and 
third median branch, are merged together witii the respective submarginal markings. 
\| ex cpf tail red. 

II, d,. .Andaman Islands fl.5 c?, 1 ?), 


( 255 ) 
i:-). Papilio neptunus Gufir. [c?,?]. 

Pii/iili(j tir/ilidins Gui'-rin, lii r Zuul. p. 43(I8iil)(JIal. Pen.) ; id., in Delessert's Suae. Votj. Ind. II. p. ij'.l 
(1843) (nhdom. aJkii. !l; Doubl. Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. I. p. 10. n. 40 (1841!) 
(Malacca) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. .U. I. p. 15. ii. ."i9 (185-2) (Malacca); id., List Lep. Ins. B. M. 
I. p. I'.l. n. 03 (l.s5i;) (Malacca ; Borneo) ; Feld., Verh. z. h. Ops. Wien p. 32fi. n. 481. & p. 374. 
n. 285 (18G4) (Peuang : Malacca ; Borneo) ; Wall., Tr. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 42. n. 22 
(18(;5) (Malacca : Borneo) ; Druce, P. Z. S. p. 357. n. 8 (1873) ; Oberth., Et. d'Ent. IV. p. 45. 
n. 62 (1879)(Penang| ; Standing. & Schatz, E,;,t. Sclimett. I. p. 6(1884); Dist, Rliop. Mai. 
p. 335. n. .3. t. .33. f. 5 ( J). 6 ( ? ) (1885) (Mai. Pen.). 

Pa/iilio satiirnns, Gui'rin, in Deless. Voy. Inrl. II. t. ID (1843) (err. Iijpngr.). 

Piiliilin tlieh/a Guen.'e, /.,=/'■ Mus. Genhr. p. <). 10. t. 1. f. 5 (1878) ; Oberth.. Et. d'Enl. IV. p. 113. 
n. 62 bis (18711) (Borneo). 

•(«): P. neptunus Gu«-., forma typ. [<?,?]. 

In Delessert's Souv. Voy. Ind. the plates 19 and 20 are erroneously lettered 
satumus (19) and ne.ptunus (20) res[)ectively, instead oVneptunus (19) and mtv.rnim 
(20). 

The number of spots composing the red patch on the hindwings is inconstant ; 
below, the spots are much dusted with black scales. The specimens with two red 
spots only are Hagen's sumatramw. 

(a-): ab. sumatranus Hagen. 
Pa/iilio nepimms var. siimutraiiiis Hagen, Iris VII. p. 21. n. 13 (189-t) (Sumatra). 

This aberration is not confined to Sumatra, lint seems to be there the usual form. 
//(('). .Malay Peninsula; Sumatra (1 S ) ; Borneo (7 c^, 9 ? ). 

{0): P. neptunus fehri Hour. [cf,?]. 

Papilio mpltimis, Kbeil (nee Gm'-rin, 184U), liliop. Xias p. 315. n. 138 (1884) (Nias). 
Papilio neptunus var. feliri Honrath, Berl. Enl. Zcit. p. 432 (1891) (Xias). 

White bands of the forewings strongly .suffused with black. 

The red patch on the forewings consists above mostly of two spots only, which 
are rather small, and vary in colour from red to buflf. 

Hah. Nias Island (1 c?, 3 ? ). 

III. NOX-GROUP. 
Anal valves oi male normal. Abdominal fold of nude large, including a cottony 
scent-organ. Both sexes tailless. Legs similar to those of the preceding group, but 
hind tibiae of male less thickened and fourth tar.^al joint longer. 

A. Abdominal fold of c^ (when wholly expanded) with a fringe of long hairs. 
a. Abdomen yellowish or red at tlie sides and below. 

44. Papilio priapus I'.oisd. [J,?]. 

cJ ?. Papilio priapus Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. I. p. 190. n. 3 (183(5) (Java) ; De Haan, Verh. 
Nat. Gesch. Ned. urer-. bez. p. 23. t. 2. f. 1 ( J ) (1840) ("Pontianak, Borneo " loc. err.) : Donbl. 
Westw. & Hew., Gen. Dinrn. Lep. I. p. 10. n. 27 (1846) (Java) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. .V. I. 
p. 12. n. 43 (1852) (Java) ; VoUenhov., Tijrlsrhr. r. Ent. III. p. 72. n. 2 (1800) ("Pontianak, 
Borneo" loc. err.) ; Feld., Verh. z. b. Ges. Wicn p. 325. n. 471. & p. 373. n. 280 (1804) (Java : 
ner Borneo, nee Sumatra); Wall., Tr. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 47. n. 40 (1805) (Java; 
nee Borneo, nee Sumatra) ; Oberth., Et. tl'Ent. IV. p. 34. n. (1879) (Java : " .'ipecimen 
typicum," ^) ; Haase, rntersueh. iib. Mint. p. 27. t. 0. f. 42 (?) (189:!) (Java : nee [Jorneo. 
nee Sumatra). 

This species does certainly not occnr in Borneo (cf. De Haan, I.e.) ; if there is 
any representative in Borneo, it will most jirnbablv be more closely allied to sycorax 
Urose Smith than to prinpvK Koisd. 


(".) : P. priapxis r«'i-(l.. forma tyi>. [J, ?]. 

Ilab. \y. Java (4 cJ, ? ). 

The spots within the creamy baiul of tlio liiiuhvings vary much in size; tho 
rnnle has mostly three, the fenidh four spots. The amount of black on the underside 
of the abdomen is also inconstant. 

(6): P. priapus dilutus Fruhst. [J, 5]. 

J $ . PnpHio (tiluhia Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nnchr. p. I(i9 (1895) (E. Java). 

Wings paler, abdomen much more extended black, than in the typical race. 
Hub. E. .lava (oOOO fcot). 

45. Papilio sycorax (Jrose iSmith [J,?]. 

Pnpilio prhqms, Gray (nee Boisduval, lM:ili), fj.il l.qi. Jus. B. M. I. p. 14. n. 4" (ISfil!) (Sumatra : 

thin species according h> the ^specimens in t/ie Bnlislt Mtt>ieum'). 
? . PapiOt) ai/rom-T Grose Smith, f:»f. Mo. .Uag. XXI. p. 247 (188;')) (Sumatra) ; Dist., Hho/,. Mai. 

p. 468. n. 29. t. 42. f. 10 ( ? ) (1886) (Perak). 
? . PapiVw egerkmi DisUnt, .4»k. .\/ag. N. fl. (5). XVII. p. 251 (1886) (Perak). 
(J J . Papilio (Pangeruiia) sycorax, Nict'ville, Journ. Bombay N. II. Soc. p. 54. t. M. f. 1 ( (J ) (189.3) 

(Sumatra). 
<J ? . Papilio sycorax, Hagen, Iris VII. p. 23. n. 23 (1894) (Sumatra ; descr. of ^). 

Abdomen yellowish buff, with small black liiteral .spots. 

The wings have a peculiar greenish gloss, which sometimes assumes a more 
bluish green tint. 

My Perak specimen (from Distant's coll.) is somewhat darker than my Sumatran 
individuals, but, considering the differences of the Sumatran specimens inter se, it 
cannot be kept under a subspecific name. 

liab. Sumatra (1 J, 3 ?); Malacca (1 ? ). 

4(i. Papilio hageni Kogenh. [J,?]. 

(J. Pajnlio hageni Rogenhofer, Verh. z. h. Ges. Wien p. 1 (1889) (Sumatra). 

?. Papilirt (Pangerana) hageni, Nici'ville, Journ. Boniliag .V. //. Soc. p. 55. t. .M. f. 2 (?) 

(Sumatra). 
(J. Papilio (Pangerana) hageni. Nic^ville, Journ. As. Soc. Heng. p. 4.'i. n. 39. t. 4. f. (1894). 
S ? . Papilio hageni. Hagen, /.« VII. p. 24. n. 24 (1894) (Battak Jits., Sumiitra). 

This species represents 7-". ayeorwt in the mountainous regions of Sumatra. It 
is ea.sily distinguished from either sycorax or priapiis by the breast and abdnmcn 
being red instead of buffi.sh yellow. 

Hah. Sumatra (Batl.-ik Mountains) (1 6). 

47. Papilio semperi P'eld. [<?,?]. 

(?). Papilio jupiler Boisduval, Bull. Sor. ICnI. France p. 39 (1861) (Horn. »i!/rf.). 
? . Papilio semperi FeUler, Wien. Enl. Mon. V. p. 297. n. 1 (1861) (Luzon). 
J. Papilio semperi Felder, I.e. VI. p. 282. n. 32 (1862). 
(^ ? . Papilio .lemjjeri Felder, Verh. ::, b. Ocs. Wifu p. 325. n. 468 (1864) (Luzon) : id., Ileise Xorara, 

Lep. I. p. 131. n. 97. t. 20. f. a (<?). b ( ? ) (1865) (Luzon) : Wall., Tr. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. 

p. 42. n. 21 (1865) (Luzon) : Stauding. X- Schatz, Exot. Schmetl. I. p. 9. t. 5(cJ) (1884) ; Haase, 

Untersuch. lib. Mim. p. 27 (1893). 
J. Atrophanexira erythrosoma Reakirt, Tr. Ent. Soc. Phil. p. 447. n. 2 (1864) (" Philippines "). 
cJ S . Papilio (Atrophaneura) semperi, Semper, Philipp., Tag/alt. p. 272. n. 399. t. 47. f. 1 (?) 

( 1892) (Luzon : Polillo ; nee caet. Ins. Philipp.). 

This conspicuous insect inhabits all the islands of the Philippine group, including 
Palawan ; from the latter locality only one fenuile has as yet been received. Whilst 


tlie 'inali'-s ilo not vnrv according to locality, \\\p female sex has developed into fonr 
forms, so that we have to divide semperi into as many subspecies : — 

(ii) : P. semperi PVld. from Luzon and Polillo ; 

(6) : P. seinperl siipernotntiis m. from Samar, Bohol, jNIindanao, and the adjacent 
smaller islands ; 

(c) : P. semperi alhofasciatus Semper from Panay and Mindoro ; 

{(l): P. semperi melanotus Standing, from Palawan. 

in): P. semperi Feld., forma typ. [<^,?]. 

S . As in all subspecies of semperi, the number and size of the s[iots on the 
under.side of tlie hindwiugs vary rather much. 

9. The markings of the hindwings are feebly indicated on the upperside. 
Hah. Luzon (8 cJ, 3 ?); Polillo. 

('') : P. semperi supernotatus subsp. nov. [<J,?] 

J J. Piijnlin (Alrv/i/iaiieuru) sriiiperi, Semper (««■ Felder, 1801), Pliiliji/i., Tiii/full. p. 272. n. 399 
iji./i). t. 47. f 2. 3 (5 ) (1892) (Sam.ir : Bohol ; Mindanao : Camiguiu : Pan.ion ; Siargao). 

(?. Not different from typical semperi Feld. 

?. Forewiugs paler than in semperi; hindwings with the markings of the 
underside also more or less developed on the upperside, but of a reddish white colour. 
According to Semper, the specimens from Bohol and Samar have the posterior portion 
of the outer margin of the hindwings (from the anal angle to the second discoidal 
nervule) dirty white, which is seldom the case in the Mindanao individuals ; in the 
latter the markings of the upperside are also larger. Most probably the ^lindanao, 
Camiguin, Panaon, etc., examples form a fifth subspecies. 

Hah. P>ohol ftyjie. 1 ?); Samar; INIindanao ('^ S,2 ?); Panaon; Camiguin; 
Siargao. 

(c): P. semperi alhofasciatus Semper [f^,?]. 

?. Pfijiilio (Atroplidnenra) si'iiij}eri var. alhtifasc/ata Semper, l.r. p. 273. sub ii, 399 (1892) (Panay ; 

Jlindoro). 
(^ ?. PiqiiUo semperi var. alhiifiisciatns Staudinger, Iris VII. p. .349 (1895) (Mindoro). 

cJ. Identical with typical .semperi Feld. 

?. Forewings with a broad white macular band; hindwings similar to those of 
fnipenioi'tUis m. 

Hah. Panay; ."Mindoro (1 S.\ ?). 

(d): P. semperi melanotus Standing. [J,?]. 

? . Pa/iilvi semperi var. mehinnlux Staudinger, Iris II. p. 1? (1889) (Palawan), 
c?. I'nknown. 

?. Thorax and abdomen black above; otherwise similar to typical semperi. 
Hah. Palawan (1 ? , in coll. Staudinger). 

48, Papilio aidoueus Douhl. [<J,?]. 

f^. /'ajiiliu aUlfineas Doubleday, Ann. Mat/. X. H. XVI. p. 178 (184")) (Himalaya) : id. Westw, 
& Hew,, Gen. Dhirn. Lej,. I. p, 9. n. 13 (I84C) ; Gray, Cal. Lep. Ins. Ii. ,1/. I, p, 8, n, 29 (1852) : 
id,. Lid Lep. /h,«. /;, ,1/, I, p, 9, n, 32 (1856) ; Feld,, Verh. :. b. Ges. »'<>« p, 32o, n, 4(57 (18G4), 

?, Pa/n/io eriiiileum Oberthur. El. d'Knt. IV. p, .33 n, f,. t, 3, f, I (1879) (Darjeeling) : id,. I.e. 
XVII, p, 1 (189.3) (Tonkin), 

? . Papilio eriolcuca, Nict-ville, Journ. As. Sue. Beiig. p, 98, n, 25() (1883) (Calcutta : de,'!cr, of ?), 

cJ ? , Papilio (Pangerana) erioleuca, Wood-Mason & Niceville, ibid. p. 375. n. 178 (188(5) (Cacliar), 


(258; 

J ? . /'ajiilio ahloufiis, Elnes, Tr. Lnl. Sue. Land. p. 423. n. 396 (1888) (Sikkim : not uncommon 
at 2000 to 3000 feet, from April to November : P. eriulfiiea Obertli. = m'tluiieus Doubl.) : 
Slanders, ibUI. p. 535. n. 18G (1890) (Shan States : not an uncommon sjiecies). 

J ?. Pujiilio (Pangerand) aidomus, Nicgville, Gazetteer of Sikkim p. 170. n. 461 C1894) (Sikkim ; 
rarer than astorion Westw., up to 3000 feet, from April to November). 

^Ir. KIwes was the first to recognise the identity of erioleuca Obertli. and 
aiilonevs Doubl. 

The hairs of the front of the head are sometime.s partly black. The speciiiu'u.- 
froin the Shan States, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Kumaon do not differ from each other. 

This is the only specie.s of Ea.stern Papilios which has the underside of the 
abdominal fold covered with a similar kind of scaling as we met with in Tni'xks 
Jliilm. (see p. 19.')). 

Hub. Kumaon (2 <?, 1 ? ; July 1893, Pilcher %) ; (Nepaul, probably) ; Sikkim 
14 J, 6 ?); Bhutan (4 6,\ S); Xaga Hills (1 <?, 1 ?); Shan States {2S). 

h. .Widomen black, with the tip red below. 

49. Papilio kiihni Honr. [c?,?]. 

J?. Papilio kiihni Honrath, Berl. Knt. Zritsch. XXX. p. 294. t. 6. f. 1 (cj). l.i ( ? ) (1886 
(Tombugu, E. Celebes). 

Both sexes have a large di.scal carmine-red spot on the underside of the hind- 
wings, between the anal angle and the second disooidal vein. 

Hah. E. Celebes (in coll. Godman it S.-ilvin and II. .1. .\dainsj. 

B. .Margin of ilie abdominal fold of r? (when wholly f.\]ianded) with a fringe 
of long hairs. 

c. Abdomen black, or red only at the tip. Ba.-al partition of the subcostal 
nervure to hindwings short. 

50. Papilio nox Swains, [c?,?]. 
Popilio nox Swainson, Zonl. Ilhistr. III. t. 102 ( J ) (1822-23) (.Java) : Horsf.. Git. L.^,. Iim. .^fus. 
E. I. C. I. t. 1. f. 15 (1828) : Boisd., Spee. Girt. Up. I. p. 277. n. 100 (IKSC.) (.Tava ; (J, ? ) : 
De Haan, Verh. Xat. Gesch. Ned. oeei-z. bez. p. 41 (1840) (.liiva ; nee Borneo): Doubl. 
Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurii. Lep. I. p. 9. n. 12 (184()) (.lava ; nee Penang) : Lucis, in 
Chenu's Eiic. d'Hist. Xat., Pap. t. 7 (1851-53) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 8. n. 28 
(1852) (.wi synou.) : id., Lint Lep. Ins. B. }[. I. p. 9. n. 31 (185G) (mbfijnon.) ; Horsf. i<- Moore, 
Cat. Lep. Ins. iluf. E. I. C. I. p. 89. n. 180 (1857) (Java : aynnn. ex p.) ; VoUenhov., Tijdselir. 
r. Eld. III. p. 80. n. 80 (1860) (.Java : mc Borneo) : Feld., Verh. ;. b. Ges. Wifn p. 32;".. n. 460 
(1864) (.lava; nee Penang) : Wall., Tr. Linn. Sue. LmuL XXV. p. 41. n. 17 (ISG.'i) (.lava: 
nee Penang) ; Westw., Tr. Ent. Soe. Land. p. 91-93. t. 4. f. 1 (^J) (1872) ; Obertb., Et. d'Ent. 
IV. p. ,33. n. 2 (1879) (Java) ; Standing. & Schatz, E.mt. Sehmetl. I. p. 9 (1884) ; Pagenstecb., 
Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. p. 100. n. 143 (1890) (E. Java) : H.i.Tse, I'niermch. iib. Mim. p. 28 
(1893) (Java ; ne.c Penang). 

$ . Papilio memereiis Godart, Eiie. Miih. IX. Suppl. p. 809. n. 12. 13 ( 1823). 

Papilio ueesins Zinken, Nm-a Act. Ac. Nat. Cur. XV. p. 152. n. 7. t. 14. f. 4 (1831) (Java). 

This and the allied species, iioctWa, erebus, voctis, can be separated as follows: — 
A. Males. 

ri. I'pperside black, with a faint niotalHc blue gloss; forewings brownish at 

apex ; hindwings indented. P. nox Swains. ; .lava. 

/). Forewings beyond cell, and hindwings with a beautiful cyanid blue gloss; 
forewings with naiTow whitish streaks at the lower subcostal, the 
discoidal, and the upper median nervules ; outer margin of iiindwings 
scarcely sinuate. P. iioctvlft Westw. ; Horneo. 


( 259 ) 

c. Similar to aoctula Westw. iu colour ; forewings narrower, outer margin 

of hindwings almost entire ; oval red mark of the head smaller. 

P. erebus Wall. ; Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo. 

d. Korewings velvety black, with a blue gloss towards anal angle ; hindwings 

dark steel-blue ; collar and sides of the mesosternum much less extended 
red than in erehihs. P. noctis Hew. ; Borneo. 

li. Feiiudes. 

a. Upperside brown; forewings whitish between aiicx and discoidal cell. 

P. nox Swains. 

b. l'i)iierside brown; lioth wings with narrow, adnervular, whitish .-^treaks. 

P. noctula Westw. 

c. I'pperside of forewings brown, with adner\ular white streaks in apical 

region ; hindwings opalescent blue. P. erebus Wall. 

d. Ujiperside brown ; ner\ules margined with diity white in apical region 

of the forewings; hindwings with creamy buft' marginal band, much 
dusted witli brown scales, and including a series of submarginal, inter- 
nervular, brown spots. P. '/loctis Hew. 

In P. nox Swains, the anal valves of the nude are more or less red ; sometimes 
they look quite black, but the red hairs are always visible under a lens. 

Hab. Java (10 cJ,6 ? ). 

•31. Papilio noctula Westw. [J,?]. 

J. Piqnli; mictnla Westwood. Tr. Ent. Sec. Loud. p. 00. t. 4. f. 3 (1872) (Borneo). 

$ . PaiiiUii strU Westwood, Ix. p. 92. t. 4. f. 4 (1872) (Borneo). 

cJ 5 . Pdjiilid niictuki, Kii-by. Syn. Cat. Diii.ni. Lcp. Suppl. p. 813. n. 378 (1877). 

The adnervular streaks of the /ema/e are in West wood's figure too broad, and the 
ground-colour of the wings is much too black. The anal valves of the tiude have 
sometimes red scales. 

Ihih. Borneo (6 (?, 3 $). 

b->. Papilio erebus Wall. [<?,?]. 

% . Piijdliii mix var., De Ha:in, Vcrh. Xat. Gcscli. Xed. oeer::. her., p. 41. t. f>. f. 'A (1840 ) (Banjermassing. 
Borneo). 

Papilio nux, Doubl. Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lrp. I. p. 9. n. 12 (184U) (Penang : nee Java) ; 
Gray, tW(. Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 8. n. 2(S (18.')2) (Penang ; si/ztou. exp.) ; id., List Lep. Ins. B. M 
T. p. 9. n. 31 (185G) (Penang : s//»iO)i. cc^a) ; VoUenhov., Tijilschr. i: Ent. III. p. 80. n. 80(lKi3O) 
(Borneo; nee Java); Feld., 1'cr/i. :. b. Ges. Wien p. 325. n. 4i)9 (1864) (Penang; m-v 
Java); Wall., Ti: Linn. Soc. Lund. XXV. p. 41. n. 17 (1805) (Penang: me Java): Haasc, 
Untersucli. iih. Mint. p. 28 (1893) (Penang ; «<c Java). 

J. Papiliu tre6«.i Wallace, Tr. Linn. Sue. Lund. XXV. p. 41. u. 19 (18lJo) (Malacca : Borneo): 
Westw., Tr. Ent. Soe. Land. p. 91-93 (1872). 

tJ 5 . Ptipilio erebn.'i, Oberthilr, Et. d'Ent. IV. p. HI. n. 3 bis (1879) (Sumatra) ; Diat., Rliup. Mai. 
p. 334. n. 1. t. 31. f. 1 (cJ). 2 ( ? ) (1885) (Mal. Pen. ; first descr. & fig. of ^) : Hagen, Iris 
VII. p. 26. n. 25. t. 1. f. 2 (/.) (1894) (Sumatra). 

Distant (J.c.) says that " I'rof. Westwood also gave a description of what he 
considered the female of P. erebus as ' black above ' which, with other characters 
enumerated, do not apply to the species." If we compare, however, what ^\'estwood 
(I.e.) says on page 91 about the female of ei-ebus, of which that sex was alone known 
at the time, it is quite clear that Westwood's erebiis was indeed this species. 

In Dr. Staudinger's collection are two feiitales from S.E. Borneo, which are 
distinguished bj" the anal region of the forewings having a distinct bluish opalescent 
gloss, which in my Malaccan specimens is visible (uot always) only on the submedian 


( 2U0 ) 

nei\ule, and bv the iieivules of the hindwings below being scarcely bordered with 
butSsh white scales. The streaks of the forewings are rather white and broad, 
es))e(ially near the apex of the cell. 

A Bornean male in my collection agrees with Malaccan tiinlex, but is rather larger. 

Hah. Malay Peninsula (3 tj, 8 ?): Sumatra (2 d", 2 ?); Borneo (1 6). 

53. Papilio noctis Hew. [J,?]. 

J . l'a/,ilio iioclii Hewitsoii, /'. X. S. p. 42:!. t. Iji!. f. 5. 6 (18;)9) (Borneo) ; Feld., Ver/i. =. b. Ces. 

WicH p. 32.'i. n. 470 (IHM) (exd. of sijium.). 
J ? Papilio nociis Wallace. Ti: Linn. Soc. Loiul. .\XV. p. 41. ii. IS. I. b. f. 1 (J) (18(55) (Sarawak; 
Borneo) : Westw., Tr. Enl. S.,c. Lo,ui. p. 91-'.I3. t. 4. f. 2 ((J). 5 (?) (1872) : Obei-th., IX 
d'Enl. IV. p. 33. n. 3 (1879) (Borneo) ; Standing. & Schatz, fxof. Scluiielt. I. p. 9 (1884). 
cJ. The hindwiugs are decidedly .shorter and rounder than in P. erebus Wall., 
I lie discoidal veins being obviously shorter than in that species; the forewings ai'e 
liroader. In the colom- of the wings both species are similar to one another, noctis 
being of a feebly darker steel-blue tint than erebn.9. 

P. noctida has a much richer blue gloss than noctis, and shows buftisli adnervular 
streaks in the apical region of the forewings. 

?. Forms in pattern a kind of transition to P. }>rUqjusar\d allies. 
Hub. Borneo (2 J, 6 ?). 

d. .Abdomen pale red at the sides and below. 

54. Papilio varuna White [cJ,?]. 

Pai>ino ,ara™ white, Entomol. I. p. 280 (? ) (1842, March) (Penang) : Doubl. Westw. .'i Hew., 
Gm. Diwii. Leji. I. p. 9. u. 11 (184i!) ; Cray, Cat. Le/,. Jns. B. .1/. I. p. 8. n. 27 (18,n2) (Penang : 
nee Sylhet) ; id.. List Leji. lus. B. U. I. p. 9. n. 30 (185G) (Penang ; nee Sylhet) : Wall., Ti: 
Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 42. n. 20 (186.t) (Penang : >wc Sylhet) : Butl., Ti: Linn. Soc. Lond. 
(2). Zool. I. p. .')03. n. 20 (1K77) (Malacca) ; Distant, /M"//. Mai. p. 334. n. 2. t. 31. f. 3 ((J). 
4(?) (1886) (Mai. Pen.). 

The North Indian and .Malaccan specimens of this species, whicli are usually 
treated as the same, exhibit in lioth sexes some differences, which render it necessary 
to keep the Malaccan varuivi and the North Indian astorion subspecifically separate. 

(((): P. varuna White, fonna typ. [cf,?]. 

S. Forewings below with white .streaks in the outer region, especially towards 
the anal angle, which are seldom visibly indicated in the following race. 

?. Ground-colour of the wings darker than in astorion; the white area in the 
anal region of the forewings is of a much purer white colour, and more extended. 

Hab. Malay Peninsula (2 (J, 1 ?). 

The ranges of varuna and astorion are sejiarated by a large district (Tenasserim, 
Burma, .'^han States), where the species has not been found. 

(b): P. varuna astorion Westw. [(?,?]. 

(J. Painliu (Mto/-iw( Westwood, .!««. .\t.;j. .V. //. IX. p. 37 (1842) (Sylhet) : id., Are. Enl. II. p. 09. 
t. 66. f. 1 (1844). 

? . Papilio clian, Westwood, I.e. p. 37 (1842) (Sylhet) ; id., Arc. Enl. II. p. 69. t. 66. f. 2 (1844). 

Papilio mruna, Gray, Cat. Lep. Im. B. M. I. p. 8. n. 27 (1852) (Sylhet ; nee Penang) ; id., /./.■.( 
Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 9. n. 30 (1856) (Sylhet : nn Penang) : Horsf. i* Moore, Cat. Lep. Jns. 
Mus. E. r. C. I. p. 98. n. 199 (1857) (Darjceling) : Feld., Verh. z. b. Geo. Wini p. .'525. n. 466 
(1864) (India sept.); WaU., Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 42. n. 20 (1865) (Sylhet: iicc 
Penang): Moore, /'. Z. .S. p. 756 (1865) ("Bengal"): Oberth., El. d' Enl. XVIT. p. 1 
(1893) (Tonkin). 


( •■iiil ) 

(J ?. Pa/il/U> asUtriuii Oliorthiir, hU. il' KnI. IV. p. 33. n. 4 (IKT'.I) (Sylhet) : Nice'v., Jouni. As. Sue. 

Benij. p. o9 (1881) (Sikkim. October) ; Elwes, T,: Knl. So,: Loud. p. 422. n. 395 (1888) 

(Sikkim ; not uncommon in both se.xes at low elevations, and found up to 7(100 feet : April to 

December). 
Piijiiliii (Paitijeniiui) usturiun, Wood-Mas. & Nicev., Jnuni. As. Soc. IScnij. p. .'i7;'). n. 179 (188G) 

(Cachar) : Niccv., G":.etteir <>/ Sikkim p. 170. n. 400 (1894) (Sikkim ; common from April to 

December, up to 700O feet). 
Pamjeraiuc varuiuiy Swinhoe, 7V. Ent. Sue. LumI. p. 312. n. 379 (1893) (Khasia Hills). 

The amount of white on the forewinga is rather variable; some specimen.s are 
scarcely different in respect to the white patch from P. varana. On the hindwings 
there appear not seldoiri white scales on the disc about midway between the discoidal 
cell and the outer margin ; this white scaling increases sometimes so much as to 
form a white di.scal band, which outwardly is concave between the nervules and 
rather well defined, while it inwardly gradually shades otf. 

The abdominal fold of the male is the same as in vwniaa. 

Hah. Assam (1 S) ; Sikkim (8 <?, 8 ?) ; Naga Hills (13,2 ?) ; Tonkin. 

55. Papilio zaleucus Hew. [J,?]. 

J$. PapiViu :.alcucus Hewitson, i>-r Bull. III. Pofi. t. 7. f. 24(cJ). 2.5 (?) (1865): Moore, 
P. Z. S. p. 841 (1878) (Upp. Tenasserim) : Hajise, Untcrsnrh. iib. Mini. p. 28 (1893) (Burma) : 
Oberth., Et. d'Ent. XVII. p. 1 (1893) (Tonkin). 

J ? . Pajiiliu (Panyerana) zideucus, Elwes & Nicuville, Juum. An. Sue. Bciiy. p. 43(i. n. 134 (188ij) 
Ponsekai). 

S. The hindwings have mostly three triangular white patches, which incluile 
often a black spot each ; sometimes the patches have a reddish tint. 

? . The white patches are larger, broader, and mostly five in number. 
H(ib. Burma; I 'i)jier Tenasserim : f^han States (7 t?, 3 ?); Tonkin. 


IV. LATRKILLKI-GKOLP. 

Anal \al\es of nude normal ; abdominal fold and scent-organ strongly developed. 
Hindwings of both sexes elongate, with tails. 

In the form of the cell to the hindwings the species of this group come nearest 
to P. zaleucus, seinperi, prlapus, oAdoaeus, etc. ; in 7-". nox and allies the basal 
partition of the subco-stal nervure is much shorter than in the other species of the 
/io,«-group and in the species of the present group. 

5G. Papilio latreillei Don. [(?,¥]. 

Pajtiliu lalniilil Donovan, .\'<tt. Iti/w.-^. II. t. 140 (I82G) (Xepaul) : Kirby, Si/n. Cat. Diuni. Lej). 

p. 554. n. 2.34 (1871) : Standing. & Schatz, Exot. Sc/iiaell. I. p. 9 (1884) ; Elwes, Tr. Ent. Sue. 

Loud. p. 425. n. 399 (1888) (Sikkim : not uncommon at 7000 to 9000 feet ; dense forest, where 

it flies high over the tops of the trees : April to July or August). 
Piqiiliu iiliilujienus ? , BoLsduval, Spec. (leu. Liji. I. p. 205. n. 88 (183(i). 
Papilio miuereu.'i Gray, Zoul. -l//.sf. p. 32 (1831) (Nepaul) : Doubl. Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diuni. 

hep. I. p. 9. n. 16 (1846) ; Gray, Lep. Inx. Xepunl. p. 5. t. 1 (IH4G) ; Westw., Cab. Or. Ent. 

p. 81. t. 40. f. 1 (1848) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. /«.s. B. .V. I. p. 9. u. 32 (1852) (Nepaul) ; id., List Lep. 

Ins. B. M. I. p. 10. n. 35 (1H56) (N"epaul) ; Horst. & Moore, Cat. Lep. fus. .l/«.s. E. I. C. I. 

p. 97. n. 197 (1857) (Darjeeling) ; Feld., Verh. :. b. Ges. Wien p. 325. n. 47.S (1804). 
Pupilio (Bi/asa) latreitlii, Niccvillc, Gazetteer of Sikkim p. 171. n. 4l)5 (1894) (Sikkim; 7000 to 

9000 feet ; thick, high forest, March to August). 

The three white patches on the disc of the hindwings vary considerably i" size; 
they are always larger in the feiimle than in the iiMle. I'Ue females have often an 


( 262 ) 

additional .sjiot in front of tlie second discoidal nervule, and always another mark at 
the anal angle, which i,s seldom indicated above in the other sex. In one of mv 
males the tail is rather thin, and scarcely narrowed towards the base ; the spot at the 
apex of the tail is very feebly marked aliove in this specimen. Between the subcostal 
and the upper discoidal nervules there stands sometimes a white subniarginal sjjot 
on the imderside of the hindwings in the male; in the female this spot is alwavs 
present below, and in some individuals also above. 

The scent-organ of the male is creamy white. 

Hab. Nepau! : Sikkim (G cJ, 4 ?). 

In the Felder collection there is one male of this species labelled .Mus»oree ; the 
locality label of this specimen belongs most probably to that individual of P. ravaim 
.Moore in the Feld. coll. which bears the label " Daijeeling, Stoliczkn," while the 
latter label belongs to the " Mussoree " e.xample of latreMei 

o7. Papilio crassipes Oberth. [c?]. 

J. Pajiilio erasxipen Oberthiir, Et. (VEnt. XVII. p. 2. t. 4. f. 38. 38a {^) (1893) (Tonkin). 

In the shape of the hindwings this insect comes close to P. lalreillei Don.: in 
the position of the submarginal spots of the hindwings it agrees with latreillei Don. 
and alcinous Klug. The short and feebly spatulate tails bear, as in lalreillei, a 
red spot; the scent-organ of the male is white, as in that species; but there are 
no discal white markings to the hindwings. The thickened hinder tiliiae are not 
peculiar to P. crassipes Oberth. ; we find them in pkiloxenus Gray, and especially 
in alcinous Klug, alcinous menciiLS Feld., polydm-us L., and se\eral other species, 
though in crassipes the hind tibiae seem to be rather thicker than in any other 
Papilio. 

Hab. Tonkin. 

58. Papilio adamsoni (J rose Smith [cJ,¥.] 

cJ. Papilio adamxoiii Grose Smith, Ann. May. N. U. (.5). XVIII. p. 149 (1886, August) (Saluuii K.. 

Shan States) ; id. & Kirby, lihop. Exot. I. Paii. p. II. t. 5. f. 3. 4 (1888). 
(J J. Papiliu (Ihjusa) minereoides Elwes & Nici'ville, Jmnii. As. Sw. lienij. LV. p. 43;"). n. I.i3. 

t. 20. f. 2. -.ib (tj). 3 ( ? ) (1887 ; the paper read in .\orember 188f)) (Sinbyoodine and Ponsekai). 

Smaller and darker than P. latreillei Don. ; the hindwings are sliorti-r and tlieir 
outer margin more scalloped ; the tails are without a red spot ; the ba.sil half of the 
hindwings is broader than in latreillei; the di.-cal white spots are mostly reddish 
wlute ; they vary in number from three to five ; the anterior one standing before the 
second discoidal nervule is often joined to the corresponding submarginal mark. The 
female is much paler above than the iiiale, as is generally the case in the species of 
this group. 

Hab. Shan States of Burma and Siam (C> S). 

P. adamsoni bears a striking resemblance to P. aristolochiae Fabr. As both 
species belong to the nauseous Papilios, the similarity in [latteni cainiot be accounted 
for by mimicry : we have here certainly a beautiful case of parallel de\elopment. 

59. Papilio ravana Moore [(J,?]. 

Papilio philoxetma vslt., We-stwood, Cab. Or. Ent. p, SI. t. 40. f . 4 ( ? ) (1848) (Hab.';): Gray, 
Cat. Ltp. lux. li. .1/. I. p. 9. sub n. 31 (1852) ("Northern India") ; id., List /.(•/-. Im. B. M. I. 
p. 10. sub n. 34 (1850) ("N. India"). 


( 263 ) 

Papilio ravuna Moore, in Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lej). Ins. .l/»s. E. I. C. I. p. 96. n. I'Jii (1857) 
(" Darjeeling " loc. err. ? ; ho dcscrijition ; WestwooiVs figiirr must, therefore, he regarihd an ty/ie) : 
Feld., Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien p. 3-25. n. 475 (18tU) ("Darjeeling" hr. err.?) ; Elwes, Tr. F.nt. 
Soc. Land. p. 423. n. 397 (1888) (the eviJence of the occurrence of this species in Sikkim is 
doubtful). 

Bi/fisa rarmui Moore, P. Z. S. p. 259 (1882) (N.W. Himalaya). 

PiipHio {Byasii) rarana, Nici'ville, Gazetteer nf Sikkim p. 171. n. 4(i3 (1894) (the occiiirdiice in 
Sikkim is doubtful). 

As this insect is coustautly dift'ereut from P. phlloxenan, especially in the 
position of the large white patcli on the hindwings, it represents certainly a distinct 
species. 

c?. Upperside, hinchvings: the wliite spot between the snbcostal and upper 
discoidal nervules is often very small or even absent ; on the disc between the lower 
median veins there is in one example a small reddish white mark above, half-way 
between the cell and the submarginal lunule ; another specimen has, moreover, a 
small anal .spot; the geminate spot at the apex of the tail is very small and 
sometimes obliterated. 

Underside: some specimens have a small white submarginal spot behind the 
costal margin ; besides the pinkish white anal mark there are mostly some discal 
spots, often forming a complete macular band which connects the large white patch 
between the di.scoidal veins with the anal spots ; in one individual the di.scal spot 
between the upper median and lower discoidal veins is merged together with the 
corre.sponding submarginal mark. The spots at the apex of the tail are always larger 
than above. 

? . Varies in a similar way as the male. The hindwings have above always 
a distinct anal mark, and besides mostly some discal markings, of which that before 
the upper median nervule is in two of my specimens joined to the submarginal mark. 
The underside of the abdomen is mostly as black as in P. philoxenus lama Oberth. 

//«?). Cashmere (Kulu ; 7 tj, 2 ?); Kumaon (1 ?); (Darjeeling; 1 ?,;Stoliczka 
ler/., coll. Felder). 

lly supposed Sikkim specimen is rather larger than those from Kulu. As no 
specimen of ravaiia has been found in Sikkim more recently, the occurrence of this 
.species in that country remains still doubtful (see P. latreillei Don.). 


CO. Papilio nevilli Wood-:SIas. [t^, ?]. 

Papilio rarana, Obcrthiir {nee Moore, 1857), Kt. d'Ent. IV. p. 43. n. 53 (1879) (China). 

Papilio newW; Wood-Mason, Ann. .Vag. N. 11. (5). IX. p. 105. n. 2 (1882) (Cachar) : Elwes, Tr. 

Ent. Sac. Land. p. 424. sub n. 397 (1888) (P. chentsong Oberth. = wriUi Wood-Mas.) ; Leech, 

Buttfrfl. eif China, etc. p. 543 (1893) (Western China ; large number of specimens : found in 

most of the localities visited by Mr. Leech's collectors). 
Pajnjiii {Panosinia) wriUi, Wood-Mason t*i Nic<?v., Jemrn. As. Sor. Benij. p. 374. n. 177. t. IT), f. 2. 

2a (cJ) (188C) (Silchar; Cachar). 
Papilio rhentsnng Oberthiir, El. d'Enl. XI, p. 13. t. 1. f. 1 ( J) (188C) (Yorkalo, W. China). 

Differs from P. rnvana Moore, especially in the absence of the red spot near 
the apex of the tail, and in the scent-organ of the male, which is blackish brown 
in ravana and creamy white in nevilli. 

The first white or reddish white submarginal spot on the upperside of the 
hindwings, standing behind the subcostal nervule, is sometimes absent or greatly 
reduced ; the large white mark is also variable in size, and so are the three posterior 
submarginal spots, of which the two last are wanting in a few specimens ; the spot 

2(1 


( 20.4 ) 

at the anal angle is seldom marked above, and also sometimes absent from the 
nnderside. In none of my (male) specimens are there discal sjKjts between the lower 
discoidal and second median nervules. 

Hab. Cachar; Western China (l.i <J). 

(il. Papilio philoxenus <iray [c?,? lar\;», pupa]. 

Popilio philoxfttiis Gray, Zanl. .lAV. p. 32 (1831) (Xepaul) ; id., fm. nf Xe/iaul t. 2 (1833) ; Boisd., 
Spec. Gin. Lip. I. p. 204. n. 88 (1836) (xi/non. p.]).; " mhifreiis Gray = ? of philnrenuK Gray" 
fx err.) : Doubl. Westw. & llev!.. Gen. Diiirn. Lep. I. p. 9. n. 14 (184r.) (X. India) : Gray, 
his. of.\r/,aul p. 5 (184fi) : Westw., Cob. Or. Ent. p. 81 (p-l>-)- '• '•0- f- 2. 3. 5 (1K48) (Assam ; 
Sylhet : Nepaul) : Gray, Cut. Lep. Ins. B. .U. I. p. !). n. 31 (18.52) (nee " var. c ") ; id., List Lep. 
his. Ji. M. T. p. 10. n. 34 (18.56) {nee " var. c") ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. his. Miis. E. I. C. 
I. p. 96. 11. 194 (1857) (Darjeeling : Clierra Punji) ; Feld., Verli. z. h. Ges. Wi/ii p. 325. n. 477 
( 1H(;4) (Darjeeling : Sylliet : Nepaul) ; Moore, /'. Z. S. p. 757 (1865) (Bengal) ; id., I.e. p. 840 
(1878) (Upp. TenaFserim) : Oberth., El. ,rEiit. IV. p. 43. n. 51 (1879) (Nep.aul) ; Nict^v., 
Journ. As. Soc. Beiifj. p. 53 (1881) (Sikkim, October) ; Standing. & Schatz. Eml. Hrhmett. I. 
p. 9. t. 5 (J) (1884) ; Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 42G. n. 401 (1888) [Sikkim : common, at 
the same elevations and in the same months as the last {ilusurdda Moore)] ; Munders, ihiti, 
p. 535. n. 187 (1890) (Shan States ; abundant and widely distributed) ; NictJv., Journ. Bombuy 
X. H. .SV. p. .387. n. 89 (1890) (Chin-Lushai) ; Oberth., Et. d'Ent. XVII. p. 2 (1893) 
(Tonkin). 
Byasa pliiloxeniis, Moore, P. Z. S. p. 259. t. 12. f. 5 (/.) 5a (/).) (1882) (X.W. Himalaya) ; Swinh., 

Tr. Ent. Soc. Lontl. p. 312. n. 381 (1893) (Khasia Hills). 
Pnpilio (Bi/asa) phihxenus, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. p. 13G. n. 229 (1886) (Kumaon) ; Elwcs 
* XicBV., ;/)(>«. p. 435. n. 132 (1886) (Ponsekai) ; Nicc'v., Gazetteer of Sild-im p. 171. n. 467 
(1894) (Sikkim ; common at the same elevations and times of the year a-s P. dasaradn 
Moore). 

Though Mr. Leech [Butterjl. of CIdmi, etc., p. .J38 (1893)] is (|iiite right in 
saying that the Chinese F. lama of Oberthiir is connected with the Indian 
P. jjhiloxenus Gray by a continuous chain of intergraduate specimens, I cannot 
agree with him in treating lama Oberth. as a mere synonym of philo.vAinus. The 
Chinese individuals are on the whole distinguishable by some slight characters, 
which render it necessary to keep lama separate from philoxenus as a subspecies. 
The jiresent insect has, therefore, two local forms, and occurs all over Western China, 
Thibet (iirobably), X.W. Himalaya, Korthern India, Burma, Tenasserim, Malay 
Peninsula, Siam, and Tonkin ; it has not been found in Central and Eastern China, 
or in the Central and Southern provinces of W. India. 

(a): P. philoxenus <iray, forma typ. [c?,?]. 

With the Indian subspecies of philoxenus I must unite as individual aberrations 
r. dasa/rcula Moore and P. pjolyeuctes Doubl., as it is impossible to draw parting 
lines between these three " species." P. p>hiloxenus Gray varies especially in the 
shape and pattern of the hin<l\vings, and in the lengtli of the cell of the.se wings. 
I find by measurement that my series of about fifty specimens includes every 
modification of the hindwing, from the extreme.-^t individuals of dasaraila, witii a 
broad and short tail, to the smaller philoxenvs, with shorter hindwings, longer and 
much more spatulate tails; and that there is also every intergradation between the 
specimens with a very long discoidal cell to the hindwings, and tliose with a broader 
and shorter cell. If we take the length of the hindwings = 100, the cell varies in 
length from 36 to 43 in my m,ales, and from 32 to 39 in my females. In pattern 
of the hindwing my series shows the following variation : — 

S. (a"): Above, a large white patch between the discoidal veins; three sul> 
marginal red spots, of which the posterior one, situate between the lower median 


( 20.5 ) 

uervules, is elongated, and touches the margin of the wing, tiehiw. as above, Iml 
with a red mark at the anal angle. 

(6-) : Like (a'), but with an admarginal red spot at tlie end of tlie seconil nn-dian 
nervule. 

(c^): Like (6-j, but with the admarginal spot joined to the submarginal ^^lot 
between the upper median veins. 

(cPtof-): Like (ri}), or (h-), or (c'). but with a small white s|iot bi>hind the 
large patch below. 

(g'^to'i^): Like (rf- to /'j, but with the additional small white sjjot present also 
on the upperside. 

(k'tom-): Like (;y- to /-), but with a second additional white spot in front of 
the large white mark. 

(n- to p") : Like (/,:^ to nr), but the spot at the apex of the tail more or less 
obliterated. 

(5-): The large discal mark densely shaded with black; the other markings 
partly small, partly absent. 

(i-^ to t'-) : Like (a^ to c^), but the first submarginal sjiot or all the spots more 
or less white. 

(v^ to x^) : Like ■(»•- to f), but below with a white spot in front of the large 
white patch. 

(y'^) : Like (v-), but below also with a small white mark behind the large patch. 

(s^) : Like (x-), but with the additional white spot also marked above. 

?. This se,x varies just as much as the 'male; the two extremest forms are : — 

{a}): Like cJ-ab. {t'). 

(/3^) : All the .spots enlarged; before the usual large white patch there stands 
another rather large white mark; the white patch is connected with the anal angle 
by means of a more or less broad, pinkish white band, which is of a redder tint below 
than above. 

The scent-organ of the 'male within the abdominal fold varies a little in .shape 
and colour in large as well as in small individuals. If we combine the variation in 
pattern and shape of tlie hindwiugs witli that of the male scent-organ, we get an 
enormous numlier of different aberrations, which cannot be grouped easily, as the 
variation in pattern takes place independently from that in shape or size, etc. It is, 
therefore, difficult to say to which of these aberrations the names of dasarada and 
polyeuctes must be restricted ; it might, perhaps, be best to sink these names 
altogether as mere synonyms of philo-Mnus ; but as nearly all authors regard dasarada 
as a distinct species, I prefer to keep this name separate, and hence I am obliged to 
do so also with polyeuctee, which is just as good (or as bad) a variety of phUoxemin 
as dasarada is. 

I personally should certainly treat both as synonyms, but the above rea.sons 
explain sufficiently my attitude 

(See above, S : ab. a- to/-) : ab. ]iolyeuctes Doubl. 

(J. PapilinjmliieitclesDoahludny, in Gray, Zoc/. .l/i»-. p. 74 (1842) (Sylhet) : Doubl. Westw. & Hew.. 

Gen. Diiirn. Lep. I. p. 9, n. 15. t. 2. "f. 3 ( (J) (1846). 
cJ. PapUio i>lnhixcnus var. jHihicuct-p, Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent. p. 82. t. 40. f. 3 ((J) (1848) ; Gray. 

Cat. Lep. 1,13. B. M. I. p. 9. sub n. 31 (1852) (Sylhet) : id., List Lep. Jns. B. M. I. p. 10. sub n. 

34 (18.56) : Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. his. Mus. E. 1. C. I. p. 96. sub 11. 194 (1857). 
cJ. Papilin philiixcmis ab. pubjmctes, Felder, Verh. z. h, Ges. Wieii p. 325. sub D. 477 (I81U). 
^. Pdjnlio jili'iloxeitim e.t p. aitct. recent. 


( 266 ) 

^. llindwings with the submarginal spots red above, without a white mark 
nefoie or behind the large white discal patch between the discoidal nervules. 

I have not seen a.ny female whicli has all the submarginal spots to the hindwings 
rod on both sides. 

(See above, S : ab. r- to z^; ? : ab. ^) : ab. dasarada Moore. 

Pajiilio phaoxemis var., Westwood, Cah. Or. E,il. p. 82. t. 40. f. .') (?) (1848) (Assam) ; Gray, 
Cat. Lep. Im. B. .1/. I. p. 9. sub u. 31 (18.^2) ; id., Vvt Lep. fns.-li. M. I. p. 10. subn. 34 (1856). 

Pii/,lUo diisaruitii Moore, in Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mm. E. I. V. I. p. 96. n. 195 (1857) 
(Cherra Piiuji : no drseriptimi ; ti/pe nf spefies, th'^re/ore, \Vf.il<cnod's fg.) : Feld., Verli. z. b. 
Gc.1. Willi p. 325. n. 476 (1864) (Assam ; Sylhet) ; Moore, /'. X. S. p. 757 (1865) (Bengal) ; 
Oberth., ICt. d^Elll. IV. p. 43. n. 52 (1879) ("Inde") ; St;iuding. & Scliatz, EmoI. Schmell. 
I. p. 9 (1884) : Elwes, Tr. Eiit. Soc. Loud. p. 425. n. 400 (1888) (Sikkim : probably distinct 
species : in Sikkim it Is rarer than philoTemi^, and is found from 1000 up to 8000 feet, and 
from April to November) : Oberth., Et. tVEnl. XVU. p. 3 (1893) (Tonkin). 

I'apiliv (/'anosmia) dasarada, Wood-Mason & Nic^ville, Jmirn. As. Soc. Beruj. p. 374. n. 176 (1886) 
(Cachar : " Panosmiii " suhg. nor., nom. nud. superjl.). 

llijusa dasanida, Swinhoe, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 312. n. 382 (1893) (Khasia Hills). 

PapUio (Bijasii) dasaradd, Niceville, Gazelleer of Sild'im p. 171. n, 466 (1894) (Sikkim ; common, 
from 1000 to 8000 feet, and from April to November). 

c?. The submarginal spots, at least one of them, of tlic hindwings more or less 
white. 

5 . All the specimens of this sex which are not ty\AcaX jjhiloxenics mav be treated 
as dasarada. As " tj-pical " ■philoxenus I regard those individuals which have on the 
hindwings above, besides the submarginal spots, the spot at the apex of the tail, and 
the large white patch between the discoidal veins, a rather large white mark behind 
that patch. 

The aberrations polyeiictes and dasarada occur together with typical fhUoxenus 
at the same elevations and at the same times of the year. 

Hah. Nepaul ; Sikkim (31 c?, 13 $); Assam (1 (?, 1 j); Burma; Tenasserim ; 
Malacca (Thaiping, 1 i) ; Shan States (7 i) \ Tonkin ; North-West India. 

The specimens from North-West India belong partly to this, partly to the next 
subspecies, or combine the characters of both. 

{!>)■■ P. philoxenus lama Oberth. [c?,?]. 

Piipilio Uma Obcrthiir, Et. d'Eiil. II. p. 15. t. 3. f. 1 ( ? ) (1876) (Moupin) ; id.. I.e. IV. p. 43. 

n. 50 (1879) (Moupin). 
Piipilio jihiloxenus, OhevthiiT, I.e. XII. p. 14 (1886) (Tse-Ku) ; Leech, Butttrjt. of China, etc. p. 537 

(1893) (exceedingly common in Central and Western China at moderate elevations; nee 

Sikkim, Siam, Burma, etc.). 

Smaller t\\&\i ijhUoxeniis Gray; the wings are shorter and proportionally broader; 
the red hairs of the front of the head are rather densely intermingled with black 
ones; the prothorax is le.ss red; the abrloincn is black underneath, with the edges of 
the segments red ; the large white patch on the hindwings between the discoidal 
veins, and the spot at the apex of the tail, are liable to obliteration. 

The darkest specimens resemble P. alcinous menciiis Feld., but can be easily 
recognised by the iwsition of the submarginal spots of the hindwings. 

In the shape of the hindwings this subspecies is less variable than philoxenus. 
Tiie males have sometimes the paler ground-colour of the/emrt/es. 

Hah. Central and Western China (;52 cJ, 20 ?); (probably Soutliern Thiliet) ; 
Cashmere (1 9). 


f 2fi7 ) 

(i2. Papilio alcinous Klug [J, ?, larva, ])upa]. 

(J ? . Pajnlio uk-inous Klug, Neue SclinicIL Ju.i.-,Samml. Bei-Iin t. 1 ( J, ? ) (183(i) (Japan) ; De Haan, 
Verh. Xat. Ge.srh. Xed. orerz. hez. p 26. t. 9. f. 13. 14 (larva, haec spec. ?) (1840) (Japan) ; Doubl. 
Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lej>. I. p. 9. n. 19 (1846) {j/.p. ; Japan, nee China) ; Gray, 
Cat. Lep. Im. B. M. I. p. 12. n. 45 (1852) (Japan ; nee " var.") ; id., List Lep. Ins. B. M. I. 
p. 14. n. 49 (1856) (Japan ; uec " var.") ; Horsf. & Moore, Git. Lrp. Ins. .Uus. E. L C. I. p. 95. 
n. 193. t. 2. f. 6 (/.) (1857) (Japan ; nee "var.") ; VoUenhov., Tijihchr. r. FmI. III. p. 7-2. n. 12 
(1860) (Japan); Feld., Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien p. 325. n. 479. & p. 374. d. 283 (1864) (Japan) : 
Orza, Leji. Japnn. p. 11. n. 8. (1869) ; Oberth., El. d'Eid. IV. p. 42. n. 47. & p. 112. n. 47 (1879) 
(Japan ; "Moupiu and Mandschourie " Inc. en: aiil siibsji. alt.) ; Elwes, /'. Z. S. p. K72 (1881); 
Pryer, Tr. Ent. Sue. Lund p. 480 (1882) (Japan ; larva noticed) ; Standing. & Scliatz, Exot. 
Schmett. I. p. 9 (1884) (Japan) ; Prycr, Bhop. Xi/i. p. 4. n. 5. t. 3. f . 3 ( ? ) (1886) (Japan) : 
Leech, P. Z. H. p. 405. n. 6 (1887) (common all over Southern and Central Japan : summer 
brood with longer tails); id., Tr. Ent. Sm: Limd. p. 115. n. 68 (1889) ("ah-inoiis Klug = 
menciiis Feld. =; spathatiis Butl. — plutonius Oberth.") : id., BxMerJi. of China, etc. p. 539 (1893) 
{p.p. ; nee China and Loo Choo Is.) : Seitz, Svc. Eat. X. p. 27 (1895). 

S ?  Papilio spatlialus Butler, Ann. May. X. II. (5). VII. p. 139 (1881) (Nippon). 

cJ ? . PapiUo haemotostictns Butler, I.e. p. 140 (1881) (Hakodate). 

This species ranges in three sub.specie.s over Japan (excejit the north), the 
Loo Choo Islands, China (exclusive of the southern provinces), Thibet proper, 
and has also been brought bj' native collectors [.see Ehves, Tr. Ent. Soc. Loud. 
p. 424. n. 398 (1888)] from the interior of the Himalaya, probably from Bhutan. 
Mr. Leech recognises two distinct species in his Butterfiies of China and Jujiuri — 
P. alcinous Klug and plutonius Oberth. — and treats mencius Feld., spathatiis Butl., 
and haeiiiatostictus Butl. as mere synonyms. Though I agree with Mr. Leech in 
respect to spathatas and haematostictus, I disagree with him in respect to meacius 
and plutonius. Felder's P. menciiis, which is based upon some female examples 
from Ningpo, and some males without locality .still preserx'ed in the Felder 
collection, and the figure of the male in Gray's Cai. Lep. Lns. B. M. I. t. 4. f. 3 
(1852), diti'ers from P. alcinous Klug in the hairs of the front of the head being 
parti}' black, partly red, while in P. alcinous Klug the hairs of the head are 
invariably black. As the amount of red hairs on the head is inconstant, I think that 
this distinguishing character is not important enough to render it necessary to treat 
the Chinese alci'iwus as a distinct sjiecies; but still the difference is there, and we 
must regard mencius as a subspecies at least. To this subspecies, P. alcinous 
mendus Feld., not to typical alcinous Klug, belong the specimens from the Loo 
Choo Islands. 

Oberthiir's P. plutonius exhibits also only one character by which it is (con- 
stantly ?) distinguishable from P. alcinous — that is, the paler colour of the underside 
of the hindwings; the outline of the hindwings oi plutonius is not at all constant, 
and cannot serve to recognise all the specimens, which, according to the colom-, 
belong to this form, as plutonius. If I treat mencius as a local form of alcinous, 
not as a distinct species (and 1 suppose all entomologists will consent), I mu.st also 
regard plutonius as a subspecies of alcinous. I am quite aware that plutonius and 
menciiis occur in the same districts of M^estern China ; but as Mr. Elwes' collectors 
found plutonius in the interior of the Himalaya, 1 feel quite certain that here, as in 
so many ca.ses of Thibetian and Chinese insects, the respective areas of the two forms 
overlap in the country west of the Yunling Mountains, a mountain range which 
separates Thibet proper from China; plutonius will certainly b(> found as sole form 
in Southern and Eastern Thibet (Kham. ^Minynk), just as mencius alone occius in 
Central and Eastern China. 


( 208 ) 

Tims we have to deal with three loeal races of the inesciil species, uamely : 

(a) : P. alciitoHS King from Japan ; 

(b) : P. alcviious inencius Feld. from China and the ].oo Choc Islands ; 

(c): P. alcinoiis lAxdonim Oberth. from Western China, (Thibet), and the 
interior of the central and eastern parts of the Himala3'a. 

(u): P. alcinous King, forma typ. [J, 5 , larva, pupa]. 

I have measui-ed a good series of specimens, and find that there is a complete 
gradation between the short and long-tailed individuals; if we take the length of 
the forewing - 100, the hindwing (from the base to the tip of the tail) has a length 
of from 110 to 12-4. ]5utler's /'. spathatua with long hindwings is, therefore, not 
specifically distinct. According to Leech, the summer brood has longer tails than 
the spring brood, but this seems not to be the rule. 

Front of the head black. 

c?. The hindwings are either entirely black above, or possess a series of more or 
less distinct submarginal red sjxits, which vary in number from two to five. Below, 
the submarginal spots are red or yellow with every intergraduate tint; the anterior 
one is sometimes obsolete; the woolly scent-organ witlnn the abdominal fold is of 
a blackish bistre colour (Ridgway, Nomencl. of Colours, pi. 3. n. G) ; it gradually 
widens behind, where it has a breadth of about 5 mm. 

? . I have received from Japan only a pale form of this sex, and Leech says that 
the/e»/ia7e is apparently constant in Japan. The submarginal spots on tlie underside 
of the hindwings are often red, or partly so. 

Hcd>. Japan, as far north as Southern Gesso (42 <?, 16 ?). 

(6): P. alcinous mencius Feld. [J, ?]. 

Papilio alcinous, Doubl. Westw. & Hew. (nrc Klug, 183fi), Geii. Diurn. Lep. I. p. 9. n. 13 (184G) 

(China ; nee Japan) ; Oberth., Ei. d'Ent. IV. p. 42. n. 47 (1879) (" Moupin " ; haec siibs/i. 

veljilutonius?) ; id., I.e. p. 112. n. 47 (1879) (" Mandschourie," haec mb.iji. V) ; Leech, Tr. Ent. 

Soc. Loml. p. 115. n. C8 (1889) {i>.p.) ; id., BuWrJl. nf CViiiw, etc. p. 539 (1893) (p.p.; mc 

Japan). 
Papilio alcinous var., Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 12. sub n. 45. t. 4. f. 3 (cj). 2 ( ? ) (1852) 

(Northern China) ; id., List Ltp. Ins. B. M. I. p. 14. sub n. 49 ( 18ot>) (China) : Horsf . & Moore, 

Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. I. p. 95. sub n. 193 (1857) (Bhutan). 
(J ?. Papilio mencius Felder, Wien. Ent. Man. VI. p. 22. n. 1 (18(i2) (Xingpo) ; id., Verh. z. b. Gel. 

Wicn p. 325. n. 480 (18(54) (Ningpo : Shanghai) : Oberth.. Et. d'Ent. II. p. 17 (1872) ; id.. I.e. 

IV. p. 42. n. 48 (1879) (Jloupin) : Elwes, P. Z. S. p. 872 (1881) ; Stauding. & Schatz, Exot. 

Schmctt. I. p. 8 (1884) (China) ; Seitz, Sm: Ent. X. p. 27 (1895). 

All the specimens from the Continent and the Loo Choo Islands have the front 
of the head clothed with black and red hairs, the red ones being mostly prevailing 
and never absent ; all the other characters in which viencius is said to differ from 
(ilciiions are so highly inconstant that one cannot rely ujson them. The outer 
margin of the forewings is conve.x, straight, or visibly concave ; the hindwings are 
strongly or slightly indented, and vary in length, as in P. alcinoiis King, with every 
intergradation between the long- and short-winged individuals, at least in the 
females of my series.; the submarginal spots of the hindwings, which are never yellow, 
are clearly marked on the npperside in either sex, or absent, especially in the male. 
In Eastern and Central China the female is often of the same pale fawn-colour as 
that sex of P. alcincnis, while other specimens from the same districts, and the 
individuals from Western China, assume the darker colour of the male. 


C 260 ) 

Mostly the suliinavgiiiiil .spots of the hindwings are hirger than in idcifioiin, and 
mtieh more arched ; the sjiot at, the anal angle below is especially large, and often 
penetrates into the cellule between the upper median nervules. 

The scent-organ within the abdominal fold of the male is of the colour and 
shape of that of P. alcinoiis; among menciiis occur, however, many sjjecimens in 
which the abdominal fold is less extended in length and breadth, and hence the 
woolly iiatch of such specimens is narrower and shorter, and is sometimes reduced 
to even half the normal breadth ; but what puzzles me much is the occurrence of 
individuals with the abdominal fold at least a fourth shorter than in ordinary 
examples of vienciu-s — if we take the forewing = 100, the abdominal fold is about 
50 in ordinary niencius, and only 38 in the specimens here alluded to — and with 
the woolly scent-organ whitish grey, not blackish brown ; moreover, the scent-organ , 
owing to the narrowness of the abdominal fold, is almost of even breadth, which does 
not reach 3 mm. 

According to the development of the abdominal fold, and the woolly scent-organ 
within it, I distinguish three forms of the male sex : — 

(1) The abdominal fold and the scent-organ are of the same shape and coloiu" 
as in P. alcinous Klug ; there occur, however, many specimens which have the 
abdominal fold reduced in length and breadth, and the woolly patch shorter and 
narrower ; sometimes the patch is of only half the normal breadth. This form 
agrees better with alcinoun Klug than the following ones, but is not typical niencius 
Feld. ; I call it confusus. To confasus, not to alcinous, belong the Loo Choo specimens. 

(2) The abdominal fold is reduced; the woolly patch is not blackish brown, but 
greyish white. Forewings rather paler than in the preceding form. Gray's tigme 
represents this insect ; in the Felderian collection and in the Britisli Museum are 
sjiecimens of this variation onlv, so that we must take it for typical niencius Feld. 

(3) The abdominal ibid much more reduced than in typical mencius, at least 
a fourth shorter than in (1) ; if we take the forewing = 100, the abdominal fold has 
a length of about 50 in (1), and of 38 in the present form. The woolly scent-organ 
is whitish, as in mencius, but, owing to tlie narrowness of the abdominal fold, much 
narrower and of almost even breadth, which does not reach 3 mm. This insect I name 
impediens ; the type came from Ta-tsien-lu. 

In order to come to a satisfactory result about the specific distinctness or non- 
distinctness of these three easily recognisable forms (mencius, confusiiji, impediens), 
which are, to my knowledge, not connected with one another by every intergradatiou, 
we have examined the sexual organs of the males of alcinoiis, of the three 
supposed forms of mencius, and of plutonius. As I already knew from other 
\ariable species that it is quite insufficient to examine one specimen only of every 
form, a great number of individuals of these insects have been dissected, and the 
reader will learn, with the help of Plate VI. : — 

(1) That the .sexual organs of the nude, e.specially the " harpe," * are inconstant . 
if one compares a larg. r number of sjiecimens of a varialile species (see tigs. 1-11, 
12-20, 21-25, 27-30); 

(2) That on the whole the black-headed (.lapanese) alcinous Klug is different 
in the sexual organs from the red-headed (Chinese) confusns m. (see tigs. 1-11, 
13-20); but that there occur individuals of aldnous whicli have the organs in 

* For the s:ikc of convenience I have ailupted the s:inie names for the organs as Mr. tJosse in his 
paper on the clasping-ovgans ancillary to i;eneralion in certain {groups of Lepidoptcra (TV. Linti. Svc. Lmd- 
(2). Zool. IT. p. 2(;r) (1883). 


( 270 ) 

question as confusus (see tig. llj, and that there are also specimens of conjusait 
in which the sexual organs are formed nearly as in aldnous and phttonius (see 
fig. 13); 

(3) That the red-headed confusus from tlie Loo (Jhoo Islands has the sexual 
organs about identical with those of alcviwits (fig. 12) ; 

(4) That the typical riiencms Feld. is diflferent from either alcinovs, confusus. 
impediens, or phdonius (see figs. 21-2o) ; 

(5) That the harpe of Impediens, with shorter abdominal fold and narrower 
hindwings, is again very difi'erent from that of typical 'niencius, confusus, aldnous 
King, and phttoniua Oberth. (fig. 26) ; 

(6) That the organs of the si)eciraen of pLuto^iius with white scent-organ (see 
plutonius, p. 271) are \ery ditferent from the usual pluionius form and from meacius, 
confusus, etc. (figs. 31, 42) ; 

(7) That the long-tailed aldnous Klug (= spathatns Hutl.) has the same sexual 
organs as the short-tailed aldnous King (fig- 10). 

Combining the characters derived from the sexual organs of the iiiale with 
those derived from the shape of the wings, the colour and size of the scent-organ, 
and the colour of the head, we must distinguish the following forms of the male : — 

(1) aldnous Klug: head black; scent-organ of male blackish brown; sexual 
organs oi male as in figs. 1-11, 32-35. — Japan. 

(2) (confusus. variation of): head red; the rest as before (figs. 12, 36). — 
Loo t'hoo Islands. 

(3) confusus mihi : head red; scent-organ as before; sexual organs a^< in 
figs. 13-20, 37, 38.— All over China. 

(4) mendus P'eld. : head red ; scent-organ shorter and narrower and white ; 
scaling at the discal side of the wooUy scent-organ whitish ; sexual organs as in 
figs. 21-25, 39. — Fu-tschou, Kiu-Kiang, Chang- Yang. 

(5) impediens m. : head as before ; scent-organ still shorter and narrower, and 
also white; hindwings very narrow; scaling at the discal side of the woolly sci'ut- 
organ blackish ; sexual organs as in figs. 26, 40. — Ta-tsien-lu. 

(6) plutonius Oberth. : head as before ; scent-organ less broadened towards the 


EXPLANATIO.N OF FiGUKES 1 — 42, PLATE VI. 

Figs. 1 — 11. Hiirpe of P. alcinous Klug from Japan : 1 & 2, 7 & 8 respectively are right aud loft 
liarpe of one individual ; 10 is harpe of a large, long-tailed .specimen {sjmthatus 
IJutl.). 

Fig. 12. Harpe of cnnfusua m. from the IjOO Choo Islands. 

Figs. 1.3 — 20. Harpe of confiisus m. from China. 

Fig.s. -1 — 2.5. Harpe of meiicius Feld. from China. 

Fig. 26. Harpe of ini]}i (liens m. from China. 

Figs. 27 — .SO. H.irpe of plutonius Oberth. from China. 

Fig. 31. Hirpe oifaiuus m. from Cliina. 

Figs. 32 — 35. Uncus, scaphium, and penis of afcjnous Klug from Japan, side view ; much less variable 
than the harpe. 

Fig. 36. The same of cmifusus m. from the Loo Choo Islands. 

Figs. 37, 38. The same of ennfusus m. from China. 

Fig. 39. The same of memiiis Feld. from China. 

Fig. 40. The same of impedims m. from China. 

Fig. 41. The same of pluionius Oberth. from China. 

Fig. 42. Uncus and scaphium oi/aluus m. from China ; scaphium different from that oi plutunim, 
inenciuii, imjti^diena, coiifufiua, ulcinotta. 


NOVITATES ZoOLOGIC-^ VoL.H. 1895- 


1. 


A..A 


K 


— <■-. 


Plvi. 


A 25. 


26 


35 


' ^' 


c>^.,-o >^-^ 


27 


<  


28. 


36. 


'^^ 


37. 


V 


■v, 


29. 


38 


30. 


20 


31 


39. 


10. 


■^.^ 


21. 


22. 


23. 


32. 


7 ^ 


33. 


/T 


40. 


^,- 


y<: 


^' M 


24. 


34. 


/^ 


42. 


(271 ) 

anal augle than in mencius and slightly paler, broad during its whole length; 
hindwiugs deeply scalloped ; tails short and broad at the tip ; underside of hindwings 
pale; sexual organs as in figs. 27-30, 41. — Western China. 

(7) fatuus m. : head as before ; colour of hindwings as before : hindwings less 
scalloped; scent-organ white, shorter and narrower; sexual organs as in figs. 31, 42. 
— Ta-tsien-lu. 

If we compare the series of figures taken from ulcinotts and confusus (figs. 1-20, 
32-39), there can be no doubt that the Japanese alcinous, the Loo Choo confusus, 
and the Chinese confusus belong to one species ; but what do the figures tell us 
in respect (x) the insects enumerated above under 4 to 7 ? As the genitalia of 
alcinous and confusus vary to such an extent as is shown in figs. 1-20, I cannot 
see that the sexual organs represented in figs. 21-30 and 39-41 are anything else 
but also variations of the organs of the same species ; they certainly do not prove 
that the varieties enumerated above under 4 to 6 are distinct species. We must 
bear in mind that out of about thirty specimens of alcinaiis only one individual has 
the harpe shaped as in fig. 11 ; that out of about thirty confusus also only one 
specimen comes in the structure of the sexual organs close to jjlutonius and alcinous 
(fig. 13) ; and that of numbers 4 to 6 only a relatively small number of individuals 
could be examined, which did not provide us (accidentally ?) with intergi-adations. 
Whether fatuus, of which I have only one specimen, is an aberration or a distinct 
species must be left undecided. We come, therefore, to the same conclusion to 
which we were led without comparison of the genitalia, namely, that all the insects in 
question are most probably forms of one species only. 

The Loo Choo insect, combining the characters of alcinous and inencixis, 
remains best without a name of its own ; confusus and inipediens have to stand 
as aberrations o{ mencius, und fatuus may be treated for the present as an aberration 
of piutonius. 

As regards the female sex of the Chinese insect in question, it is difficult to say 
which specimens must be mated with mencius, which with confusus or impediens. 

I thought first that mencius, confusus, and impediens might be seasonal forms 
of one species ; but this is not possible, at least as regards Tnencius and confusus, 
as I have both from Kiu-Kiang and Fu-tschou, taken in April and July at 
either place. 

Hab. China (64 c?, 39 ?); Loo Choo Islands (2 J). 

(c): P. alcinous plutonius oherth. [c?,?]. 

(J. PapiUii alcinous var., Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mas. E. I. C. I. p. 95. sub n. 193 (1857) 

(Bhutan). 
(J ? . Pajiilio jilutoniiis Uberthtir, l-Jt. d' Ent. II. p. IG. n. 3. t. 3. f. 2 (J) (1876) (Monpin) ; id., 

l.c. IV. p. 42, n. 49 (1879) (Moupin) ; Elwes, Tr. Ent. Sue. Loncl. p. 424. n. 398 (1888) 

(Bhutan?) ; Leech, Butkrji. of China, etc. p. 541 (1893) (W. China). 
(J $ . PajiUio a!mtou.f, Leech, Tr. Ent. Soc. Land. p. 115. n. (38 (1889). 

?. Pajiiliu (.« Bijasa) philonina, Nic<;ville, Gazttlen- of Sikkim p. 171. n. 463 (1894) (Bhutan?). 
Papilio (.' Byasu) alcinous, id., l.c. p. 171. u. 464 (1894) (Bhutan). 

The wings are above of a .stronger greenish glos.sy tint than in me^icius Feld., 
and the hinder wings are paler below than in both menckis and alcinous, especially 
in the female. The forewings are rather broader, the hindwings more deeply indented, 
with the tails shorter, broader, and more spatulate. The scent-organ of the viale 
within the abdominal fold of the posterior wings is paler and narrower than in tyisical 


( 272 ) 

mendus aiid alcinons, but iiuich bioader ami duiker than in meticiits ab. vmjjediens 
mihi. 

Though these characters apply to most specimens, they are not at all constant, 
except the paler underside of the hindwings, which I tind in all exaiuples. 

(«-) : ab. fattivs ab. nov. 

Margin of hindwings less scalloped than in tyi)ical p^wtoiuus ; woolly scent-organ 
whitish, shorter and narrower than in ■plutcmius ; genitalia as in figs. 31 and 42. 

One specimen of this aberration, from Ta-tsieu-lu, in my collection. 

Hab. Western China (7 J, 8 J ) ; Thibet : interior of Bhutan (1 ? , ex coll. Moller ; 
it is one of the two specimens recorded by ^Ir. Elwes, ^.c). 

^■. M.\(llA()N-(.li()Ll'. 
This group is especially richly represented in America. 

1)3. Papilio machaon 1- [J,?, metam.]. 

Hoefnagel, Archeti/pat. 11 (1592) : Aldrovandus, De Anim. fns. p. 96. n. 5.0. f. 1 (1602) ; Columna. 

Er.ph. II. p. 85-89. t. 86 (1(516) : Hoefn.ageI, Ins. I. t. 9 (1630) : Moufet, Theiil,: Im. p. 99. n, 2 

(1634) : Jonstoii, Hist. Nat. I)u. t. 5. 7 (1657) ; Merrett, Piniix ivr. nut. Brit. p. 198 (1667) : 

Jung, llht. Vermium p. 134 (1691) : Petiver, .l/«s. YIII. p. 35. n. 328 (ITUO) : Rajus, Hist. 

Xat. Ins. p. 110. n. 1 (1710) ; Frisch, Beschreib. v. Ins. II. p. 41. n. 11 (1721) ; Merian, Ins. 

Km: p. 13. t. 38 (1730) : Reaumur, .\Iim. I. 1. p. 357. t. 10. f. 6. & I. 2. p. 179. t. 29. f. 9. c& t. 

30. f. 1-13 (1734) : Roesel, Insert. Bcliist. I. 2. t. 1 (1746) ; Wilkes, Enql. Moths * Butt. p. 47. 

t. 1 (1747-60) : Degeer, Mlm. (ed. Goeze) I. p. 57 (1758) ; id., Mem. 11. p. 185. t. 1. f. 2 & 3 

(1771) : Geoffi-oy, Mini. Ins. Paris II. p. 54. n. 23 (1762) : Gronov, Zoojihi/l. p. 725 (1763-81) ; 

Seba, Tlusaur. IV. p. 39. t. 32. f. 7-10. & p. 70. t. 59. f. 12. 13 (1765) ; Scliiiffer, Icon. Ins. 

Ratisb. t. 45. f. 1. 2 (1766) ; Lepechin, Tagebiirb (ed. Haase) I. p. 197 (1771). 
Pajiilio Kques Achirus machaon Linnf', Sijsl. Nat. ed. \. p. 462. n. 27 (1758) ; Foda, .Vns. Graec. 

p. 61. n. 1 (1761) ; Scopoh, Ent. Cam. p. 166. n. 444 (1763) ; Houttuyn, Naturl. Hist. I. 11. 

p. 206. D. 27 (1767) ; Linn($, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 750. n. 33 (1767) ; Miiller, Nnturs. T. 1. 

p. 575. n. 33. t. 15 (/.)(1774) ; Fabricius, Sy.s-(. Enl. p. 4,")2. n. 42 (1775) ; Ebert, Natiirl. t. 35. f. 1-4 

(1776) : Esper, Eur. SrhmMI. I. p. 31. t. 1. f. 1 (1777) : Fischer, Vers. Nat. r. Livlund p. 145. 

n. 315 (1778) ; Harris, Aurel. p..70. t. 36 (1778) ; Blumenb., Hundb. Naturrj. ed. II. p. 357. n. 3. 

(1782) ; Gladb., Beschr. neuer Schmctt. p. 80. t. 3ii. f. 7-9 (1777) ; Fabricius, Sjicr. Ins. p. 3. 

n. 9 (1781) ; Gesenius, Ilandb. f. Schmeit. p. 50. n. 1 (1786) ; Fabricius, .\lanl. Ins. p. 2. n. 9 

(1787) ; Jablonsky& Berhst, Naturs. Schmett.UI. p. 162. t. 45. f. 1 &2 (1788) ; Villers, Carol. 

Linn. Entom. II. p. 3. n. 2 (1789) : Fabricius, Ent. Si/st. III. 1. p. 30. n. 87 (1793) ; Cederhielm, 

Faun. Ingr. J'rodr. Ins. p. 201 (1798) ; Hubner, Enrop. Schmett. I. f. 390 .^ 391 (1798—1803). 
Pajnlio machaon Linn^, Fauna Suec. ed. ii. p. 267. n. 103 (1761) ; Fuesslin (Fuessly), Verz. 

Schwei%. Ins. p. 28. n. 543 (1775) ; id., .Mag. f. Liebli. Enl. I. p. 245 (1778) ; Walcken., Famie 

Paris. II. p. 261. n. 2 (1802) ; LatreiUe, flisi. Nat. Crust. Ins. XIV. p. 109. t. 106. f. 1 (1805) ; 

Godart, Hist. Nat. Lip. Fr. I. p. 38. t. 1. f. 2 (1821) ; Duponchel, Icon. Chen. Fr. I. p. 41. t. 1. 

f. 2 (1832-36) ; Boisduval, t^pec. Gen. Lip. I. p. 328. n. 171 (1836) : Selys-Longch., t'n^ Lip. 
Belg. p. 15 (1837); Gaze, Entomologist, p. 307 (1840); id., /..■. p. 340 (1840) (Haverhill, 
England) ; Blanchard, Hist. Nat. Ins. III. p. 421. n. 6 (1840) ; Duponchel, Cat. .With. Lep. 
d'Eur. p. 21 (1844) ; Lucas, Lip. tPEur. ed. ii. p. 24. t. 13. f. 1 (1845) ; Doubl. Westw. & 
Hew., Girn. Dinrn. Lep. I. p. 16. n. 158 (1846) (p.p.) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. I. 
p. 37. n. 180 (1852) (p.p.) ; Westw., Butt, of Gt. Brit. p. 3. n. 1. t. 1. f . 1. la. lb (1854) ; Lucas, 
Chenu's Enc. d'Mist. Nat, Pap. p. 36. f. 112 & 113 (1851-53) (laiv. & pup.) ; Horsf. & Moore, 
Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. I. p. 111. n. 224 (1857) (p.p.) : Rambur, Lep. d' Andalousie p. 59. 
n. 21 (1858) : Speyer, Geogr. Verbr. Schmetl. Eur. p. 278. n. 2 (1858) ; Praun, Eur. Tagf. 
Pap. XI., Pap. t. 1. f. 1. 2 (1859) ; Huell, TIjdsclir. r. Ent. p. 131. t. 7. f. 1-4 (1859) (var., 
larv.) ; Verloren, ibid. p. 90 (1859) (Utrecht) ; id., I.e. p. 22 (1860) ; Fritsch, IVi/i. ;. b. Ges. 
]Vien pp. 238. 240. 642 (1862) : Snellen, Tijdschr. v. Enl. p. 173. n. 1 (1862) (Zuid Holland) ; 
Graslin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 331 (1863) (Pyriin. or.) ; Feldev, Verb. z. h. Ges. Wicn p. 314 
n. 357 (1864) ; Lederer, Ann. Soc. Enl. Belg. p. 53 (1865) (Anatolia) : Mann, Verb. z. b. Ges. 
Wieu p. 325 (1866) (l)obrudscha) : Maurissen, Tijdschr. v. Enl. p. 171 (1866) (Maastricht) ; 


( 273 ) 

White, Eld. Mu. Mar/, p. ft7 (18(j7) (Rome : Capri) ; AUard, Ann. Sue. Ent. Fi: p. 312 (1867) 
(Algin-ie) ; Ebrard, null. Sot: Ent.Fr. p. 157 (ISO?) (col of pupa) ; Mann, Verli. z. b. Ges. Wien 
p. 60 (1867) (Militiir-Grenze) ; id., I.e. p. 832 (1807) (Bozen ; Trient) ; Fettig, Bull. Soc. Ent. 
Fr. p. 63 (1868) (col. of pupa) ; Mann, Verh. ;■. h. Gef. Wien p. 373 (1869) (Dalmatien) ; 
Butler, Cut. Dhiin. Lrj,. Fabrie. p. 249. n. 51 (1869) : Heylarts, Tijehehr. r. Ent. p. 143. n. 1 
(1870) (Breda) ; Lederer, Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg. p. 18 (1870) (Transcaucasia) ; Ebrard, Bull. 
Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 8 (1870) (col. of pupa) ; Bishopp, Entnm,. p. 17 (187U) (Ipswich) ; Brooks, 
ibid. p. 346 (1870) (Dew.smere) : Fallou, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 54 (1871) (col. of pupa) ; id.. 
I.e. p. 55 (1872) (col. of pupa) ; Eaynor, Entomol. p. 223 (1872) (Maldon) ; Backer, Tijdschr. 
V. Ent., Versl. p. 23 (1875) ; Parker, Entomol. p. 301 (1875) : Pagenstecher, Vcrh. Nat. Ver. 
Heidelberg p. 96. n. 12 (1875) : Swierstra, Tijdsehr. v. Eiit., Versl. p. 104 (1876) ; Elwes, Tr. 
Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 389 (1887) (Pyr., up to 5000 feet) ; Mills, Entomol. p. 191 (1877) (Essex) ; 
Earn, ibid. p. 252 (1877) (Kent) ; Goos, ibid. p. 285 (1877) (Sussex) ; Cooper, ibid. p. 299 
(1877) (Kent) ; Walker, Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 193 (1879) (Pt. Backler. Turkey : April, gen. I. ; 
July, gen. II.) ; Rambouts, Tijdsehr. v. Ent., Versl. p. 18 (1879) ; Swinton, Ent. .!/«. Mag. 
p. 40 (1879) (Capri, July) ; Jordan, ibid. p. 87 (1879) (Zermatt, June & July) ; Oberthiir, 
Et. d'Ent. IV. p. 08. u. 192 (1879) (;-.;».) ; Wilson, Larv. of Brit. Lep. p. 1. t. 1. f. 1 (1880) ; 
Mann, Entomol. p. 66 (1881) (Bristol) ; Mathew, Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 29 (1881) (Turkey) ; 
Malpas, ibid. p. 110 (1881) (Norfolk Fen) ; Buckler, ibiel. p. 244 (1881) ; Pomtt, ibid. p. 110 
(1882) (Wicken Fen) ; Wheeler, ibid. p. 169 (1884) (Norfolk) ; Seton, Ent. Mo. .Uag. p. 141 
(1884) (Surrey) ; Calberia, Iris p. 121 (1884) (Mittel ItaUen) ; Romanoff, Mem. Lqi. I. p. 43 
(1884) (Transcaucasia) ; Christoph., ibid. p. 93 (1884) (Askhabad) ; Goossens, Bull. Soc. Ent. 
Fr. p. 181 (1885) (life hist.) ; Buckler, I.are. of Brit. Butt. & Moths p. 1. t. 1. f. 1. la-f (1886) ; 
Jacoljy, Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 88 (1886) (Heme Bay) ; Bath, ibid. p. 126 (1886) ; Jones, ibid. 
p. 182 (1886) (Switzerland) ; Kane, ibid. p. 245 (1886) ; Cuisine, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 103 
(1886) (var.) ; Poulton, P. Z. S. p. 208 (1887) ; Ficksen, Romanoff's Mem. Lep. III. p. 255. 
n. 4 (1887) (Korea) ; Walker, Erd. Mo. Mag. p. 179 (1887) (Gibraltar. October!) ; Barrett, 
ibid. p. 79 (1888) (oeeurrence in Engl.) : Jones, ibid. p. 209 (1888) (France mer.) ; Jackson, 
Entomol. p. 89 (1888) (var.) ; Graeser, Berl. Ent. Zeit. p. 61. n. 1 (1888) (Amur) ; Alpheraky, 
Eom. Mem. Up. V. p. 60. n. 1 (1889) ; id.. I.e. p. 94. n. 1 (1889) (Gan-ssu) ; Voigt, Slett Ent. 
Zeit. p. 23 (1890) (Granada; an subap. sphijms'l) \ Bramson, Tagfalter p. 12 (1890); 
Hofmann, Raup. d. Schrn. Eur. p. 1. t. 1. f. 2 (1890): Steinert, Iris IV. p. 176 (1891) 
(Dresden) ; Renter, Ent. Nachr. p. 6 (1891) (col. of pupa) ; Standing., Bom. Mem. Lep. VI. 
p. 128. n. 1 (1892) (Amur) : Austant, Le Nutnral. p. 13 (1892) : Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is. p. 13. 
n. 1 (1892): Nicholson, Entomol. p. 210 (1893) (Budapest): Standen, ibid. p. 261 (1893) 
(Corsica!); Bromilow, ibid. p. 347 (1893) (Aljjes mar.); Caradja, Iris VI. p. 169 (1894) 
(Haute Garonne) ; Heyne & Riihl, Grossschmett. p. 69.'> (1895). 
Fapilio reg/nae Retzius, Gen. Spec. Ins. p. 30. n. 5 (1783). 
Pieris maehaon, Schrank, Fauna Boica II. 1. p. 16 (1801). 
Jasoniades maehaon, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 83. n. 843 (1816). 
Amarijssm maehaon, Dalman, Kongl. Vet. Aeeid. Iltdm. 37. p. 85 (1810). 

Fapilio maehaon var. ioat~hai Garbowsky, Soc. Ent. V. p. 154 (1892) {vkonstr.) ; Ruhl, I'rrossschmett. 
p. 82 (1892). 

This widely distriluitt-d Fapilio is rather variable, especially in the amount of 
black on t he wing.s. If we omit the American forms, which I cannot take into considera- 
tion in the jiresent paper, there remain four subspecies of F. maehaon, namely : — 
((() : F. maehaon L., forma typ. in Central Em-ope as far north as Southern 

Sweden, and in Transcaucasia ; 
(6) : F. maehaon sphyvm Hiibn. in South luu-oiie. North Africa, England, Asia 

»Minor, and Cashmere ; 
(c) : F. inachaun sikh-imensis INIoore in the interior of Sikkini and Wuitan. in 

Thibet and West China ; Shan States ; 
(d): F. machaoii hippooraten P'eld. in Eastern (]hina and .Japan. 
Fapilio Tnachami has, in most places, two or (hree broods, which arc more or less 
different iTito' se ; in Europe the summer hrooil has the black bands on tlie wings 
more restricted than the spring brood, while the black colour is very much increased 
in the summer brood of the .lapanese race. 


< 274 ) 

(a) : P. machaou 1.., forma tyj). [<J,?, metain.]. 

It is possible that I have missed some varietal names of P. machaon, as a good 
number of local lists contained in programmes of German high schools were not 
accessible to me. 

(a-) : ab. marginalis Eobbe. 
Papilio machaon var. marginalis Robbe, C. R. Soc. Enl. Belg. p. 395 (1891) (Belgium). 

Black bands of the wings mnch reduced. PVinge to the outer margin of the 
forewings not black at the ends of the veins ; submarginal spots of the same wings 
oblong, not lunate ; outer margin of the hindwings not dentate. Underside of both 
wings ])aler yellow than in typical P. 'iiKtchaon. 

Certainly not confined to Belgium. 

(b-) : ah. nigrofasciatas Kothke. 

Papilio machaon L. ab. n. niijro/asciaht Rothke, Stetl. Ent. Zeil. LV. p. 303 (1895) (Crefeld). 
Papilio machann ab. nigrofasciaia, Heyne, in Riihl, Grossschmelt. p. 694 (1895). 

The submarginal yellow spots on the upperside of the wings very much reduced ; 
anal ocellus half blue, half black, the red portion reduced to a minute linear spot at 
the anal angle. 

This curious form is probably not confined to the surroundings of Crefeld. 

(c^) : ab. niger Heyne (Eeuter in manuscr.). 
Papilio machaon ab. nign- Heyne, in Rvihl, Grosasclimelt. p. 694 (1895) (Baden). 
All black, except the blue spots of the hindwings. 

(dF): ab. gen. aest. aurantiucim Speyer. 

Papilio machaon var. aunnitiaca S('lys, Ann. Soc. ICnt. Fr. p. 4. sub n. 2 (1831) (Belgium ; nom. 

nud.!) : Speyer, Ge.ogr. Verhreit. Schmett. p. 278. sub n. 2 (1858) ; Donck., Feuilled.Jeun. Xat. 

p. 34. f. 1 (Janvier 1881) : Capronn., C. li. -"^oc. Ent. Belg. p. 42 (1881) : Standen, Entonwl. 

p. 261 (1893) (Corsica!). 
Papilio machaon var. hirdigalrnsis Trimoulet, Cat. Up. Girondr p. 10 (1859) ; Breignct, ■/#«/?. Soc. 

Ent. Fr. p. 143 (1890). 
Papilio machaon var., Pagenstecher, Verh. Xat. Vcr. Heidelberg p. 98. n. 13 (1875). 
Papilio machaon ab. (var. gen. II. ?) dmsus Fuchs, Stilt. /•.". Zeil. p. 21 (18S4) (Rheingau). 
Papilio machaon var. centrali.i Staudingor, .^>». 7?. Zeit. p. 193 (1886) ; Christoph, Bom. .\f6m. Lip. 

V. p. 2. n. 2 (1889) ; Oroum-Grschmailo, ibiil. IV. p. 140 (1890) ; Heyne, in Riihl, Grossschmetl. 

p. 694 (1895). 
Papilio machaon var. centralasiae, Christoph, Rum. Mim. Li/i. III. p. 51 (1887) {lupx. typ.?). 
Papilio machaon ab. anruntiaca, Austant, Le Naturaliste p. 15 (1892). 

L'pperside of the wings of a deeper yellow colour than in the fir.st brood ; the 
black bauds narrower, abdominal mai-gin to the hindwings often more or less devoid 
of black ; abdomen (chiefly in the female) with the dorsal black band more or less 
obliterated. 

The summer brood is neither in every year nor in every locality different from 
the spring brood. Mostly the number of specimens of the second lii'ood exhibiting 
the characters of ab. aurantlacun is small in Cential Kurope. 

lldb. Kurope, except Kngland and the nortli and the extreme south (7 J, 7 j). 
In Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Central Asia, and Soutli ]'"urope some specimens belong 
to sphynw, others to typical machaon. 


( 27.5 ) 
(li): P. machaou sphyrus iriilm. [rf,}, metam.].* 

Pfqjil!,, xphi/rus Hiibner, Eimp. Sdimrll. I. t. 155. f, 775. 776 (1818--27) (Patriat). 

Piipiliii 7narluiim\aT. sphi/nis, Speyer, Genijr. Vfrhr.SclimiU. Kiir. p. 278. sub n. 2 (1858) : Verloren, 

Tijchcln: r. Eni. p. 100 (1859) ; Min;\-Palumba e Failla-Tedaldi, .Xuliinil. Sicil. p. 20 (1889) 

(Sicilia). 
Pdpiliii mai-hauii, Lucas, in Chenu's Eiio. dU/sl, Nut., Pup. p. 3i). t. 105 (1851-5.S) ; Gray, hep. Ins. 

NcjkikI p. (5. t. 3. f. 1 (1841!) ; Hutton, Tr. E. Sot: Lmid. p. 47 (1847) ; Lucas, Bull. Sor. E. Fr. 

p. 5 (1864) ; Lang, E,,l. Mn. .M,,,,. p. 101 (18f>4) (N.W. Himal., OOilO to 10,0U0 feet) ; Stoliczka, 

Verh. ,;. /). G<:s. TlVra p. HiM] (18CB) (N.W. Himal.). 
Papilio mac/iaon Ma.r. mharae Oberthlir, El. d'Ent. IV. p. (i8.subD. 192 (1879) (Algcrie, Laghouat) : 

Heyne, in Rubl, Grossschmett. p. 094 (1895). 
PapiVni macJiwiii var. asiaticii M^n^tries, Ennnier. C'orj>. Anim. .Uiis. Petr. I. p. 70 (1855) (p.p.) ; Doh. 

Joiim. As. .S'. Benfj. p. 136. n. 222 (1886) (Kumaon) ; Butler, Ann. .Ung. .V. //. (0). I. p. 205. 

n. 94 (1888) (N.W India) ; Alpheraky, E'uii. Mem. Up. V. p. 00. sub n. 1 (1889) ; Heyne, in 

Euhl, Grnssschmett. p. 694 (1895). 
Papilio macluton var., Kollar, in Hiigel's Ka»i:lnitir IV. 2. p. 404 (1848). 
Papilio asiatica Moore, P. Z. S. p. 258 (1882) ; Butler, P. Z. S. p. 377. n. 83 (1880). 
Papilio machaon ab. sphyrus, Austant, Le Naiuralistc p. 23 (1892) ; Heyne, in Rubl, H rosssrhmett. 

p. 694 (1895). 
Papilio machaou var. hospitonides Oberthlir, Ei. d'Ent. XII. p. 21. t. 5. f. 19 (1888) {the uamr, i.i 

Ift'sed upon an aberration of the larro !). 

The black bands broad; the subinarginnl hand to the binder wings, npperside, 
often almost touching the discoidal cell. 

(«-) : ab. laclakensis IMoore. 
Papilio ladal-ensis Moore, Jonrn. As. S. Bmy. p. 40 (1880). 

Tails very short. 

The Asiatic specimens of machaon agree so well with Sicilian, North African, 
and English examples that 1 cannot separate them subspecitically from spliyrus; tliey 
form often a connecting link between sphyrus and kippocrates in having the sub- 
marginal black band to the underside of the hindwings rather much constricted 
lietween upper median nervules, a character which is strongly pronounced in 
hippjocrates. 

Men^tri^s Q.c.) distinguishes his P. machaon var. asiatica from European 
machaon only by the broader black bands of the wings, and gives as habitat of this 
form "Himalaya and Kamtschatka." Alphcraky (/.c.) has already pointed out that 
Menetries's variety cannot be identical with the form described as siH-iinensis by 
Mr. F. Moore; as the " hub." Himalaya stands first, the name of a-siaticus must be 
restricted to Himalayan individuals, and as it cannot be referred to the examples from 
the Central Himalayas, which are sikkimensis, it has to be united to the Xortli-West 
Himalayan specimens ; from this latter country specimens of machaon have long 
been known, whereas the Central Himalayan form (which certainly flies also in the 
eastern parts of the Himalayas, which are practically unknown) lias been discovered 
only twelve years. The P. machaon from the North-West Himalayas and Cashmere 
is, however, in most cases indistinguishable from the Alediterrauean machaan, i.e. from 
sphi/rtts Hiibn., and so I am forced to sink asiaiieas Men. as a synonym to sphyms 
Hiibn. 

The most pronounced sphyo-us occur in certain parts of North Africa. 

The specimens with the tails to the hindwings more or less obliterated (ab. 

For the bitjliography of the Kngli.sh /-*. iiiaehaim sphifrua scir /'. mnchiton. 


ladakensis Moore) are most ahiuidant in the Xortli-\\est Hiinahiyas, where they fly 
together with long-tailed individuals. 

Hah. England (4 c? , 2 J ) ; South Europe (4 J , 4 ? ) ; North Africa (2 cJ ) : West ern 
Asia, including Cashmere and the north-west parts of Central Asia (28 (J, 11 ?). 

(c): P. machaon sikkimensis Moore [c?, ?]. 

Papilio machaon var. asialica, Nic^ville Qiec Mt'iK^tri^s, 1855), Journ. As. S. Beng. p. 93 (1883). 

Pdp'iliii aiklimensis Moore, Journ. As. S. Beng. p. 47 (1884). 

Papilio machaon, Elwes, Tr. E. Soc. Lond. p. 437. n. 435 (1888) (not found in Brit. Sikkim ; occurs 

probably only in the higher, dryer hills of the interior) ; Leech, Butt, of China, etc. p. .'JlG 

(//./;.) t. 35. f. 2 (1893) ; Nic.'-v., Gazetteer of Sil;l;ini p. 175. n. 504 (1894) (Sikkim ; at high 

elevations in the interior : July, August). 
(?) Popilio mm-hnoii, Nici'ville, Journ. Bombay N. B. Soc. p. 387. n. 91 (1890) (Chin-Lushai) ; 

Manders, Tr. Enl. Sor. Lond. p. 536. n. 199 (1891) (Shan State.s ; not uncommon at 40l.>0 feet, 

more rarely at 3000 feet). 
Papilio machaon var. sil.l.-imensis, Heyne, in Eiihl, Grossschnolt. p. ()94 (1895). 

Black bands broad. Orange spot of anal mark to hindwings separated from tlie 
blue lunule in front of it by means of a black semicircle ; orange spot often as small 
as in P. hospiton Gent5. Submarginal black band to hindwings on underside usually 
not bordered with orange at its discal side. 

Hab. Central Himalayas (7 (J, 1 ?); Western China (8 J); Kukunor (1 J); 
Shan States (the .*ame ?). 

The individuals of P. machaon from the higher parts of Western China belong 
to sikkimensis; those from the valleys and from Central and Eastern China combine 
the characters of sphjrus, sikkimensis, and hippocrates, and come often very near 
to typical machaaa. The Chinese summer brood, chiefly in Eastern China, is mostly 
the mme ai hippocrates ; the specimens of the spring brood are of the si/.e of our 
European raachaon, but they have the submarginal lilack band on underside of 
hindwings always much more narrowed l)etween the upper median nervules than 
true 'machaon. 

(d): P. machaon hippocrates Feld. [<?, ?,nietam.] 

Papilio machaon var., De Haan, Vuh. Xai. 6>.--. Xed. orerz. bez., Zool. p. 42. t. 5. f. 4 (1840) 
Papilio hippocrates Felder, Verh. z. b. Ges. HVu p. 314. n. 356. & p. ,302. n. 201 (I8(;4) ; Butl., .-Inn. 

May. N. II. (5). IX. p. 19. n. 34 (1882) (Yokohama) ; Butl., I.e. (5). XI. p. 113. n. 18 (1883) 

(Corea). 
Pajiilio machaon Orza, Lcp. Jop. p. 11. n. 9 (ISCm) ; Pryer, Tr. E. Soc. Lond. p. 486 (1882) ; id., 

Rhop. Nihon. p. 3. n. 1. t. 1. f. U. iB (1886) ; Leech, Hiitt. of China, etc. p. 516 (1893) {p.p.). 
Papilio machaon var. micado P.agenstecher, Verh. Nat. Vrr. Heidi-lberg p. 98. n. 15 (1875). 
Papilio machaon var. hippocrates, Elwes, P. Z. S. p. 870 (1881) (p.p. : N.E. Asia & Japan) ; Heyne, 

in Riihl, Grosssclimett. p. 694 (1895). 
Papilio machaon var. asiatica cfc hipjiocrates, Leech, P. Z. S. p. 404 (1887) (larva noticed). 
Papilio machaon ab. hippocrates, Austant, Le Naturaliste p. 31 (1892). 

Sjyt-ing brood: differs from P. machaon and its varieties in having the sub- 
marginal black band on the underside of the hindwings very narrow, except in the 
cellule between the lower median nervules, where it is comparatively very broad, and 
in having both edges of this band strongly bordered with black. L'pperside of the 
wings mostly of the dark yellow tint of P. machaon ab. auranliacus Speyer. 

Summer brood (or broods) : typical hippocrates. Very large. Both sexes have 
the orange anal spot on the hindwings separated from the blue lunule before it by 
a black semicircle, as in P. machaon sikkimensis Moore. Mules generally of the 
colour of the spring brood, but with the black bands on (lie uppersidc bioader, 


(277 ) 

snbmarginal black band to the hindwings often reaching the discoidal cell. Feraales 
blacker than males ; discal yellowish area on the iipperside of the hindwings often 
reduced to a rather narrow macular band. 

Submarginal black band on the under.side of the hindwings narrow in both sexes, 
and heavily bordei-ed with black. 

Hab. Japan (44 c?, 18 ?); Central and Eastern China (l.i 6, 3 ?). 

til. Papilio hospiton Gene [6, ?,metam.]. 

PfqiHh hospiton Gi'nc', JAcm. Amul. Tm-iit. p. 43. t. 2. f. 20. 21 (1S.3'.1) : Herrich-Schaff., Srlmi. 

Evr. I. p. 140. t. 53. f. 240. 250 (1S43-.S6) ; Dupouchel, Cat. Mclh. Lq,. d'Eiir. p. 21 (1844) ; 

Doubl. Westw. & Hew., Gen. nhirn. Lrp. I. p. 16. n. 159 (184G) ; Gray, Cat. L.p. Ins. Brit. 

Mils. I. p. 37. n. 181 (1852) ; Felder, Vrrh. s. I,. Ges. Wien p. 314. n. 35.'i. & p. 362. n. 199 (1804) ; 

Mabille, Bull. Sor. Ent. Fi: p. 89 (1868) (Bastia) ; Fallon, ilml. p. 55 (1872) : Oberthiir, Et. d'Eiit. 

IV. p. 68. n. 193 (1879) ; Bramson, Tag^f. p. 13 (1890) ; Hofmann, liaup. ,!. Srlnu. Eur. p. 1. 

t. C. f. 2 (1890) ; Riihl, Grosssriimett. p. 83 (1892) ; Hofmann, Sclnn. Eur. ed. ii. p. 1. t. 1. f. 4 

(1893) ; Standen, Entom. p. 238 (1893) (June 15th, Tattone) ; Heyne, ia Riihl, Gi-ossschmett. 

p. 694 (1895). 
Eqnes Jiiispitnn, Herr.-Schiiff., !.c. I. p. 162 (1843-56). 

Especially different from P. niachaon in the pattern of the marginal region on 
tlie underside of both wings. Larva also different from that of P. machaon. 
Hah. Corsica and Sardinia (6 (J, 4 ? ). 

Go. Papilio polidamas Prun. [J, ?,metara.]. 

Papilio Eipies Acliiciis piilidamus Prunner, L^p. Petlem. Siippl. p. 69. n. 134 (1798). 

Papilio polijchaim Deloche, Mem. Aixad. Tor. VI. 2. p. 139. t. 6. n. 1 (1801). 

Papilio Eques Achivus ale.ranor Esper, Em: Sclnn. I. Siippl. p. 89. t. 110 cont. t. IJ5. f. 1 (1805) ; 

Hiibn., Eur. Schmett. t. 158. f. 787. 788 (1818-27). 
Jasotiiades ale.ranor, Hiibner, Verz. hek. Schmett. p. 82. n. 842 (1816). 
Papilio akxuHor God.art, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 66. n. 88 (1819) ; id., Hist. Xat. Leji. Fr. IT. p. 111. t. 1 

(1822) ; Duponch., in Godart's Hist. Nat. Lep. Fr. .Suppl. I. p. 12 (1832) ; id., Icon. d. Chen. Fr. 

p. 42. t. 1. f. 3 (1832-36) ; Boisd., Spec. Gen. Lep. I. p. 329. n. 172. t. I. A. f. 3 {d. p.) ; t. 

I. B. f. 3 (1736) ; Blanch. Hist. Xat. Ins. III. p. 422. n. 7 (1810) ; Doubl. Gen. Diiirn. Lep. I. 

p. 16. n. 156 (1846) ; Lucas, in Chenu's Enc. d'llist. Xat., Pap. p. 38. f. 115 (1851-53) ; Gray, 

Cat. Lep. Lis. Brit. Mus. I. p. 37. n. 179 (1852) ; Gnmn, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 73 (1856) ; 

Chavignerie & Guerin, ibid. p. 82 (185C) ; Chavign., ihid. p. 100 (1857) ; Praun, Eur. Taaf. 

Pup. XI. Papilio t. 1. f. 5. 6 (1859) ; Felder, Vn-h. t. b. Ges. Wien p. 314. n. 352. & p. 361. n. 195 

(1804) ; Lucas, Lep. d'Eur. ed. ii. p. 24. t. 13. f. 2 (1864) ; Lederer, Ann. Soc. Ent. B.Uj. p. 53 

(1865) (Anatolia) ; Mabille, Bnll. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 15 (1875) (Hendaye) ; Oberth., Et. d'Enf. 

IV. p. 67. n. 187 (1879) ; Christopb, Rom. Mem. Lep. V. p. 2. n. 1 (1889) (Askhabad) ; Br.amson, 

Taaf. p. 13 (1890) ; Hofmann, Ihmp. d. Sclnn. Eur. p. 1 . t. I'., f. 1 (1890) ; Riihl, Grossschmcit. 

p. 80 (1892); Hofmann, Schmett. Eur. ed. ii. p. 1. n. 2. t. 1. f. 2 (1892) ; Heyne, in Riihl, 

Grossschinett. p. 693 (1895) {larva nuticed). 

I restore the oldest name to this species (cf. p. 1G8), which has d(>vcl(>pc>il into 
two geographical forms : — 

(a): P. polidamas I'nm., lonu.i typ. [tj, ?, nietam.]. 
Hah. South Europe (11 c?, 8 5). 

Q'): P. polidamas orientalis liom. 

Papilio ali.raiior var. orientalis RomauoiT, Bom. .Urm. Lep. I. p. 41. t. v. f. 1 (1884) (S.E. Caucasus) : 
Riihl, (frossschmett. p. 81 (1892) ; Heyne, ihid. p. 693 (1895) ((/ires errnnenushi Chrislaph instead 
of lioinanojf as author of this suhspeciesy 

Band at the apex of the cell and the sulmiai-ginal band on the lorcwiiigs siifl"a.'ied 
with blue; submai-gina! baud to the hindwings posteriorly more strongly dilated than 
jn P. polidamas J'run. ; basal black l)i\nd of botli wings narrow. 


( -'78 ) 
As aberration of this local form we liavc to enuiiioratc tin- following insect: — 

(a-) : ah. inaccabaeus Standing. 

Papilio alexaiior var. maccahaeus Staudinger, Iris IV. p. 224 (1891) (Jerusalem). 
Piipilio aUrannr yar. Jiidaois Staiidinger, I.e. VI. p, 369 (1893) {vimtmcd). 

Black band.s of the wings broader than in oHentalis, chiefly the basal one. 
It is possible that maccahaeus is the siring brood and twiejitoiia the summer 
brood of the same subspecies. 

Iluh. Asia !Minor, Palestine, Transcaucasia (2 cJ, 2 ?). 

OG. Papilio xanthus L. [cJ, ?, metam.] 

Papilio Eques Achiviis xaiilhis Linne, .s><. Sat. ed. xii. p. 7.')1. n. 34 (1767) ("Ind. or." loc. err. : 

in irulice stih noiit. '* xtithns " emim.'). 
Papilio Eqiies Ac/iirusriit/iiis, Miiller, Naturs. V. 1. p. 57ii. n, 34 (1774) (" Ostindien " Inc. err.)  Fabr., 

Syst. Eni. p. 4o4. n. 47 (1775) ; Cramer, P<,p. Ex. I. p. 115. t. 73. f. A. n (1776) (China) ; 

Goeze, Ent. Bpijtr. III. 1. p. 60. n. 34 (1779); Fabr., f^pec. Ins. M. p. 19. n. 75 (1781); 

Jabl. & Heibst, Nnturs. Schm. lU. p. 202. n. 115. t. 49. f. 3. 4 (1788) (China) : Gmelin, Si/sl. 

Nat I. 5. p. 2239. n. 34 (1790) ("India" err. Im:) : Fabr., Enf. Syst. UI. 1. p. 32. n. 92 (1793) 

(" Ind. or." Inc. err.). 
Papilio Eques Achirus .rathiis, Fabricius, Jfaul. Tiis. II. p. 10. n. 86 (1787). 
Jasoniades xuthus, Hiibner, Vers, heh: Schm. p. 83. n. 845 (1816). 
Papilio ruthus, Godart, Enc. Mill). IX. p. 58. n. 90 (1819) : Uoisd., Ten. Hist. Up. eFEiir. t. I. f. 1. 2 

(1832) ; Lucas, Lep. Ex. p. 36. t. 19. f. 1 (1835) ; Boisd., Spec. Gin. Lip. I. p. 327. n. 170 

(1836) (China ; Thibet ; Persia ; Siberia) ; De Haan, Yerh. Nat. Gench. Ned. oi-cc;. bez. p. 41. 

t. 9. f. 12 (larv.) (1840) : Doubl. VVestw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. I. p. 16. n. 157 (1846) 

(China : Siberia : "N. India & N.W. Australia" loc. err.) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. .U. I. p. 36. 
n. 178 (18'.2) (■•Port Essington" luc. err.) ; id., List Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 49. n. 186 (18,56) 

("var. a. Port Esisington" loc. err.) ; Hor-sf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Miis. E. I. C. I. p. 111. 
n. 223. t. 4. f. 1 (l.-irv.) (1857) ("N. India" loc. err.) : VoUenhov., Tijdschr. v. Ent. III. p. 84. 
11. 120 (1860) (Japan) ; Feid., Verh. z. h. Ges. Wien p. 314. n. 353. & p. 362. n. 198 (1864) : 
Orza, Lip. Jap. p. 11. n. 10 (1869) ; Butl., Cat. Diurn. Lep. descr. Fal/ric. p. 248. n. 50 (1869) ; 
id., P. Z. S. p. 814. n. 36 (1877) (Formosa, common) ; Jones, Entnmol. p. 97 (1877) {xutlmluK 
reared from eggs of xutlius) ; Oberth., Et. d'Ent. IV. p. 69. n. 200 (1879) (China ; Askold 
I.); Elwes, P. Z. S. p. 870 (1881) (N.E. Asia) ; Pryer, Tr. Ent. Soc. Land. p. 486 (1882) 
(Japan) ; Butl., Ann. Ma//. N. II. (5). XI. p. 113. n. 19 (1883) (Corea) ; Pryer, liliop. Xilwnica 
p. 3. n. 2. t. 1. f. 2a. 2b (1886) (.Japan : xutlins = snnimer form, xiitlinlus = sprinj; form) ; 
Leech. P. Z. S. p. 404. n. 2 (1887) (Japan & Corea) ; Fixsen, Ilnm. Mim. Up. III. p. 255. n. 3 
(1887) (Korea); Leech, Tr. Enl. Soc. Land. p. 115. n. 70 (1889) (Kiu Kiang) ; Alphi'-raky, 
Bom. Mini. Lip. V. p. 94. n. 2 (1889) ; Standing., ibid. VI. p. 128. n. 2 (1892) ; Leech, Butterjl. 
of China, etc. p. 514 (1893) (Amur : Japan : Corea : China) : Seitz, Stitt. Enl. Z/it. LV. p. 335. 
n. 1 (1895). 
Papilio xuihus var., Butler. Ann. .Ma;/. .\. II. (5). XI. p. 27K. n. 4 (1883) (Corea). 

Linne described this Papilio under the name of xanthtis in Synt. Sai. ed. xii., 
in the index of which work he enumerated it, however, as xnithua, probably because 
he saw that he had already used the name of xanthus for a Pajnlio Danaiis Festivus ; 
all authors have adojjled the name of xuthus, ixw\ I cannot find a single reference 
to the first name xanthus. As the Pajnlio Danaus Festivus xanthus I,, is an 
Opsiphanes, I see no objection to accept the name of xanthus for the ]iresent species 
of the genus Papilio. 

Papilio xanthus L. is very variable both in size and pattern. The orange mark 
at the anal angle of the hindwings above, which is pre.=ent in many specimens, is 
unicolorous, or it has a black centre, as we shall see again in some other species 
of the r/t«c/(rtOTl-grou]i inhabiting North America. 


(■ 279 ) 

The spring brood is very small, ami the yellowish white colour of the wings is 
more extendeil than in the summer broods : — 

(«-) : ab. gen. \ern. mdhxdus Brem. 

P,:piU(i XHllnihis Bremer, Bull. Ac. Petr. III. p. 4(')3 (18G1) : id., Lpj^iil. Ost-f<ib. p. 4. u. 4. t. 1. f. 2 
(18IU) ; Feld., Verh. z. b. Ges. Wieii p. 314. n. 354 (18G4) ; Oberth., El. d'Ent. IV. p. 09. u. '.iOI 
(1879) ; Butl., Aiiti. May. N. H. (5). XI. p. 113. n. 20 (1883) (Corea). 

Papilio xulhuli/ius Murray, Eiit. Mo. Mag. p. 160 (1874) (Yokohama). 

Piipilio xuthns, Pryer, Rhop. Nilim. p. 3. n. 2. t. 1. f. 2a (188(5). 

There is no longer any doubt that this is really the spring lirood of .fantlms, 
as the latter has been reared fi-om the eggs of xuihidas. Intermediate specimens 
between a-anthus and xuthidtix are common. 

(/i^) : ab. gen. aest. xanthus L. 

Hub. China (35 (J, 18 ?); Formosa; Amur (6 6); Corea; Japan (30 c?, 24 ? ). 
Boi.sduval records it also fi-om Persia ; this locality is probably erroneous. I 
have also a specimen said to be from Bonin Island. 

Note. — PajAlio antinous Don., Ins. of New H oil. t. 16 (1805), is the same as 
P. eurymedon Boisd,, Ann. Sac. Ent. Fr. p. 280 (1852); it has, of course, never 
been found in New Holland. Compare also ]MacLeay, Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S. Wcdes, 
I. p. xxii. (1863). 

G7. Papilio demoleus L. [S , ?,metam.] 

Ehret, Phuil. ae Pap. ■■nr. dip. t. f> (1748-;)!!) (lutlia) ; Knorr, Delic. Nat. t. c. 5. f. 1 (1751; ; 
Kleemann, Bqitr. I. p. 13. t. 1. f. 2. 3 (1761) ; Gronovius, Zfinplii/ll. II. p. 188. n. 723 (17('.3-8) 
(India) ; Seba, Tlies. IV. p. 53. t. 45. f. 8. 9 (1705) (China). 

Papilio Eques Acliivus demnhns Linn*', Sijst. Nut. ed. x. p. 4C4. n. 35 (176^^) (Asia) ; Clerck, leon. 
Jus. lU. t. 6. f. 1 (1764) ; Houtt.! Nat. Hist. I. 11. p. 217. n. 35 (1767) (China) ; Miiller, 
Naturs. V. 1. p. 679. u. 46 (1774) (p.p.) : Fabr., Syst. Ent. p. 45.5. n. 53 (1775) (p.p.) ; Goeze, 
Etil. Beyti: III. 1. p. 68. n. 41) (1779) (p.p.) ; Fabr., Spec. /«.<. II. p. 21. n. 87 (1781) (p.p.) : 
Gmehn, Syst. Nat. ed. .\iii. I. 5. p. 2246. n. 46 (1790) ; Fabr., Ent. Syst. lU. 1. p. 34. n. 101 
(1793) (p.p.) ; Esper, Ausl. Sclnnett. p. 201. n. 92. t. 50. f. 1 (I.). 2 (p.). 3 (J). 4 ( ? ) (1797) 
(Ijad Jigs, of larva drjtupa). 

Papilio Eques Acltimis erilkunius Cramer, Pny;. Ej-ol. III. p. 67. t. 232. f. .\. I! (1782) (China; 
Coromandel) ; Jablonsky & Herbst, Naturs. Scttm. Ul. p. 109. n. 84. t. 36. f. 5. 6 (1788). 

Papilio Eques Achivus ej)ius Fahricius, Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 35. n. 102 (1793) (China). 

Papilio epins, Donovan, hn. ofOiina t. 28. f. 2 (cj) (1798) ; C.odart, En,: .Welti. IX. ].. 43. n. 53 
(1819) ; {p.p.) Boisd., Spec. Gen. Up. I. p. 238. n. 61 (1836) (China ; Bengal) : Dc Haan, Verli. 
Nat. Gesch. Ned. overz. lez. p. 34 (1840) ; Doubl., i(S( Lep. Ins. B. M.l. p. 7 (1845) ; Temjjleton, 
Tr. Ent. Soc. Loud. V. p. 44 (1847) {scrual difference noted) ; Vollenhov., Tijdsclir. v. Ent. III. 
p. 77. n. 52 (1860) (China) ; Koch, Indo-Anslml. Lep. Fauna p. 41 (1865) (p.p.) ; Bienert, 
Lep. Erg. Pers. p. 26 (1869) (Persien) ; Oberth., Et. d'Ent. XYII. p. 6 (1893) (Tonkin). 
$ . Papilio demoleus., Donovan, his. of Ctdna t. 28. f. 1 (1798). 

Princpps Doniinans eritlionius^ Hiibner, Exot. Schm. I. t. 117 (1806-16). 

Orplieides epius, Hiibner, Ver:. btlc. Sctime.lt. p. 86. n. 887 (1816). 

J. Papi.lio demoleus, Thon, Naturg. Sctimetl. p. 18. t. 6. f. 19 (1837). 

J ?. Papilio erittionins,Douh\.Westvf. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. I. p. 12. n. 71 (1846) ; Gray 
Cat. Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 21. n. 92 (1852) (N. India; Ceylon ; nee Penang) : id.. List Lep. 
Ins. B. M. I. p. 28. n. 99 (1856) (N. India; Ceylon; nee Penang) ; Hor.if. i*c Moore, Cat. 
Lep. Ins. .Uns. E. /. C. I. p. 105. n. 211. t. 3. f. 6 (/.). 6a (p.) (1857) (Canara ; Calcutta ; nee 
Penang) ; Feld., Verti. z. h. Ges. Wien p. 309. n. 281. & p. 350. n. 163 (1864) ; Lang, Ent. 
Mo. .Vaij. p. 101 (1864) (N.W. Himal.) ; Wall., Tr. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 59. n. 81 
(180.5) ; Chaum., Ent. .l/o. Mag. p. 37 (1805) (Centr. India, everywhere) ; jUex., ibid. p. 208 
(1805) (Sangor, Centr. India) ; Moore, P. Z. S. p. 487 (1865) (N.W. Himal.) : id., I.e. p. 757 
(1865) : Wall. & Moore, ibid. p. 356 (186li) (Formosa) ; Bntl., Vat. Diurn. Lep. de.icr. Fala-ic. 

21 


( 280 ) 

p. 245. n. 41 (18G9) ; id., P. Z. S. p. 727 (1870) ; Druce, ihid. p. 108. n. 2 (1874) (Siam) : 
Butl.. Ilml. p. 814. n. 35 (1877) (Formoiia) ; Obisrth., i:i. (PEiil. IV. p. 57. n. 120 (1879) (China : 
Cochiu China : India) ; Butl., P. Z. 8. p. 609 (1880) (Formosa) ; Elwes, ,h{d. p. 873 (1881) 
(X.E. Asia); Auriv., Komj. Sv. Vet. Ah. IJumU. XIX. 5. p. 34. n. 33a (1882) (Recensio Lep 
Mus. L, U.) : Forsayeth, Tr. Ent. Soc. Loiiil. p. 386 (1884) (life hist.) : Butl., Ami. .!/«</. .V. //' 
(5). XTIII. p. 189. n. 50 (1886) (Upp. Burma) : Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. loml. p. 429. n. 414 
(1888) (Sikkim, only in the outer hills) ; Butl., I.e. (6). I. p. 205. n. 93 (1888) (N.W. Ind.) ; 
Davids. & Aitk., Jouni. Bombay X. II. Hur. p. 3(>G. n. 71 (1890) (Bombay Presid., metam.) ; 
JIanders, Tr. Ent. Soc. Loud. p. 536 (1890) (Shan 8t;itcs, very common at low elevations) : 
Watson, Jonrii. As. Soc. Beiig. p. 268 (1890) (Madras, JIarch to August, very common) : id., 
Jourii. Bumh. N. II. Soc. p. 54 (1891) (Chin-Lushai) ; Woodrow, ihid. p. 114 (1891) (caterp. 
enemy of orange-trees) : Betham, ibid. p. 328 (1891) (life hist.) : Leech, Bull, of Cliiiia, etc. 
p. 554 (1893) (Fooehau). 

jj. Papilio ej/ius. Hutton, Tr. Ent. Soc. Loml. V. p. 48. n. 4 (1847) (Madras ; larva noticed). 

? . Papilio demoletis, Hutton, I.e. n. 5 (1847) (Dhoon). 

cJ(?) ? . Pajiiiio erithoniuK var. demoleinust Oberthiir, Et. d'Eiit. IV. p. 57. sub n. 129 (1879) (China). 

Orphiides erilhoninx, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon I. p. 147. t. 61. f. 2 (1881) (Cej-lon) ; id., P. Z. S. p. 258 
(1882) (N.W. Himal.). 

Pajiiiio (Orjdieides) erilhonius, Niceville, Journ. As. S"r. Bemj. p. 51. n. 128 (1885) (Calcutta, 
common) ; Doherty, ibid. p. 137. n. 231 (lS8i)) (Kumaon) : Wood-Mas. & Nici'^v., ihid. p. 377 
n. 192 (1886) (Cachar) ; Elwes & Nicev., ibid. p. 438. n. 147 (1886) (Tavoy) : Hamps., il,id. 
p. 363 (1888) (NUgiris, 1000 to 7000 feet) : Fergus., Joki-«. Bomb. X. If. Soc. p. 446 (1891) 
(Travancore) : Is'ic^v., Gazetteer of Sikkim p. 173. n. 482 (1894) (Sikkim ; rare, at low 
elevations). 

Opheides {sic/) eritlionius, Swinhoe, ihid. p. 145. n. 137 (1885) (Bombay & Deccan, common every- 
where); id., l.c. p. 432. n. 95 (1886) (Mhow); Tr. Ent. Soc. L,nd. p. 314. n. 400 (1893) (Khasia 
Hills). 

Ophiedes (sic .') eritlionius, Swinhoe, Journ. Bomb. X. II. Soc. p. 279 (1887) (Carachi). 

This species is ver}' common in Western India ; it becomes rarer farther east, 
and in Borneo, Sumatra, and Java it has not yet been found ; from Flores to 
Queensland it is again fairly common, at least not a rarity, and Mr. Wallace has 
also found it on Goram Island in the Southern Moluccas. IJeakirl, Tr. Ent. Soc. 
Phil. p. 472 (1864), records it from the Philippines, but this locality is mcst 
probably erroneous. Leech's collectors did not meet with it in China, though it 
occurs there ; Leech himself found one .specimen in I<"oochau. 

The proper name of this Papilio is deiaoleus L. The description of demoleus 
in Syst. Nat. ed. x. (1758) applies to the Asiatic species, not to the Mrican Papilio 
which all recent authors consider the true demoleus L., and so do the figures to 
which Linne refers ; the patria " Asia " is also in favour of my o))inion. In Mus. 
Lud. Ulr. (17G4) Linne describes unmistakably the African Paiiilio as deriioleii^, 
and omits in the description those characters of the first description in Synt. Nat. 
(1758) which do not fit the Afi-ican insect; he also does not refer again to the 
figures quoted in Syst. Nat. ; as patria he gives here " Cap. b. spei." Most probably 
Linne described the Asiatic insect from the figures of Ehret, etc., not from a 
specimen of the insect itself, and confounding it afterwards with the African butterfly 
in the Museum of the Qvieen Ludovica Ulrica, described this latter Papilio under the 
same name, probably believing that Ehret's, etc., figures were partly erroneous in 
pattern. 

Aurivillius, Koiwjl. Sv. Vet. Ak. Ilandl. XIX. p. 34 (1882), comes to the same 
conclusion, that Linnd first described the Asiatic Papilio as demoleus; but he thinks it 
unnecessary to make an alteration in the present nomenclature of the two Papilios, 
because the name of demoleus L. has been applied so long a time by all authors to 
the African species. Hut is it not much better to correct a fault as soon as possible ? 
It is certainly quite unsatisfactory to call the Asiatic species P. erithonivs Cram, if 


( -^81 ) 

one knows that this is not its ]]roper name ; and so I must satisfy myself bv naming 
the Asiatic insect P. demoleus L. ; the African species has to stand as P. deinodocus 
Esp. [_Au8l. Schmett. p. 205. t. 51. f. 1 (1798)]. 

Four subspecies belong to P. demoleus L. : — 

(a) : P. demoleus L. from India, Ceylon, China ; 

(6) : P. demoleus malayanus Wall, from Malay Peninsula, Hainan ; 

(cj : P. demoleus sthenelinus subsp. nov. from the lesser Sunda Islands ; 

(d) : P. demoleus sthenelus IMacLeay from Northern Australia and South New 
Guinea. 

The differences between the four geographical forms are but slight. 

Wallace (Tr. Linn. Soc. Load. XXV. p. 59) records sthenelus from Goram 
l^land; I liave not seen a specimen from that locality. 

In all local races of P. demoleus L. the females are distinguished from the 
males by having the red anal mark of the hindwings emarginate anteriorly, and 
in possessing a blue lunule in front of it ; sometimes this character is also found 
in the male, but in a less degree. 

(a) : P. demoleus L., forma typ. 13, ?, metam.]. 

Oberthlir, Et. d'Ent. YV. p. 57 (1879), describes his P. erithonius var. demoleinus 
as having a black spot and blue lunule before the red anal mark of the hindwings. 
As said before, this character is always present in the female, and sometimes in the 
7nale, from all localities; if one will maintain that varietal name, it must be restricted 
to such examples of the male sex. 

Hab. From Persia and Cashmere to Ceylon and the Shan States, at lower 
elevations (28 c?, 7 ?); China (5 (?, 2 ?); Formosa. 

(h): P. demoleus malayanus Wall. [cJ, ?]. 

Pupilio eritJwnius, Gray (nee Cramer, 1782), Cut. Lep. Ins. B. .1/. I. p. 21. n. 92 (1852) {p.p. ; 

Penang) ; id., Lht Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 28. n. '.(9 (1856) {p.p. : Penang) : Horsf. & Moore, 

Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. I. p. 105. n. 211 (1857) {p.p. ; Peuaug) ; Wallengr., Wkn. Ent. 

Hon. VII. p. 65. n. 3 (1863) (Malacca); Eeak., Prnc. Ent. S'k: Phil. p. 472. n. 19 (1864) 

{2>.2>. ; "Philippines" he. err.}. 
Pap'dio erithomus local form a {nwlayanus) Wallace, Tr. Lhm. Soc. Loud. XXV. p. .'»9. suli n. 81 

(1865) (Singapore ; "Manila" loc. err. ; nee Flores). 
PupHio mulaijomis Butler, Tr. Linn. Soc. Land. (2). Zoul. I. p. 552. n. 8 (1877) (Malacca) ; Moore, 

P. Z. S. p. 697 (1878) (Hainan). 
Pupilio erithonius var. malayanus, Distant, Rhop. Mai. p. 350. n. 14. t. 27b. f. 6 (1885) (Malay Pen.) ; 

Holland, Tr. .liner. Ent. Soc. Phil. XIV. p. 123. n. 75 (1887) (Hainan ; apparently excessively 

common in Hainan). 
Orplieides niulayanus, Moore, Joum. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXI. p. 50 (1889) (Mergui). 

The transverse band of the hindwings is broader within the cell than in typical 
P. demoleus, so that it is less deeply sinuate at the end of the cell. 

Hab. Malay Pen. (6 (J, 4 ?); Uainwo (the same?). 

Whether the Hainan demoleus belong to this form or to the typical race I do 
not know. The " hab." Philippines (see Reakirt, I.e.) is certainly erroneous. 

(c): P. demoleus sthenelinus snbsii. nov. [S, $]. 

Papilio erithonius local form a {mahi i/onus) Wallace, I.e. p. 59. sub n. 81 (1865) {p./i. : Flores). 
Papilio erithonius, Snellen (».-c. Linni^, 1758), Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXIV. p. 250. n. 47 (1891) (Flores) ; 

Rober, ibid. p. 276 (1891) (Flores; Alor);Pagenst., Jahrh. Nass. TV. xVoi. p. 57 (1894) (Sumba). 
Papilio {Orpheidcs) erichtlumius, Doherty, Joiirn. As. Soc. Benij. p. 191. n. 107 (I89I) (Sumba; 

Samba wa). 


( 282 ) 

l""orewings sliortcr than in slhenelus ]\IacLeay, with a large mark within the 
cell as in that subspecies; between the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules there is, 
beside the submarginal spot, only one spot, the exterior one of the two innermost 
being obliterated ; sometimes this spot is indicated by some yellowish scales. 

The red anal mark of the hindwings is on both sides (?), or only below (cf), 
more restricted ; above, the small discal spots near the end of the cell are absent ; 
below, the posterior huffish marginal markings are small, the black spots of the 
interior discal series are large ; one row of blue spots. 

Hah. Alor (type; W. Uoherty, October 1891; 3 6, 1 ?); I.«arentnka (\V. 
Doherty, October 1891; 3 c?) ; Adonara (W. Doherty, November 1891; 2 6); 
Flores; Sambawa; Sumba; Gox&xa {the sayneT). 

(d): P. demoleus sthenelus MacLeay [c?, ?,metam.]. 

PiipiUi) stheneliiss MacLeay, in King's i>un-. Anxtr. II. p. 457 (1827) (Australia) ; Boisd., Sp. Giii. 

Liji. I. p. 239. n. 62 (183fi) ; Feld:, V,rh. :. h. Gfs. U'lVn p. .SO'J. n. 282 (1864) (Australia) ; 

Bull., Ann. Mag. X. H. (4). XVIII. p. 248. n. 28 (187G) (Pt. Moresby) ; Staudiug. & Schatz, 

Ej-iA. Sclimett. I. p. 20 (1884) : MacLeay, Pro,: Linn. Soc. N.S. »></(« p. 1019 (1887) (King's 

Souud) ; Scott, Aiislr. Lep. II, 1, 30, t, 20 (IS'JO) (larv,, pup,), 
Pajtili<i crit/ioniu.1 Tar, sthenelus, Doubl, 'We.stw, & Hew,, Gen. Diurii. Le/i. I. p, 12, sub n, 71 (1846) 

(Australia) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. .\L I, p, 21. sub n, 92 (1852) (Australia) : id., IJ.^t Lep. 

Im. B. M. I, p, 28, sub n, 99 (1856) (Australia) : Oberth., Et. tl'Enl. IV, p, 57. sub u. 120 

(1879) (Southern N, Guinea). 
Papilio erillion'ms local form h (sthenelus), Wallace, Ti: Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 60, sub n, 81 

(1865) {p.p. ; Australia), 
Papilio epiuK, Koch, Iruh- Austral. Lep. Fauna p. 41 (1865) (/',/),), 
Papilio eritlumiux, Mathew, Prnc. Linn. Soc. X.S. Tln/cx p, 263 (1885) (Thursday I,) ; id., Tr. Enl. 

Soc. Lond. p. 169 (1888) (Pt. Moresby ; life hist.). 

Transverse band of the hindwings almost as in malayanus; the two spots 
within the apex of the cell of the forewings merged together. 

Hab. North Australia (1 J, 1 ?); Thursday Island (3 <S); British New Guinea 
(11 (?, 4 ?). The New Guinea examples approach F. demoleiw sthenelinuB 
subsj). nov. 

VI. HELENUS-GEOUP. 

The outer region of the upjierside of the forewings is in the male sex hairy. 
The hull's stand .so den.sely as to conceal the .scaling. 

68. Papilio demolion Cram, [c?,?, metam.]. 

Papilio Eques Achivus deniol„ni Cramer, P<iji. ICrol. I. p. 140. t. 89. f. A. li (1776) (Java) ; Gooze, 

Ent. Beyir. III. 1. p. 79, n. 33 (1779) ; Jablonsky & Herbst, Nalurs. Schmelt. lU, p, 199, t, 49. 

f. 1.2 (1788). 
Piipilio Eques Achirus cresphontes Fabricius {nee Cramer, 1779), Si)ec. Inn. II. p, 19, n, 77 (1781) 

(Ind, or.) : id,, Mant. Ins. p, 10. n. 88 (1787) ; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. ed, xiii, 5, 1, p, 2240, n, 322 

(1890) ; Fabr,, Ent. Si/st. lU, 1. p. 33, n, 95 (1793), 
lleraclides crenphontes, Hubner, Verz. he/:. Sehm. p. 84. n. 854 (1816). 
Pajiilio cresphontes, Godart, Enr. MUh. IX. p. Gl. n. 98 (1819) ; Horsf., Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. 

I. t. 3. f. 4 {I.). 4a (/..). (1828) (Java) ; Zink., Nor. Act. Ac. Xat. Cur. XV. p. 159. n, 13 (1831) 

(Java) : Lucas, Lep. Ex. p. 23, t, 15, f, 1 (1835) (Java) ; Boisd,, Spa:. Gin. Lip. I. p. 220. 

n. 38 (1836) (Java ; Borneo ; nee " Celebes") ; Luca-s, in Chenu's Enc. d'llist. Xat., Pap. t. 1. 

f. 1 (1851) ; Vollenhov., Tijdschr. v. Ent. Ill, p, 75, n. 54 (1860) (Java : Sumatra : Iterneo). 
Papilio drniolion, Doubl. Westw, & Hew,, Gen. Viurii. Lep. I, p. 13, n, 94 (1846) (Java ; Borneo ; 

"Burniah" loc. err.?); Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. .1/. I. p. 25. n. 116 (1852) (Java ; Borneo: 

Penang ; Moulmein) ; id.. List. Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 34. n. 123 (1856) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. 

Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. I. p. 105. n. 210. t. 3, f, 5 (/,), 5a {p.) (1857) ; Feld,, Verh. :. b. Gcs. 


C 283 ) 

ir-Vw p. 318. n. 392. & p. 30G. n. 231 (1804) ('Ind. sept." ! ; Sumatra : Borneo ; Moulmein : 
Malacca; Penang ; nee Ceylon); Wall., Ti: Linn. Soc. Loud. XXV. p. 09. n. 79 (180.J) 
(Java; Borneo: Sumatra; Singapore; Moulmein aoc. to B. M.) ; Butl., Oit. Diurn. Lep. 
descr. F/ihnc. p. 253. n. 61 (18(59) ; Druce, P. Z. S. p. 108. n. 3 (1874) (Siam) ; Butl., Tr. Linn. 
!S<ic. Lmid. (2). Zo„l. 1. p. 552. u. 9 (1877) (Mai. Pen.) ; Oberth., Kt. d'Ent. IV. p. 58. n. 131 
(1879) (Java) ; Standing. & Schatz, Exot. Sclim. I. p. 7 (1884) ; Kheil. Wiop. Xiasp. 37. n. 139 
(1884) (Nias) ; Dist., Bhop. Mai. p. 349. n. 13. t. 27b. f. 3 (J) (1885) (Mai. Pen. ; Borneo) ; 
id. & Pryer, An7i. Macj. N. H. (5). XIX. p. 273. n. 173 (1887) (Sandakan) : Stauding.. Iris I 
p. 277 (1888) (Palawan) ; id., I.e. U. p. 11 (1889) (Palawan) ; Hagen, Berl. Ent. Zdl. XXX VU. 
p. 154. n. 171 (1892) (Banka) ; Semper, Philipp., Tagfalt. p. 274 note (1892) (Palawan) ; 
Hagen, L-is VII. p. 26. u. 26 (1894) (Sumatra). 
Araminta demolion, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXI. p. 50 (1889) (Mergui I.). 

This species has a peculiar range; it flies in the large Sunda Islands, Palawan, 
jMalay Peninsula, Tenasseriui, and .Siain, and appears again, as a slightly difl'erent 
local form, in South India ; Doubleday records it from Burma, fielder fi-om North 
India, but these localities are doubtless erroneous ; we have no authentic record of 
the insect from Bm'ma, North India, Bengal, Central Provinces, etc. 

(a) : P. demolion Cram., forma typ. [cJ, ? , metam.]. 

In a female ft-om Nias there are on the underside of the forewings some sub- 
marginal spots posteriorly which form a kind of ill-defined narrow band, reminding 
one of the corresponding spots of P. gigon P'eld. Sometimes there are two spots 
between the fourth and fifth subcostal veins of the forewings instead of one. 

Hah. Java (4 tj, 1 ? ) ; Nias (5 J, 1 ? ) ; Sumatra (4 3) ; Malay Peninsula (18 c?); 
Siam (1 c?, 1 ?) ; Borneo (3 S); Palawan (1 S). 

{b) : P. demolion liomedon jMoore. 

Papilin liomedon Moore, P. Z. S. p. 575 (1874) (Calicut, Malabar Coast) ; Hamps., .ronm. As. Soc. 
Bewj. p. 364. n. 212 (1888) (Nilgiris, 2500 feet, September) ; Davids. & Aitk., Journ. As. Soc. 
Beny. p. 307. n. 75. t. D. f. 1. 2. 3 (/.,y;.) (1890) (Bombay Presid. ; life hist.) ; Fergus., Journ. 
As. Soc. Beng. p. 446. n. 183 (1891) (Travancore). 

The posterior spots of the macular band of the forewings are distinctly separated 
from one another. The band of the hindwings stands farther from the base than in 
P. deiiwlion Cram. ; in a Nias specimen of the latter the band has, however, the sanir 
position as in certain P. demolion liomedon jNIoore. The hairs of the forewings are 
sometimes arranged in patches, almost as in P. idysses L., hin.nor Cram., jierant/i it ■< 
Fabr., etc. 

Hab. South India (4 S). 

Felder, Verh. z. h. Ges. Wien p. 318. n. 392 (1864), records P. demotion from 
Ceylon; if P. demotion really occurs there, the specimens belong midoubtedly to 
P. demolion liomedon Jloore. 

09. Papilio gigon Fekl. [J,?]- 

Papilio crespTionlfs, Boiaduval (nrc Fabr., 1781), Spec. Gen. Lep. I. p. 220. n. 38 (1836) {p.p.: 

Celebes). 
Papilio gigon Gray, List Lep. Lis. B. M. I. p. 27. n. 96 (1856) (Celebes ; mm. nud. .') ; Felder, Verli. 

z. h. Ges. Wien p. 318. n. 391. & p. 3G6. n. 230 (1804) (Celebes) ; id., Reise Xortmi, Lep. I. 

p. 98. n. 75. t. 12. f. ;i. b ((J) (1865) (Celebes) ; Wall., Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 59. n. SO. 

t. 7. f. 6 (1865) (Celebes; Sulla Is.) ; Hopflf., Stett. Ent. Zeit. p. 20. n. 12 (1874) (Celebes 

* Siao Is.) ; Piepers &• Snell., Tijdschr. r. Ent. XXI. p. 39. n. 1.55 (1878) (Celebes; is var. 

of demotion Cram.) ; Obertb., Et. d'Ent. IV. p. 58. n. 130 (1879) (Celebes) ; Stauding. & Schatz, 

Exot. Schm. I. p. 7. t. 3 {S) (1884) ; Holland, Proc. Boston Soc. X. U. p. 77. n. 127 (I8V0) 

(S. Celebes) ; Haase, Untersuch. iih. Mim. p. 39 (1893). 


( 284 ) 

Besides many differences in pattern, the greater size, and the much more arched 
costal margin of the forewings, P. (jiijon Feld. is distinguished from P. demolion 
Cram, by the totally differently shaped cell of the hindwings, which at once shows 
that P. gigon Feld. cannot be considered a variety of P. demolion Cram., as Snellen 
(I.e.) suggests. 

The veins traversing the band of the forewings are black above, like the rest 
of the wing, except the submedian nervure, which is in most examples partly of the 
colour of the band. On the hindwings above there is often a rather largi> spot between 
the subcostal and upper discocellular nervules, especially in the feiaales. 

The subinarginal spots on the underside of the forewings are very variable; they 
are often joined to one another and form a zigzag band. 

Hah. Celebes (14 (?, 3 ?); Sulla Islands; Mangola (1 J, 1 ?); Siao Islands: 
Sangir Island (1 ?); Talaut Island (2 J). 

70. Papilio antonio Hew. [<?,?]. 

Piipilii) anlnnio Hewitsou, Exot. Butt. V., I'n/i. t. 14. f. 4G ((J, upperside) (1875) (Mindanao) : 

Haase, Untersiich. Ub. Mim. p. .'iO (1893). 
Pajiilio (Aramiiita) antonio, Semper, /'liilipp., TtiqftiU. p. 274. n. 400. t. 47. f. 4 (jj, underside) 

(1892) (cJ, ? ; Mindanao). 

The median band of the hindwings of P. demolion Cram, is in /'. antonio Hew. 
indicated above at the abdominal margin by a white spot ; sometimes there is another 
spot between the lower median nervules. On the underside of the forewings the 
triangular mark is continued towards the apex of the wing by some minute white 
spots. In the female the white mark of the forewings is longer than in the male. 

Hah. Mindanao (3 c?). 

71. Papilio noblei Xicdv. [<?]. 

(J. PapiUo noblei Nic^ville, Journ. .U. Su,: Bun/, p. 287. n. 19. t. i:!. f. 2 (<J) (1888) (Karen Hills, 
Burma) ; Semp., Philipp., Tagfalt. p. 275. sub n. 400 (1892) ; Haase, UnUrmch. iih. Mim. 
p. 40 (1893). 

(J. Papilio henrirus Oberthiu", Et. d'Ent. XVI. p. 3. t. 4. f. 39 (J) (1893) (Mouong-Mou, Tonkin). 

Differs from P. antonio Hew. chiefly in the white triangular mark of the fore- 
wings being obliterated. 

According to the figm-es, P. henricus Oberth. is the same as P. noblei Nicdv. ; a 
few slight differences in the figures are certainly individual. 

Ilab. Burma ; Tonkin. 

72. Papilio helenus L. [<?,?, larva, jiupa]. 

Ehret, Plant, ac Pap. t. 10 (1748-59). 

Papilin Eques Trojanus helenus Linn^, Sysl. Nat. ed. x. p. 459. n. 4 (I7.")8) (Asia) ; Clerck, Icon. 
Ins. I. t. 13. f. 2 (1759) ; Linne, .Uus. Lurl. Ulr. p. 185. n. 4 (17(54) (Ind, or.) ; Houtt., Nat. 
//«M. 11. p. 191. n.4.t.87.f. 1 (underside) (1 767) (China) : Linm'', %,^^ .V«(. ed. xii. p. 74.'). n. 4 
(1767) ; Mull., Naturit. V. 1. p. 567. u. 4. t. 17. f. 1 (1774) (China) : Fabr., Syst. Enl. p. 443. ii. 5 
(1775) (p.p.) ; Cramer, Pap. Ex. II. p. 90. 1. 153. f. a. n (1777) (China) ; Goeze, Eiit. liei/li: III. 1. 
p. 30. n. 4 (1779) (excl. cit. Sebae) ; Fabr., Spec. Iuk. U. p. 3. n. 7 (1780) (p.p.) ; Esper, Aiisl. 
Sriimell. p. 18. n. 4. t. 2. f. 2 (1784) ; Jablonsky, Nature. .SV/im. II. p. 166. n. 40. t. 14. f. 4 ((J) 
(1784) ; Fabr., Munt. Ins. II. p. 1. n. 3 (1787) (p.p:)  Gmelin, S,/st. Nat. ed. xiii. I. 5. p. 2226. 
n. 4 (1790) (p.ji.) ; Fabr., Ent. Syxl. III. 1. p. 2. n. 3 (1793) (/;.;;.). 

Papilio helmus, Godart, Enr. Mith. IX. p. 68. n. 117 (1819) (China) ; Boisd., Spec. Gin. Lip.l. p. 211. 
n. 25 (1836) (/j.p.) ; Doubl. Westw. * Hew., Gen. JJiiirn. Lrp. I. p. 11. n. 57 (1846) (p.p.) : 
Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. .M. I. p. 18.. n. 77 (1852) (N. India ; China) ; id.. List hep. Ins. B. .1/. I. 
p. 21. D. 81 (1856) (syn.p.p.) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. I. p li'l. n. 205 


( 28.3 ) 

(1857) W-P-) ; V<i\A., Vcrh. z. h. Gik. Wini p. :i2rt. n. 404 (I8G4) ip.i>.) : Wall., Tr. Liiiii. Sor. 
Land. XXV. p. 50. n. 50 (18G5) {p.p.) ; Moore, P. Z. S. p. 757 (1805) ; But!., Caf. Diuni. Lep- 
de.in: Fahric. p. 254. n. 04 (ISO'.l) (p.p.) : id., Ti: Linn. So,: Loud. (2). Zool. I. p. 553, n. K! 
(1877) (Mai. Pen.) ; Moore, P. Z. S. p. O'JG (1878) (Hainan); id., /.c. p. 840 (1878) (Hatsiega) ; 
Nicijv., Jourii. As. Sor. Ilniij. p. 59 (1881) (Sikkim, October) : Elwes, P. Z. S. p. 873 (1881) ; 
Auriv., Konijl. Sv. Vet. Ak. Hand. XIX. 5. p. 10. n. 4 (1882) {Linnes type-spec. premrv. in Mus. 
Stockholm) ; Standing. & Schatz, Kxut. Sclim. I. p. 7 (1884) ; Bull., Ann. Mag. X. H. (5). XV. 
p. 344. n. 110 (1885) (" near Assam ") ; Dist., lihop. Mai. p. 343. n. 8. t. 2«. f. 3 (J) (1885) 
Xp-p.) ; Holland, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc. Phil. XIV. p. 123. n. 78 (1887) (Hainan) ; Elwes, 7V. 
Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 429. n. 411 (1888) (Sikkim ; one of the commonest species of Papilio up to 
6000 or 0000 feet) ; Davids. & Aitk., J, mm. Bombay N. H. Soc. p. 367. n. 74 (18'.iO) (Bombay 
Presid. ; larva & pupa ; haec subsp.?) ; Mandens, Tr. Ent. Soc. Loud. p. 530. n. 191 (1890) 
(Shan States, abundant) ; Leech, Butt, of China, etc. p. 548 (1893) (p.p.) : Oberth., Et. d'Ent. 
XVII. p. 4 (1893) (Tonkin). 

Chares {sic 1) helrnus, Swiuhoe, P. Z. S. p. 145. n. 143 (1885). 

Papilio (Chams) helcnns, Doherty, Jonrii. As. Soc. Beng. p. 137. n. 236 (1880) (Kumaon) ; Elwes 
& Nic.''V., ibid. p. 430. u. 135 (1880) ; Watson, Journ. Bomb. N. IL Sor. p. 54 (1891) (Chin- 
Lushai) ; Nici'v., Gazetteer of Sild-im p. 172. n. 478 (1894) (Sikkim ; probably the commonest 
Papilio in Sikkim, up to 0000 feet). 

Churns helenus, Moore, Joiirn. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXI. p. 51 (1889) (Owen I., Mergui Archip.) ; 
Swinhoc, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 312. n. 384 (1893) (Khasia Hills ; apparently rare '). 

Linnd's type came from India or China, whic-h localities are inhabited by the 
same race. 

P. helenus L. ranges over the whole of Continental India, Ceylon, Burma, 8iam, 
Malacca, China (excl. of the north), Southern Japan and the Loo Choo Islands, 
Philijipines, Palawan, and the .Sunda Islands as far east as Timor. From the 
Andamaus and Celebes P. helenus is not known. It must be split up into seven 
subspecies, which are as follows : — 

(a) : P. helenus L., forma typ.. from India, Burma. Siam, Malacca, China (and 

i^outhern Jajian ?) ; 

(b) : P. helenus dnlrsha Hamps. from South India ; 

(c) : P. helenus niooreanus subsp. now from Ceylon ; 

(rf) : P. helenus nicconicolens Butl. from the Loo Choo I.slaiids (and ,Iapan ?) ; 

(e): P. helenus palawanicus Standing, from Palawan, Borneo, Sumatra, Nias, 
Engano, Java ; 

(/) : P. helenus biseriatus subsp. nov. from Timor and Samliawa. 

((/) : P. helenus Jii/staspes Feld. from the Philijipine Islands; 

These local forms are especially distinguished by the difl'ercnt development of 
the greyish streaks in the outer region of the underside of the forewings and of the 
white area and the snbmarginal spots of the hindwings. 


(o): P. helenus L., forma lyii. [r?,?, larva, pujia]. 

Wallace (/.c.) separates the North Indian examiih's as " hical form a" from the 
Chinese ones, and says that " they have more falcate wings and kinger tail," and that 
" the red marks at the anal angle beneath are divideil by a violet -white mark." These 
characters apply, however, to Chinese examples as well as to Indian ones. The siieci- 
mens from Western India, where the typical P. helenus gradually aiiiiroachos tlu' 
larger P. helenus rhtksha Hamps., are often larger than those from Burma, Siam, 
.Alalacca, and China, but it can hanlly be said that this is the rule. 

In thefenmle the white area of the hindwings is about the same size above and 
below. 


(286) 

lu 0. MoUer's collection I found two \eiv remarkable naile specimens from Sikkira 
(October 1886, and October 1887), which I propose to name : — 

(a') : (?-ab. rufatus ab. nov. 

The white jiatch of the hindwings is much reduced ; above, it consists of three 
spots; the first is very nanow and lunate, the second a little longer than broad, the 
third narrowest behind, notched outwardly, a little longer anteriorlj' than broad ; 
beneath, there are only two small lunulate spots left, the anterior one being obliterated. 
The submarginal spots of the hindwings below are transverse, much less arched than 
in typical P. helenus ; the rufous anal mark is about twice as long as broad, and in 
the cellule h(>tween the lower median nervules the subanal and the submargiuid 
rufous markings are entirely merged together, the interspace between them being 
completely filled up with rufous ; one of the specimens has a rather large discal rufous 
sjjot before the upper median nervule. 

These specimens on the upperside are almost identical wit h I', is^vara arta- 
phernes Honr, 

Hab. India; Sikkim (9cJ); Khasia Hills (2 6); Burma; Shan States (6 J); 
Malacca (1 6) ; China (5 c?, 1 ?) ; South Japan (Kiu-Shiu) (2 d). 

I have two specimens fi-om Kiu-Shiu, South Japan, which belong to the typical 
race of helenus, not to nicconicolens Butler, thougli they approach t lie latter a little 
in the form of the white patch to the hindwings. 

(6): P. helenus daksha Hamps. [c?, ?, larva, pupa]. 

Papilio helenus, Horsf. & Moore (n«c Linno, 1758), Cat. Lep. Tns. Miis. E. 1. C. I. t. 3. f. 2. 2a 

(/.,;;.) (1857) (Canara). 
Papilio (CImrus) daksha Hampson, Ji.nrn. As. Sm: Beng. p. 3G?.. n. A>2 (1888) (Nilgiris ; 1000 to 

7000 feet, common : mentions larva). 
Papilio (Charus) helenus, Ferguson, ./mirn. linmhan -V. H. Sue. p. 447. n. l.'>7 (1891) (Travancore ; 

common in the hills). 

Large. The grey intemervular streak.s in the outer region of the underside of the 
hindwings are much shorter than in P. helenus, a character which sometimes appears 
again in P. helenus palawanicus Standing. ; the wliite area of tlie hindwings is larger 
than in helenus, scarcely smaller below than above, but not larger than in F. helenus 
biserialtis subsp. nov. ; below, there are mostly, not always, two additional rufous 
spots between the white patch and the subanal rufous mark, as in many examples 
of other local forms of P. heUmis. 

Ihih. South India: Nilgiris, Malabar (36 (?, 16 9), Travancore. 

(c): P. helenus mooreanus subsp. nov. \_S, ?]. 

Charus helenus, Moore (mz-c Linn.>, 17.'i8), [,,/,. .,/ C, i/hm I. p. 149. t. .58. f. 3 (1881) (Ceylon). 
Papilio helenus, Staudingcr, Iris VIII. p. 348 (1895) (Ceylon). 

Grey streaks on the underside of the forewings as short as in P. helenus daksha 
Hamps. ; the Naples-yellow scales of the upperside of the forewings form conspicuous 
intemervular streaks in the outer region ; the white area of the hindwings smaller 
((?) beneath than above; on the underside of the hindwings there is a complete 
series of seven subdiscal blue lunules, of which the three anterior stand at the outer 
edge of the white discal marks, and of which the two posterior are situated within 
the anal and subanal rufous spots. 

Hab. Ceylon (4 c?, 3 ?). 

It is very curious that .Mr. V. .Moore does not either describe or figure the 
underside which exhibits the distinguishing characters. 


'' 2«7 ) 

(d): P. helenus nicconicolens Butler [J, ?]. 

PapiH,, hrlmus, Orza {nee Linne, 175H), Lrp. Jap. p. 'J. n. 2 (1869) (Japan) : Pryer, HI,,,/,. Xihm. 

p. 4. n. 7. t. 2. f. 2 ( ? ) (1886) (Nagasaki ; Tosa) ; Leech, P. Z. S. p. 208. n. 7 (1«87) (Japan) : 

id., Butt. vfC/ilna, etc. p. 548 (1S9.S) (/t.ji.). 
Papiliu uiccoiiimleiK Butler, Ann. JJmj. A'. U. (5). VII. p. I:i9 (1881) (Nikko). 

Besides the two specimens said to be fi-om Kiu-Shiu, mentioned above (p. 286), 
I have not had tlip opportunity to examine autlientic individuals from Japan proper. 
Mr. Butler's type agrees perfectly with my specimens from the Loo C'hoo Islands, 
and disagrees with the Chinese individuals of helenus. 

Large; discal creamy white area on the hindwings narrow, in most examples 
extended beyond the second discoidal nervule, the two median spots of that area 
about half as long again as broad on upperside, scarcely longer than broad on 
underside; submarginal lunules slender and arched, anal and subanal mark larger 
than in P. helenus; lowest, cellule but one usually with complete submarginal orange 
red ring; between the second discoidal and second median veins there are often two 
red discal spots. 

ffnb. Loo Choo Islands (7 cT, 1 y); (and South .Japan?). 

(«): P. helenus palawanicus iStauding. [S, ?]. 

Papil/ii lielenus, Zinken {nee Linrn-, 1758), Nor. A<i. Ac Nut. Cm-. XV. p. 143. n. 2 (1831) (Java ; sijn. 
ex p.)  Boisd., Spec. Gen. Lip. I. p. 211. n. 25 (1836) {p.p.) ; De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gescli. Ned. 
ni-erz. hes. p. .SO (1840) {p.p.) ; Doubl. Westw. & Hew., (?c«. Dhirn. Lep. I. p. 11. n. 57 (1846) 
(yV'O ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Im. Mus. E. I. C. I. p. 101. n. 205 (1857) {p.p.) ; VoUenhov., 
rijihrh: r. Ent. III. p. 74. n. 28 (1860) (p.p.) : Feld., VerJi. t. h. Ges. Wien p. 320. D. 404 (1864) 
(/<./;.) : Reak., Pr. Ent. Sor. Phil. p. 464. n. 13(1864) {p./,.) : Druce, P. ^. .S. p. .3.57. n. 13 (1873): 
Oberth., Et. d' Ent. IV. p. 45. n. 68 (1879) (Java) : Snell., Midden-Snma.tra. Lep. p. 25. n. 7 
(188(1) ; Kheil, Hhap. Nias p. 37. n. 141) (1884) (Nias I.) ; Dist. & Pryer, Ann. .Mar/. N. II. (5). 
XIX. p. 273. u. 170 (1887) (Sandakau) ; Hagen, L-is VII. p. 21. n. 16 (1894) (Sumatra). 

Papit'm helenus local form /), Wallace, 7V. Lhin. Sor. Land. XXV. p. 50. sub n. 56 (1865) (Java ; 
Sumatra). 

CO PaiJiUn hi/staspe.^, Distant {nee Felder, 1S62), Piuir. Ent. fine. Lnnd. p. 30 (1879). 

Pap'dii, lielenus \a.r. jiaUucanieus Staudinger, Iris I. p. 278 (1888) (P.alawan): id.. Lis JI. p. 12 
(1889) (Palawan ; "scarcely different from P. helenus L."). 

Pvpilin {Cliarus) helenus var. engatiius Doberty, .fiumi. As. Soe. Benij. p. 31. n. 50 (1891) (Engano). 

Papiliii {Chai-us) lielenus var. paliiwanieus, Semper, Pliiliji/i.. Taeifalt. p. 27.'i. n. 402 (1K92) 
(Domaran ; Paragua). 

Differs from P. helenus ciiictly in the submarginal si)Ots of the hindwings 
below being partly (or entirely) obliterated; most specimens are of comiiaratively 
small size. The white patch is smallest in Palawan siiecimens ; the Sumatra and 
Java examples lead over to the next sub.species. 

Huh. Palawan (4 d', 1 ;); Balabac (It?, 1 ?); Borneo (7 J. 1 ?); Sumatra 
(2 i); Java (6 <S,2 ?); Nias (12 6); Engano (2 cJ, 1 ?). 

Unfortunately the name of jxdriwanicus must stand for this IMalayan form of 
P. helenus. Doherty's P. var. enganius (I.e.) is not different from /'. helenus 
jjalawaniciis Standing. 

(/) : P. helenus biseriatus subsp. nov. [? ; (?) cJ]. 

Pcqjilio hrlenus, De Haan {nee Liuni', 1758), Veeli. Nat. Gcseh. Ned. nvei-. lies. p. 30 (1840) (p.p. ; 

Timor). 
Papilio helenus var., Vollenboven. Tijdsehr. v. Ent. III. p. 74. sub n. 28 (1860) (Timor-Kocpang). 
Papilio {Charus) lielenus. Doherty, ./ouni. As. Sue. Beni/. p. 192. n. 110 (1891) (Sumba, Sambawa 

mountains). 

? . The white patch on the hindwings above is continued beyond t lie upper median 
vein an<l reache.s the middle median vein by means of somewhat dispersed white 


( 288 ) 

scales: it also enters the cell iu one specimen; the iiiiii-giiuil s|]ots are rather large 
above and below, and tinged with yellow, chiefly so in the Dili specimens; besides 
the anal lunule there are four red subinarginal sjjots present in all three examples. 

Below, the grey internervular streaks of the forewings are broad and as long as 
in P. helenii^ ; between the lower discoidal nervule to the inner margin they are 
shaiply cut ofif inwardly in a straight line ; the hindwings have a complete series of 
submarginal spots, which are not or scarcely lunulate and of rather large size ; the 
discal white area consists of at least five spots, of which the costal one is almost as 
long as broad, and of which the fifth, standing between the two upper median nervules, 
is small and mostly tinged with rufous ; in one specimen there is a sixth but extremely 
small discal spot of a rufous colour behind the middle median vein between the sul> 
anal rufous mark and the cell ; all three specimens have one or two rufous markings 
beyond the white or rufous-white discal spots between the lower discoidal and middle 
median veins. 

(J. Xine vwdcs from Samhawa, from which island I unfortunatelv do not possess 
& female, belong iirobably to tlie same race as the Timor feinnles. They differ from 
P. }ielem(.s pcdawanicus Standing, especially in the more yellow anal and sulimarginal 
markings of the underside of the hindwings, in the much larger anal and suVmnal 
spots, and in the cell of the hindwings being, in comparison with its length, broader 
than in P.heleiius palrnvdiiicus. especially towards the apex. 

Hab. Timor; Dili (W. Doherty, May 1892) {tupe; 2 S) ; Oinainisa (W. Doherty, 
JTovember to December 1891) (1 ?) ; Sambawa (W. Doherty, September 1891) (9 S). 

(</)■ P. helenus hystaspes Feld. [cJ,?]. 

P,i/,Hi<i In/Ktaspes Felder, Wieii. Ent. Mini. VI. p. 283. n. 34 (1802) (Luzon) : id., Verb. z. h. Ge». 

Wien p. .320. n. 405 (18154) : id., Reise Xm-arn, Lep. I. p. 105. n. 80. t. 15. f. c (I8G.5). 
Pdpilio rariisi Reakirt, Pmr. Ent. Sue. Phil. p. 465. n. 14 (1864) (Philippines). 
Pdliilio (Cliin-ii«) hi/stasjtes, Semper, PhiUpp., Tanfall. p. 274. n. 401 (1892) (Philippine.s). 

This form differs from P. helenus jjalawanicus Standing, chiefly in the white 
area of the hindwings being of almost the same size above and below in the mdle, and 
consisting of four sjiots, of which the last is not much shorter than the second. The 
submarginal spots of the underside of the hindwings arc very variable ; in a .Mindoro 
male the six anterior ones are wanting. 

Hah. Philippine Islands (3 c?, 1 $ ). 

Xote. — The scales of the white jialch on the hindwings above are in the untie of 
P. helenus L. elongate and liidentate ; in the female they are shorter, with the apex 
rotundate-truncate and tri- or (juadridentate, as in the mole of P. cantor Westw. This 
difference between the sexes is, however, not at all constant, as the scales become also 
in the niale often tri- or (juadridcntate. — K, .1. 

73. Papilio iswara White [J,?]. 

Pup/lin ismira White, Entnmol. I. p. 280 (1842) (Peiiang) ; Doubl. Wcstw. & Hew., Gen. Dturn. 
Lep. I. p. 11. n. 58. t. 2. f. 1 (1846) : Gray, Cat. Lep. Ira. li. M. I. p. 10. n. 78 (1852) : id., Lhl 
Lep. lux. li. .\l. I. p. 23. n. 82 (185G) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cut. Lep. Im. Mii». E. I. C. I. p. 101. 
n. 204 (1858) ; Feld., Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien p. .320. n. 408 (1804) (Penang ; Malacca) : Wall., 
Tr. IJnn. Snc. Lond. XXV. p. 51. n. 58 (1865) (Penang; Malacca; Singapore; Borneo): 
Butl., il>i(L (2). Zonl. I. p. 553. n. 15 (1877) (Mai. Pen.) ; (Jodm. & Salv.. /'. X. S. p. 641 (1878) 
(Billiton I.) ; Diat., lili,./,. .Mat. p. 344. n. 9. t. 30. f. 1 (J). 2 (?) (1885) (Mul. Pen.); 
Hagen, Berl. Ent. Zeil. XXXVIl. p. 1.14. n. 109 (1892) (Banka I.) ; id., Jrk VII. p. 21. 
n. 15 (1894) (Sumatra). 


( 289 ) 

Pd.pilio araspes Felder, Wien. Ent. M'oii. III. p. 321. ii. 21 (1859) ("Luzon" lac. err.) ; id., VerJi. 

z. h. Gcs. Wien p. 320. n. 407 (18G-1) : id., Rche Xovara, Leji. I. p. 108. n. 83. t. 15. f. a (186."j) : 

Wall., Tr. Linn. Sue. Litnd. XXV. p. 51. n. 60 (1865) (Philippine Is., "ace. to Feld.") ; 

Oberth., El. iVEni. IV. p. 46. n. 71 (1879) ("Sylhet" he. err.); Semp., PhiUpp., Tagfultrr 

p. 275 note (1892) (" not found on Luzon "). 
Cliimis ismira, Moore, Jimrn. Linn. Sue. Luml. XXI. p. 51 (1889) (Mergui). 
P.ipilin heUnus, SneUen, Ti/dsehr. r. Ent. XXXIII. p. 304. n. 75 (1890) (Belitoeng I.). 

Though in structure almo.st identical with P. helenus L., with which species 
P. iawara flies together in !?umatra and Borneo, the present Papilio is always well 
distinguishable by the absence of a subanal reddish rufous mark from the underside 
of the hiudwings. 

Felder's P. araspes, which is said by Felder to be from Luzon, and of which there 
is a specimen without locality-label in Felder's collection, agrees exactly with smaller 
specimens of P. Iswara from Borneo and Malacca, and must sink as a synonym. 

P. iswara occm-s in three races over Malacca, Natuna Islands, Sumatra, Banka, 
Billiton, Borneo, Celebes, Bangkai Island, and the Sulla Islands. 

(«): P. iswara White, forma typ. [cJ,?]- 
The white patch on the hindwings is very large above, consisting of four s^iots ; 
the edges of the last spot are not sharply defined; in the female there are often two 
more spots of small size between the median nervules; these latter spots are present 
below in both sexes. The underside of the hindwings exhibits besides the two more 
or less complete orange rufous rings, one of which stands at the anal angle, while 
the other is marginal and stands before the lower median nervule, three rather large 
blue spots between the lower median and discoidal veins ; in one female from Borneo 
(Lawas) there are present, besides those markings, five orange rufous submarginal 
spots ; the three anterior are narrow and lunate, the fourth is minute, the fifth is also 
lunate, but longitudinal, standing with its convex side at the second median vein, 
and being joined to the marginal spot of the same cellule. 

Hab. Malacca (4 ,S); Sumatra; Banka; Billiton; Borneo (3 S,2 ?); Natuna 
Islands (2 r?). 

(h): P. iswara sataspes Feld. [S, ?]. 

Papilio salaspes Felder, Vei-!i. -. /;. Gcs. Wien p. 320. n. 400 (1864) (Celebes ; nom. md.) : id., Pei.ir 

.Vorura, Lep. I. p. 106. n. 81. t. 15. f. e ((J) (1865) (Celebes) ; Hopflf., SMI. Ent. Zeit. p. 20. 

n. 15 (1874) (Celebes) ; Oberth., El. d'Ent. IV. p. 45. n. 69 (1879) (Celebes) ; Rothscb.. Jris 

V. p. 442 (1892) (S.E. Celebes). 
Papiliu heeulia Wallace, 7V. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 50. n. 57. t. 5. f. 3 (J) (1865) (Celebes). 
Piiliitio lielrniis, Piepers, Tijdsehr. v. Ent. XIX. Versl. p. 17 (1876) (Celebes). 
Piipilio hfleniis var. satas/irn. Piepers, ibid. XXI. p. :'.9. n. 157 (1878) (Mangkasar : Amperang : 

Bantimoerong). 

The submarginal spots on the underside of the liindwings, which vary in numlier. 
are yellow ; of the blue subdiscal spots usually only one is present. 'I'he white area 
of the liindwings is composed of three spots; the fourth is feebly marked below, 
seldom above ; in one female of my collection the fourth spot is, however, rather 
large, and there are on the underside three more white markings between it and the 
abdominal margin. 

Hah. Celebes (7 <? , 2 ? ). 

(c): P. iswara artaphernes Honr. [<?, ?]. 

Pfipilin lielenus var. orinphrrnrs llonratli, llrrl. l-'.nt. X.ilsehr. XXX. p. 295 (1886) (Bangkai I.). 

Papilio urUiphernes, Staudinger, Iris VII 1. p. 347 (1895). 

Papilio artaphernes var. V alnrsrerns Staudinger, I.e. p. 347 (1895) (Mangola, SuUa Is.). 


( 290 ) 

Honrath's artaphemes and Staudinger's ahasverii^ are the same; both authors 
are quite WTong in comparing this insect with Papilio helenua L., instead of with 
P. imvara aataspes Feld. from Celebes. With P. /kscms (ioeze (= stfiwus Cram.), 
to wliicli artopkeraes is not, as Staudinger erroneously says it is, in inany resjjects 
more closely allied than to P. heleniis L., the present Papilio has nothing to do; it 
has in the cJ the outer region of the forewings covered with hairs, like P. helenus L. 
and P. iswarn White. 

The white patch on the uppcrside of the hindwings is reduced in size, below 
it is oflen ab.sent. The submarginal spots to the hindwings below are yellow, as 
in P. isivara satnspes Feld. 

Ilah. Bangkai Island (in coll. Adams and (iodninn A Sal\ in) ; Maiigola, Sulla 
Islands (:5 <?,!?). 

\U. XEPHELUS-GROUP. 

This group and the memnon-, gambi'lswus-, (rritas-, polytes-, and castoi'-groups 
will most probably come under one generic term in the future generic revision. 

74. Papilio nephelus Boisd. [J, ?]. 

Papilio nephelus Boisduva.\, Spec, (ien^ I.'i,. I p. 210. n. 24 (1836) (Celebes) ; De Haan, Yerli. Nut. 
Gesch. Ned. overz. bez. p. 29 (1840) [p.p.) : Doubl. Westw. * Hew., (ien. Diuni. Lcp. I. p. 11. 
n. 56 (1846) {p.p.): Gray, List Lep. Jm. B. M. I. p. i^. n. 79 (1856) U'J'-) '• VoUenhov., 
Tijdschr. ,: KnI. lU. p. 74. n. 27 (1860) (Celebes) : Feld., Verl,. z. h. Ges. Wieti p. 320. n. 411 
(18G4; : Oberth., Et. d'Eut. IV. p. 113. n. 66 (Celebes, iw- Sumatra). 

This species has developed into three geographical forms, namely : — 
(a) : P. nephelus Boisd., inhabiting Celebes and Java ; 
(6): P. nep}t.elu8 saturnus Guer., inhabiting Sumatra, Malacca, Borneo; 
(c) : P. nephelus wraniis Weym., inhabiting Nias. 

(a): P. nephelus Boi.sd., forma typ. [^, ?]. 

The form which inhabits Celebes (where it is apparently very rare) and .lava 
is slightly ditferent from that found in Borneo, Sumatra (Dili), and Malacca; the 
specimens are smaller; the spots comjiosing the subapical band of the forewings, and 
the white spot near the hinder angle of the forewings below are smaller. The 
submarginal lunules on the underside of the hindwings are thinner, often obliterated ; 
the base of that wing is more densely covered with wax-yellow scales, and the two 
posterior spots of the discal row are smaller. 

Hah. Celebes (2 3, teste Felder) : Java (3 cJ, 1 ? ). 

('>): P. nephelus saturuus (iucr. [tj, ?]. 

Papilin nejilieliix, De Haan («<v Boi.sduval, 18.li;), I.e. p. 29 (;)./).). t. 4. f. 4 (1840) : Doubl. Westw. 
& Hew.,l.r.p. II. u. .".6 (1846) (p./j. : " Nepaul" /"C. en:); Gray, Ca(.. etc. p. 18. n. 75 (18.02) 
(■' Northern India" loc. en:) : id., LiyI, etc. p. 23. n. 79 (1856) {p.p.) : Wall., I.i: p. 51. n. 61 
( 1865) (Malacca : Sumatra : Borneo ; " Aiw.am " Im: en:) : Oberth., Enl. d'Ent. IV. p. 45. n. 6ii 
& p. 113. n. 66 (1879) (Borneo & Sumatra, iier Celebes) ; Standing. & Schatz, E.rnt. Sclim. I. 
p. 7. t. 4 (J) (1884) (Borneo ; Sumatra ; Malacca). 

Papilio aatiiruKs Gui'-rin, 7iVi-. xT"'//. p. 43 (1840) (" Cote Malaye") ; id., in Deless., Sum: Vui/. hide 
p. 70 (1843) (Pulo Penang) ; Feld., Verli. z. h. Ge». iVieii p. 320. n. 412. it p. 367. n. 243 (? ) 
(1804) (Sumatra : Penang ; Malacca ; Borneo ; " Assam " Inc. en:). 

Papilio nfptiinus Gu^rin, in Doless,, .sV.wr. Voj/. Indi- t. 18 (1843) ("noptunus" en: l>ip.). 

Papilio nejihelus var. sulunvi.i, Gray, Cut. Lip. Ins. II. .V. 1. p. 18. sub n. 17 (1852) ("Northern 
India " loc. en:) : id., List, etc. p. 2.!. sub n. 79 (1856) : Dist.. liliop. .\tal. p. .345. n. 11. t. "0. f. :! 
(cJ). 4 (?). 6(S)(1885)(Mal. Pen.): Hagen, /r/s VII. p. 22. n. 17 (1894) (Sumatra). 


( ^91 ) 

Guerin (I.e.) distinguishes this race from the precediug one by the forewings 
having five spots instead of four, and by the hindwings being devoid of the small 
spot behind the middle median nervule mentioned in Boisduval's description of 
P. nephelus ; the latter spot appears, however, sometimes in both races, and in the 
number of spots composing the snliai>ical hand of the forewings my specimens from 
Celebes (and Java) do not differ from those from Sumatra, .Malacca, and Borneo. 

The females, which are of a paler brown-black ground-colour than the 'nudes, 
have often the buflfish white area of the upperside of the hindwings continued on 
to the abdominal margin by means of two additional spots, which are in a female 
from Borneo very long ; the same specimen has a white spot in the apex of the cell 
of tlie forewings below and above; in some other /enirtZes that spot is present onlv 
below or is wanting. In most examples the two submarginal lunules before and 
behind the upper median nervule on the underside of the hindwings are merged 
together at that veinlet with the respective marginal lunules; in other specimens 
nearly all the marginal spots are joined to the submarginal ones; the submarginal 
lunule behind the second median nervule is sometimes obsolete. 

(a*) : ? -ab. albolineatus Forbes. 

Papiliu albolineatus Forbes, Xat. W'lind. E. Arch. p. 275 (1885) (Borneo) ; Waterh., A,il. II. t. 166. 
f. 1 (1886). 

The above-mentioned female from Borneo belongs to this aberration, which is 
distinguished, besides by the cellular white spot of the forewings, by two clearlv 
marked elongate white spots at the hinder angle of the forewings on the upperside. 

Hah. Malacca (8 S, o ?); Sumatra (3 c?, 2 ?); Borneo (11 cJ, 2 ¥, including 
tjlpe of albolineatus Forbes). 

(c): P. nephelus uranus Weym. [cf, ?]. 

Piipiiiii uranus Weymer, Strlt. Eiil. Zeil. p. 271 ( J, ? ) (1885) (I. of Nias). 
PiqiiVo nephelus var. uranus, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. XXIX. p. 275 (1886). 

The subapical macular band of the forewings i^ entirely absent, at least from the 
upperside. 

Hah. Island of Nias (32 6 ). 

To. Papilio nubilus standing, [c?]. 
I'ajiiliii nubilus Staudiuger, Iris VII. p. 344 (1895) (Brunei, N. Borneo). 

Dr. Staudinger kindly lent me the type of this species, and, though mv first 
impression was that the unique specimen might be a sport of P. nephelus. I now 
think that it stands better separate from P. nephelus Boisd. as a species, till further 
researches show that it is not di.stinct. 

The band on the upperside of the hindwings is similar in shape to that of 
P. hipponoiis Feld. 

Hah. Brunei, North Borneo (1 J in coll. Staudinger). 

Tt). Papilio chaon Westw. \_S . ?]. 

Papilin clwrni Westwood, Arc. Ent. II. p. 97. t. 72. f. 1. 1* (J) (1845) (Assam) : Doubl. Westw. 
& Hew., Gen. Diurn. hep. I. p. 11. n. 55 (1846) (Nepaul ; .As.<iam) : Gray, Cat. l.f),. Im. B. M. 
I. p. 18. n. 70 (1852) (N. India) ; id., List Lep. Ins. /I. .1/, I. p. 23. n. 80 (1856) (Sylhct) : 
Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lqi. Jus. .Uus. E. J. C. I. p. 102. n. 206 (1857) (Assam : Sikkim : var. 
"Borneo" Inc. err. aid P. nc/>hclux saturnus?) ; Feld., Verh. :. b. Gcs. Wien p. 320. n. 410. & 
p. 367. n. 242 (1864) (Ind. sept. ; " Malaccii, Hornco" loc. err.) : Moore, P. Z. .'•'. p. 757 (1865) 
(Beng-al) ; Di-uce, P. Z. S. p. 109. n. 5 (1874) (Siam) ; Oberth., Et. iVEnt. IV. p. 45. n. 67 


( 2\*2 } 

(1879) (SjUiet; Ass:im) ; Elwes, Tr. Enl. S„c. Lund. p. 429. n. 412 (1888) (Sikkim ; not 

uncommon in low valleys, from April to October) ; Manders, Tr. Ent. Snc. Lund. p. 53G. 

n. 19-2 (1890) (Shan States); Robbe, Aim. Sue. Ent. B,l,j. p. 124. n. 7 (1892) (Darjeeling : 

Kurscong) : Oberth.. El. d'Enl. XVII. p. 4 (1893) (Tonkin ; China). 
Paj/iloi (Cliarus) chaon, Elwes & Nice'ville, Jvurn. As. Sue. Beng. p. 430. u. 136 (188()) (Ponsekai) ; 

Nicuv., Gasetleiyr of Sikkim p. 172. n. 479 (1894) (Sikkim : common at low elevations, from 

April to October). 
Cliariis chaun, Swinhoe, Tr. Ent. Sue. Land. p. 312. n. 385 (1893) (Khasia Hills : common). 

P. chaon is the Iiidiaii reineseiitative of P. ;ie^.>ftc^((8, and very closely allied to 
that species ; the distinguishing characters seem to me to be of no great importance, 
and I shall not be surprised when intermediate examples between chaon and nephelits 
turn up some day from i^iani. Tenasserini, or the northern parts of the Malay 
Peninsula. 

The subapical band of the furewiugs of uephelus is here indicated only in the 
female ; the marginal apical white mark is mostly of the same size as in itephehca, 
but sometimes obliterated; the submarginal lunules of the hindwings below are of 
a yellowish buff colour, not white. I must, however, state that in a sjiecimen 
of P. iiephelus arauus M>ym. these spots are also huffish, though paler than 
in P. chaon ; in most specimens the submarginal lunules are smaller than in 
P. nephelus satunuts Guer., often partly obliterated, but sometimes they are large, 
and, as in saturnus, partly merged together with the marginal spots. 

Hub. Assam (4 cJ, 1 ?); Sikkim (15 S,4 ?); Shan States (2 c?) ; Tonkin; 
China. 

yiy smallest male, from ShiUong, Assam, has the forewing of a length of 43 mm. ; 
in my largest 'male, from Sikkim, that wing is 65 mm. long. 

Tonkinese and Chinese specimens are unknown to me. 

77. Papilio diophantus Grose Smith [J, ?]. 

Pupiliu diuphanlm Grose Smith, Ent. Mo. Mag. XIX. p. 234 (? ) (1883) (Sumatra) ; id. * Kirby, 
Rlwi,. Ex., Pap. p. 1 (cJ,?). t. I. f. 3. 4 ((J) (1887) ; Hagen, Iris VII. p. 22. n. 19 (1894) 
(Sumatra : not under 1000 m.). 

Very constant. The patch of the hindwings is sometimes connected with the 
abdominal margin by means of a narrow yellowish band. The red streaks in the 
basal region of the hindwings, below, are very peouliai'. The species has no near 
relative at present. 

Hah. Sumatra (4 J). 

78. Papilio fuscus (Toeze [J, ?,metam.]. 

Seba, Thca. IV. p. 51. t. 43. f. 1. 2 (1765) ; id., p. 57. t. 40. f. 17. 18 (176.')) 

$ . Papilio Efjues Acliivusfu.<!cus Goeze, Ent. Beytr. III. I. p. 87. n. 71 (1779) (li/pe: Seba' s figure 

on t. 43). 
jj. Papilio Eques Achirus cinereumamlatus Goeze, I.e. p. 88. n. 76 (1779) (ti/pe : Seba's figure on 

t. 46). 
J ?. Papilio Equee Trojamu seecrux Cramer, Pup. E.r. Ill, p. 153. t. 277. f. .v. ii (cJ). & p. 154. 

f. J. B ( ? ) (1782) (Amboina). 
(J. Papilio Eques Trojanus sreeriis, Esper. .iii.il. Sclinuil. p. 125. n. 55. t. 31. f. I (1785-98) (" $ " 

ex err.). 
S ?. Papilio Eques Trojanus helenus, Fabricius, .Uant. his. II. p. 1. n. 3 (1787) (p.p.) : id., Ent. 

S,/st. III. 1. p. 2. n. 3 (1793) {p.p.). 
J ?. Papilio Eques Trojanus helenns var. sererus, Jablonsky, Naturs. ScJimelt. II. p. 17il. .sub n. 4U 

(1784) : Gmelin, Sgst. Nat. p. 2227. sub n. 4 (1790). 
J ? . Aehillides severu.i, Hubner, Verz. hek. Sehm. p. 85. n. 870 (1810). 
cj ? . Papilio severus, Godart, Eue. .Uelfi. IX. p. 68. n. 118 (1819) ( p.p.) ; Gu^r., Vog. C'oquille, Ins. 

t. 14. f. 1 (1829) ; Boisd., Spec. ('in. Lip. I. p. 212. n. 26 (1830) {p.p.) : De Haan, Verh. Nat. 


( 293 ) 

Gc.-<ch. Xctl. (,vcr7.. bez. p. 30 (1840) ; Guerin, Voij. C'oqiiille. Zuul. III. p. 278 (1842) (Amboina) ; 

Doubl. Westw. &, Hew., Gen. Dmrn. Lei,. I. p. 11. n. 59 (184G) (/;./;.) ; Gray, (Jul. Lep. Ins. 

B. .1/. I. p. I'J. n. 79 (1852) (/-./<.); Blanch., V,,;/. Puk fiiii/. Le/>. p. ;!79 (^j.^;.). t. 1. f. 6. 7 

(1853) ; VoUenhov., Tijdschr. v. Enl. III. p. 74. ii. 29 (18(50) (/-./>.) ; Feld., Vsr/i. s. Ik Gcs. Wkn 

p. 319. n. 403 (1864) {p.p.) ; Wall., Tr. Linn. Sue. Lund. XXV. p. 49. n. 52 (1865) (Buru ; 

Ceram ; Amboina ; Gilolo ; Batjan ; nrc Am Is.) ; Butl., Cut. Dhtrn. Lep. dcscT. Ftiliric. p. 254. 

n. 63 (18i;9) ; Oberth., Et. d'Enl. IV. p. 40. n. 75 (1879) (Amboina) : id., Ann. .lAis. Cir. 

Genovit XV. p. 476. n. 20 (1880) : Standing. & Schatz, Ex„t. Schmrtl. I. p. 7. t. 4 (cJ) (1884) ; 

Pagenst., Jahrh. Nas.':. V,r. Naf. p. 202 (1884) (/'./'.); Butl, .Inn. .Mag. .V. //. (5). XIII. 

p. 197. n. 45 (1884) (Amboina). 
Pttp'dio casiunens var. i-/wrrtmufru!cUns, Kirby, C'lct. J)iur/t. Lep. p. 810. sub n. 180 (1877). 
$ ? . PapiUo ctnerriiMacnlaltis, Ribbe, Iris II. p. 208. n. 5 (1890) (Ceram ; nir Papua) : Hober, 

Tijdschi: v. Enl. XXXIV. p. 273 (1891) (Ceram). 

The figures 1 (upper.side) and 2 (underside) of plate 43 of .Seba's Thesaarus IV., 
though incoiTect and exaggerated in pattern, fit rather well to certain /e?u«/e specimens 
of Cramer's P. sevenis, in which the white discal markings on the underside of the 
hindwings are reduced to small lunate spots ; the hindwings of Seba's PapiUo have, 
on the upperside, a series of reddish submarginal lunules, and, behind the white discal 
area that is formed as in Ci"amer's insect, a series of blue spots, which in Seba's 
figure are too sharply defined. To this figure Goeze (I.e.) gave the name of P. (E. Ach.) 
fuscHS three years before Cramer described and figured the same insect as P. {E. Tr.) 
sever lis. To the figures 17 (upperside) and 18 (underside) of plate 46 of Seba, which 
represent a male specimen of the same insect with the white markings of the under- 
side of the hindwings of the usual rather large size, Goeze gave the name of P. {E. 
Ach.) ciiiereoniaculatiis ; as Goeze enumerates fuscua under ii. 71 and cinereomacu- 
latus under n. 76 in the same volume, the name of P. fuscus has to stand. 

A number of insects allied to P. fioacus have been described as distinct species, 
which are, however, not always distinguishable from each other and P. fuscus, and 
must, therefore, be treated partly as local forms of that species and partly as mere 
aberrations; thus we have the following races : — 

(a) : P. fuscus Goeze from the Bloluccas ; 

(6) : P. fuscus castaneus Goeze from Celebes, Sulla Islands, and Sangir Island; 
(c) : P. fuscus rotalita Swinhoe from the Key and Aru Islands ; 
(d) : P. fuscus beccarii Olierth. from Dutch and German Xew (iuinea ; 
(c) : P. fuscus indicatua Butl. from British New Guinea ; 
(/) : P. fuscus capaneus Westw. from North Australia ; 
((/) : P. ftiscus xenophilus Mathew from the Solomon Islands ; 
(h) : P. fuscua prexaapes Feld. from Malacca, Sumatra, Iterueo, .\ndamuu 
Islands. 

PapiUo cili.v Godm. & Salv. and P. alhinus Wall. I consider to be separate 
species for reasons given below. 

In Java, the lesser Sunda Islands, and the Philippines no representative has as 
yet been found ; it will i)rohably be a form similar to P. fuscua prexaspea Feld. 

('0 : P- fuscus Goeze, forma typ. [J,?]- 

Roth sexes are very variable in ]iattern. The forewiiigs have often subapical 
and anal white markings; sometimes there is, on the underside, a complete white 
band, as in P. fuscus capaneus Westw. ; this band stands mostly farther from the 
outer margin than in that subspecies. The white discal area of the hindwings 
reaches sometimes the abdominal margin of the wing, as is usually the case in 


{ 294 ) 

P.fuscus beccarii Oberth. and P. fiiscus capaneiis Westw. ; in one of my specimens 
it extends only as far as the upper median nervule ; the patcli enters the cell or does 
not touch it; sometimes the nervules traversing it are rather broadly black; thus 
the patch consists in an Amboina sjjecimen in my collection of five spots, of which the 
first and the two last are small, the second and third large. Heyond the discal 
white patch stands often a rather well-marked series of blue, or bluish grey, or 
huffish, or whitish lunules. Many examjiles have an anal orange-red spot, some a 
iiioi'e or less complete series of submarginal orange sjiots. On the underside, tlie 
hindwings exhibit a great variation in the number and size of the discal white 
markings, as well as in the development of the discal blue and the submarginal 
orange-yellow spots. A Ternate specimen has only the three anterior white spots 
indicated by a number of white scales, a little more so than certain examples of 
/'. albinus thomsani Bull. : the other white spots are absent. The submarginal spots 
are sometimes of a pale buff colour ; in most specimens they are rather large, but not 
seldom they are as feeble as in P. fus<yn8 indicatus Butl. The interspaces between 
the submarginal and the blue subdiscal spots are in one female tinged with reddish 
ferruginous. The tails are often uon-spatulate ; in a 'nude from Amboina they 
are rather short ; (Jberthiir (^.c.) records a specimen from Teniate as having short, 
non-spatulate tails. 

The specimens fi-om the Northern Moluccas are apparently on an average 
smaller than those fiom the Southern Moluccas, and have mostly the white area of 
the upperside of the hindwings relatively rather shorter and broader; their hind- 
wings are also generally somewhat shorter. 

Hah. Amboina (W. Doherty, February 1892) (10 S, S ¥); Buru ; Saparua 
(1 J, 1 ?); Ceram (8 c?. 3 ?); Batjan (W. Doherty, :\Iarch 1892) (3 J, 2 ?); Ternate 
(W. Doherty) (2 J); Halmahera (W. Doherty, August 1892) (o S,A ?). 

(h) : P. fuscus castaneus (ioeze [cJ,?]. 

Seba, Thes. IV. p. 65. t. 46. f. 7. 8 {I'tUb). 

Papilio EqiKS Achivus castaneus Goeze, Ent. Bei/tr. 111. 1. p. 88. n. 75 (1771)) (li/jn : Seba's figure on 

t. 45). 
Pojiiliii Eques Triijanits wverus, Esper, Ausl. Schm. p. 125 (" J ," iiec " (J "). t. ;^I. f. 2 (1785-98). 
Pajiilid sererus, Boisduval, Sjier. Gin. Lep. I. p. 212. n. 26 (1836) (p.p.) : Doubl. Westw. A: Hew., 

Geii. Dium. Lep. I. p. 11. n. 59 (1846) (p.p.) ; Gray. Cal. Lep. /h.«. «. .1/. I. p. 19. n. 79 (1852) 

(2>.p.) : Feld., Verh. z. h. Ges. Wien p. 319. p. 403 (1864) (p.p.) : Pagenst., ./alirh. Xass. Ver. 

yal. p. 202 (1884) (p.p.) : Westw., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lmd. p. 468. n. 3 (1888) (N. Celebes). 
i J. Papilio pertinax Wallace, Tr. Linn. Soc. Lund. XX\. p. 49. n. 53. t. 5. f. 4 (J) (1865) 

(Celebes) ; Oberth., Et. cFEnt. IV. p. 40. n. 74 (1879) (Celebes : '• Ternate" he. err.) ; Ribbe, 

Jris II. p. 209. sub n. 5 (1890) (distinct species). 
Piipilio castaneus, Kirby, Cat. Diwn. Lep. p. 810. n. 180 (1877). 

(J ? . Papilio severiis \3.t. pertinax, Snellen, Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXII. p. 61 (1879) (Celebes). 
Pdpdio serirus var. minor Oberthiir, Et. d'Ent. IV. p. 46. sub n. 75 (1879) (Sangir I.). 

Large specimens have the costal margin of the forewings more arched than 
P. fuacv^ Goeze. A feeble buff subdiscal band is mostly present on the forewings 
posteriorly, above and below; it is not marked anteriorly as in P.fn.scu«. The white 
discal area of the hindwings is smaller than in fuscus, especially narrower ; the tails 
are broad and spatulate ; sometimes there is a minute orange anal spot above. On 
the under.^ide of the hindwings the posterior spots of the discal row are small and 
mostly orange, often obliterated. 

Hub. Celebes (W. Doherty, August to September 1891) (ocj.l S); Sulla Islands 
(1 t?, 1 ?); Sangir Island (W.'Doherty) (4 6, 3 ?). 


( 295 ) 

Oberthilr's P. severus var. minor is based on small specimens from Saiigir ; 
my specimens from that island are larger than, or as large as, my Celebesian 
examples, and do not difJer from them subspecifically. In two of the Sangir and 
one of the Sulla specimens the white patch on the hindwings is larger than in typical 
castaneus. The tails of my Sulla si)ecimens are a little longer and at the base 
thinner than in the Celebesian ones. 


(c) : P. fuscus rotalita (Swinh.j [cJ, S ]. 

(?) PajiiUn xereriis, Wallace (mr Cramer, 1782), Ti: Linn. Sue. Lmiil. XXV. p. 4','. n. 52 (1865) 

{p.p.). 
PapiVio indiaitiig, Semper (««■ Butler, ISTtJ), Juurn. Mux. Gmhjl'nii/. Heft 14. p. 42. sub n. l.'Jl 

(1878) (Aru Is.) ; Janson, Crinse of .U„rrl,rs,r II. p. .-i7G. n. 80 (1880) (Aru Is,). 
PnpiUo licccarii, Ribbe (nee Oberthur, 1879), Iris I, p. 78. n. 4 (188G) (Aru Is., rare): Ruber, 

Tijchchr. r. Ent. XXXIV. p. 273 (ISill) (Key Is.). 
tJ. Charus rotfiUfa Swinhoe, Ami. Mar/. -V. M. (G). XII. p. 257 (1893) (Key Is.). 
cJ ?. Papilio sepfimius Staudinger, Iri^ VII, p. 345 (1895) (Aru Is,), 

I have compared fom' specimens of this sub.species, including the types of 
P. rotalita (Swinhoe) and P. septmiius St^uding., and must say that there is next 
to nothing to distinguish this race from P. fuscus indicatiis Butl, and from P. fuscun 
cajjaneus Westw. The band of the forewings is reduced to some spots in the apical 
region, as in many indicatus and some capaneus ; the band of the hindwings above 
is naiTow, consisting of three larger spots between the subcostal and upper median 
uervule, a lunate spot at the costal margin, and another small lunate spot behind 
the upper median nervule ; between the second median vein and the abdominal 
margin there are sometimes some white scales, indicating the spots standing there in 
most examples of capaneus; the three large spots are rounded exteriorly, as is the 
posterior of them in capaneus, while the two anterior ones are cut off obliquely in 
capaneus; below there are three or four white markings on the disc between the 
costal margin and the upper median nervule, the first and last are minute. 

Hab. Key and Aru Islands. 

(<0 : P. fuscus beccarii Oberth, [c?,?], 

Papilio Herern.s, Boisduval (mr Cramer, 17«2), .S/„.,-. Gen. Up. I. p. 212. n. 2G (183G) (/i.p.) : 

Doubl. Westw. & Hew., (reu. Dium. Lep. I. p. 11. n. 59 (1846) {p.p.) : Vollenhov., Tijdsthr. r. 

Ent. III. p. 74. n. 29 (1860) (p.p.) ; Feld,, Verh. z. I,. Oes. Wien p. 319. n. 403 (1864) (p.p.). 
cJ ? . Papilio heecarii Oberthur, Et. d'Eul. IV. p. 46. n. 76 (1879) (Dorey ; nvm. mill.) ; id., .iim. 

Mus. Cir. Gemn-a XV. p. 475. n. 21. t. 3. f. 1 ((J). 2 ( ? ) (1880) (Waigeu ; Audai). 
(?). (J ? . Papilin severuK (?), Moutrouzier, Ann. Sc. Phi/n. Xal. Linn. p. 397 (1856) (Woodlark I.) ; 

id., Essay Faune Woodl. p. 119 (1857). 

This form has the wings shaped as smaller examples of /'. fiisru.'i: the fails are, 
however, thinner at the base. The pale band on the ii]iper>ide of the forewings, 
which is mo.stly so well defined in P. fuscus capaneus'SW'Mv;., is alwent from /»«ccnm, 
or it is indicated near the costal margin by some white spots which ,st;nid, as in 
P. fuscus rotalita (Swinhoe), farther from the end of the cell than in P. fuscus : in 
many specimens the band is also marked in the anal region. On the underside the 
band is sornetimes as well defined as in P. fuscus capaneus. In some individuals it 
is, however, reduced to about three spots, standing in the anterior region of the wing, 
as in P. fuscus rotalita (Swinhoe). The w-hite area of the hindwings above is variable 
in size ; sometimes it touches or even enters the discoidal cell, or it is separated from 
the cell by an interspace of about 4 mm. Below, the hindwings are similar to those 


( 296 ) 

of P. fuseits capmuiis Westw., and vary just as inucli as in that subsijecies; the 
rlisoal row of whito patches and luniiles is not always complete in the tj ; the anterior 
and the three posterior spots are mostly very thin, the latter sometimes obsolete ; 
the three large markings are in certain individuals more than twice as large as in 
others. The submarginal orange spots are sometimes partly or all absent in the <J. 

The single character by which this form can apparently always be distinguished 
from P. fuacas capaneits Westw. and indlcatus Butl. is the ab.sencc or minuteness 
of the subapical white spots of the upperside of the forewings. 

Ilab. Waigeu (ace. to Oberthiir) ; Dutch New Guinea: Dorey (66 cJ, 34 ?); 
Humboldt I'.ay (7 (?, 1 ?). 

Montrouzier's P. severus from Woodlark Islaufl comes apparently nearer to 
P. fmcus xenophilus Mathew and P. fuscus cajxineus Westw. than to the present 
race, since Montrouzier describes it as having a white band on the forewings, which 
posteriorlv is obliterated ; the band of the hindwings seems to be of the form of that 
of capaneiis. 

(e) : P. fuscus indicatus Butl. [(?,?, metam.]. 

Papillo indicalu.'! Butler, Ann. Mag. X. If. (4). XVIII. p. 248. n. 92 (I87C) (Pt. Moresby) : id., 
P. Z. S. p. 471 (1877) (S. New Guinea) ; Mathew, Tr. Ent. Snc. Lmul. p. 170. t. 4. f. 3. 3a. 
3b (/., p.) (1878) (Pt. Moresby) ; Grose Smith & Kirby, W>o/>. Kx. I. Pu/k t. :i. f. 1. 2 ( ? ) 
(1888). 

PajiiUo capanms, Oberthiir, Et. d'Enl. IV. p. 47. n. 77 (18711) (p.p.). 

Differs from the following subspecies in the much smaller anal orange-red spot 
on the upiierside of the hindwings, and in the very thin orange-red submarginal 
markings on the underside of those wings. These markings are, however, sometimes 
also very .small in P. fuscus capaneus, and such specimens of capaneus are scarcely 
or not distinguishable from P. fuscus indicatus Butl. 

Hah. British New Guinea (5 c?, 3 ?). 

(/) : P. fuscus capaneus Westw. [J,?]. 

PiipiUo rnpnmii.1 Westwood, .1)0. Ent. II. p. 15. t. .52. f. 1. 2 (1843) (Australia) : Doubl. Westw. & 
Hew.. Gen. Dhmi. Lep. I. p. 11. n. 60 (1841!) : Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 19. u. 80 
(1852) : id.. List Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 24. n. 84 (ISof.) (Richmond R. * Moreton Bay) ; Feld., 
Verh. z. b. Ges. Wicn p. 319. n. 402 (18114) (Austral, sept, ot occ.) ; Butl., Ann. Mag. X. 11. 
(4). XX. p. 125. n. 23 (1877) (Cape York) : Semper, .lonrn. Mus. G'nliffr. Heft 14. p. 42. n. 131 
(1878) (Bowen ; Pt. Mackay : C. York) ; Oberth., Hi. d'Ent. IV. p. 47. n. 77 (1879) {p.p.) ; 
id., Ann. Mm. Cir. Gcnom XV. p. 47(;. sub n. 21 (1880) (Australia) : JIatbew, Pmc. Linn. Soc. 
.V.5. Wales p. 2<)4 (1885) ('I'hursday I.). 

The huffish band of the forewings varies from being comjilcte to being reduced 
to two or three small sj)Ots behind the costal margin, above and below. The three 
posterior spots of the median white band on the upperside of the hindwings are 
mostly thin, sometimes, however, scarcely narrower than in certain examples of 
P. fuscus xenojjhUus yiaihew ; the two posterior ones are seldom absent. The sub- 
marginal orange-red spots vary in nunilier from 1 to (i. On the underside tlie white 
subdiscal 7iiarkings, which have in most .specimens the same position as in P. fuscus 
roialitn (Swinhoe) and P. fuscus beccarii Oberth., but stand sometimes closer to the 
cell, nearly as in P. fuscus Goeze, vary in numlicr fVom 7 to 3 ; the series of sub- 
marginal spots, which are much more yellow t ban above, and even whitish, is complete, 
though in my c? specimen irom Thursday Island the sixits are j)artly overpowdered 
with black. 


( 297 ) 

.My largest specimen of cajxtnev.s is of exactly the same size as my smalle>t 
of P. fuscHS xenophUus Matliew. 

Hah. Northern Australia CIO (J, 10 ?) : Thursday Island (1 cJ, 1 ? j. 

(g): p. fusCUS xenophilus .Mathew [cJ,¥]. 
J. Pajiilid .reniiphilm Mathew, P. Z. .S. p. 348 (188()) (Ugi, Solomon Is.). 

Differs fi-om P.fuscus capdiwus Westw. in being usually larger and in ha\ing 
the baud of the hindwings proportionally narrower in the middle, and broader from 
behind the upper median nervule. 

The band of the forewings, which is sometimes obliterated in the middle, varii^s 
in shape, as does that of P. fuscus cry)(Ml6MS Westw. Besides the anal orange spot, 
whicli is seldom obsolete on the upperside, there are a number (1 to 4) of rather feeble 
submarginal spots; below, the submarginal spots are rather large, as in many i'./n.scM.s 
capaneus ; the white spots vary in number from 3 to 7 : the second to fourth spots 
are, as in the other races of P. fuscus Goeze, the largest, but remain in xenophUus 
rather small, being mostly much broader (transversely) than long. 

Hah. Solomon Islands : Ugi, (luadalcanar (5 r^, 3 ?), Rubiana (i ? ), .\la (i ? ). 

(h): P. fuscus prexaspes Feld. [cJ, ?]. 

Piijiilio prr.raspis Fekler, Verli, ~. A. (ii:i. ]\'iiii p. :i-_'0. n. 40'.l (1864) (Malacca; nom. iiud.) : if)., 

Reise Novnm, Lep. I. p. 107. n. 82. t. 15. f. u (18l)j) (Malacca) ; But]., Tr. Linn. Snc. Lunrl. 

(2). Z.ml. I. p. 553. n. 14 (1877) (Mai. Pen.) ; Oberth., Kl. d' Ent. IT. p. 4(5. n. 72 (1879) 

(Andaman Is.) ; Wood-Mas. & Nici'V., ./o«i'n. As. Sue. Ben;/, p. 254. n. lil.S (1881) (Amlaman Is. ; 

? drsn:) : Distant, Rlny). M„l. p. ,345. n. 10. t. 20. f. 2 (J ) (1886) (Mai. Pen.). 

Comes very close to certain I'ather small examples of P. fascus Goeze whicli 

have a comparatively lai"ge white area to the hindwings; it differs chiefiv in that area 

being narrower at the costal margin, and in the white spot near the hinder angle 

of the forewings on the underside being always very small. 

The Bornean examples, which may represent a separate subspecies, have the 
white spots on the underside of the hindwings, esjiecially the three posterior ones, 
larger, at least in the four specimens in my collection. In the Andaman individuals 
the blue spots on the underside of the hindwings are rather large; in Felder's type 
these spot.s are all marked, but are small. 

Hnb. Malacca (2 (J); Andaman Islands (8 c?) ; Borneo (4 <?). 
\\'ith P. helenas L. this insect has nothing to do, e.specially because the outer 
region of the upperside of the forewings is covered with dense hairs in that species. 
It bears a rather close resemblance to P. chaon Westw., from which it is, however, 
distinguished inter alia by the abdomen having a continuous white line at each side 
below, whereas in P. chion (and P. iiephelus Boisd.) there is a row of separate while 
dots situated at the hind edges of the segments, and by the presence of blue spots 
on the underside of the liindwings. 

79. Papilio cilix Godm. .»c Salv. [cJ, ?]. 

PapHin (?) Godman & Salvin, /'. X. S. p. HA. n. M (1877) (New Ireland). 

Pdjiiliu alhinns, iid. {nn- Wallace, I8G5), I.e. p. 160. n. 44 (1879) (New Ireland). 
cj ¥ . Papilh, «■//> iid., l.r. p. G53 (1879) (New Ireland). 

Distinguishaljle from P. fuscus and its races by the white area of hindwings 
being much broader between the upper median nervule and the abdominal margin 
of the wing than in those insects. 

In the riiale the forewings are on the u]iperside devoid of a band or of spots 
replacing it ; on the imderside they have often a seri(-s of while spots which become 


(298) 

obsolete towards the costal margin. The white band of tlie hindwings mostly enters 
the ai)ex of the cell ; at the costal margin it is often (iihited towards the base ; the 
anal orange-red spot is in some specimens feeble. On the underside the white discal 
patch consists of seven spots, which are larger than in P. fimciw (foeze, and of which 
the third and fourth often touch the apex of the cell. 

In the/e7?irt/e the forewings exhibit above a faint m.\cnl:u- pale band, wliich is 
clearly marked below, and becomes on both sides ob.solete anteriorly; in my feniale 
from New J^ritain there is a minute white spot in the apex of the cell on the 
underside of the hindwings. 

Hah. New Ireland (8 <?, 1 ?); New Britain (13 <?, 6 ?); (?) Duke of York. 

This species is very constant in comparison with its allies, and can always 
readily be recognised by the pattern of the wings. Intermediate examjiles between 
this I'apilio and P. albinns Wallace and P. fn,scn.s Goe/.e are unknown to me. 

80. Papilio albinus Wallace [J, ?]. 
Papilio sevenis auct. p.p. ? 
Papilln nllinu.1 Wallace, Tr. Linn. .S.-c. Lmid. XXV. p. 49. n. 54. (. 5. f. 5 (J) (18G,')) (New 

Guinea) ; Oberth., El. d'Ent. IV. p. 4f). n. 73 (1879) (Aml)erbaki) ; Grose Smith, .Wnr. Znol. I. 

p. :i33. n. 8 (18(14) (Humboldt Bay). 
Papilio sera-US var. alhinus, Kirsch, .^fillJl. ^^lts. Dresden I. p. 1 1-2. n. 4 (1«77) (Twiorage ; Waweji ; 

Dorey : Nappan) {an P.fusciis heccarii Oberth. ?). 
J J . Pupilin alhinus var. aelcareiisis Honrath, Berl. F.nl. Ziit. XXIX. p. 27.5 (188.0) (Sekar, 

N. Guinea occ). 

The differences between P. albinus and P.phsciLs beccnrii, though rather slight, 
seem to be constant. The inale of P. albinns has the .scales of the outer half of the 
forewings on the upperside, especially towards the hinder angle, conspicuously longer, 
so that the scaling appears more irregular, and the serial arrangement of the scales 
almost imjierceptible. There are no blue scales behind the white area. The white 
discal markings on the underside of the hindwings stand closer to the cell than in 
P.fuscus beccarii Oberth. in either sex; the second, third, and fourth spots are 
exteriorlv rather deeply emarginate, so as to make the anterior angle of each s]iot sharp. 
The anal valves of the male are more triangular than in P.fnsciis beccarii Oberth. 

ITiis is all I can find by wliich to distinguish my s]iecimens of P. nlbiiias from 
P.fuscus beccarii Oberth. I must add that the di.stribution of i'. aWw/ius, which 
inhabits the whole of New Guinea, is also different from that of beccarii, which flies 
in Dutch and German New Guinea, and is replaced in British (South) New (iuinea 
by P. fuscus indicatus Butl. It is, however, not impossible that P. albinus is 
nevertheless a form of beccarii which is localised in a certain sense, being confined 
perhaps to swamps, while P.fuscus beccarii and indicatus, which are so close allies 
of the Australian P.fuscus capaTieus, may inhabit dryer localities. 

To P. albinus belong two geograiiliical races: — 

(a): P. albinus Wall., forma typ. [cJ, ?]. 
The white area of the hindwings is in six out of my seven specimens nuicli 
larger than in P. fuscus beccarii, entering the cell as far as the origin of the middle 
median nervule ; in the seventh specimen (?) it is not larger than in certain 
beccarii ; sometimes it is extended along the costal margin towards the base. The 
hindwings have above mostly an orange anal spot, and sometime.s one submarginal 
lunule; below, the discal white markings vary in number from 5 to 2 in the male; 
in the female the series is complete, but the last spot is almost obliterated ; the sulv 
marginal spo^s vary in the nide from 7 to 0, in the other sex llie series is coin))lete. 


( 299 ) 

Honrath's var. selcarensia is ideutical with typical albiiius ; he distinguishes his 
" var." from P. cdhinus by the absence of a white subapical band from the forewings, 
and the larger and more numerous white spots on the underside of the hindwings ; 
jirobably Honrath mistook the following aberration or P. fuscus beccarii Oberth. for 
typical P. (ilbinus Wall. 

(a-) : ab. lesclies (lodm. & Sal\'. 

Pajiilw lesches Godman & Salvin, P. Z. S. p. (!14 (1880) (N. of Pt. Moreby, N. Guinea) ; Salviu, 
Ent. ilu. Ma;i. XSIV. p. 275 (1888) (P. h'iculor Kirby = P. 1,-scliex Godm. & 8alv.). 

Paj)iliu hicohn- Kirby, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5). XIX. p. 3G1 (1887) (N. Guine.a) ; id. & Gmse Smitb, 
Rhop. Ex. I. Pai,. p. 7. t. 3. f. 3 (cJ). 4 ( ? ) (1888). 

Forewing.s with a subapical white band above and below. 

If this form, which I have seen only from Southern New Guinea, is confined 
to that district, and if P. albinus is a distinct species, P. lesehes ought to stand as 
a subspecies and not as an aberration. 

(6^): ab. leucojjhanes Grose Smith. 
(J. Pap'dhi huniji/iain s Grose Smith, ,Vf<c. Zcul. p. 584. n. 8a (18114) (Humboldt Bay, New Guinea). 
Hindwings below with two white discal spots only. 

Hab. New Guinea: Humboldt Bay (W. Doherty, September to October 1892j 
(3 (5, 2 ¥); Sekar, Amberbaki, Dorey, etc. ; Twiorage (Meyer, !May 1873) (1 6); 
Pt. jMoresby, Kedscar Bay (British New Guinea) (1 cJ, ab. leaches). 

(b): P. albinus thomsoni Butl. [cJ,?]. 

J. Pajjilin tliumsnni Butler, .I«h. .lAwy. X H. (5). XIU. p. 197. D. 46 (1884) (Key Dulan). 
J ¥ . PapiUv lawjeni Druce, Ann. Mag. X. JI. (G). II. p. 234 (1888) (Key Is.). 
iS ¥ . Papilio beccarii, Rbber, Tijdscln: i: Ent. XXXIV. p. 273 (1891) Key Is.) {Iiaec spec. ■( id 
P. fuscus rotalita Swiuhoe ?). 

Differs from P. albinus Wall, in the total, or almost total, absence of white 
discal markings from the underside of the hindwings ; in two of my three specimens 
there are a number of white scales in the places where in P. albinus the three 
anterior white spots stand; this fact, together with the hindwings of P. albimi^ ab. 
leucophanes Gr. Smith being bimaculate with white below, proves that tlioiusoni k 
not specifically different from albiaim. 

The white discal area of the upper surface of the hindwings is rather variable in 
breadth; sometimes it does not extend into the cell as far as to the origin of the 
upper median nervule, in other individuals it reaches to the origin of the second 
median nervule. My female has on the hindwings above, besides the spot at the 
anal angle, three submarginal orange limules ; in the male there is no orange spot 
marked on the upperside, or only the anal one. 

Hab. Key Islands (2 ,^, 1 ?). 


VIII. ORITAS-GROUP. 
Both sexes similar, tailless. 

81. Papilio oritas Godm. i^ Salv. [c?,?]. 
Pnpilin nrihis Godman & Salvin, P. Z. S. p. C54 (1879) (N. Ireland). 

The po.sition of the straight subapical band of the forewings is not always the 
same; in most specimens the band is situated between the apex of the cell and the 


( 300 ) 

h:ise of tlie fifth subcostal iiervule ; in others it stands farther from the cell, its inner 
edge being almost on a level with the origin of the fifth subcostal vein. The fertude 
has a complete series of subniarginal spots to the underside of the hindwings; the 
raale has no subniarginal spots, or only one. 
Hab. New Ireland (2 <?, 2 ?). 

82. Papilio websteri <irose Smith [(?,?]. 

(J. Papilio ormeiius, Pagenstecher («<c Gui^rin, 1829), Jahih. Xanx. Vei: Xal. p. 70. u. 4 (1894) 

{this species acrnrffinff fn the specimen examined hi/ us), 
(^. Papilio icebsleii Grose Smith, Ann. May. X. //. (6). XHI. p. 496 (cJ,kcc ?) (1894) (New 

Britain) : id. it Kirby, Rhnp. Exot. II. Pap. p. 37. t. xv. f. 1 (1895) (cJ, nee ? ). 

(J. Differs from P. oritfts especialh' in the band of the forewings being more 
curved and consisting of much smaller s[)ots, and in the hindwings below having a 
more or less complete series of orange, submarginal markings. 

The white discal patch of the hindwings above extends sometimes almost to the 
base of the lower median nervulc; in other e.xamiiles it reaches just to the origin of 
the second median vein. 

? . The female described and figured by Jlr. Grose Smith does not belong to 
this species, but to a local form of P. wmenus Guer. The true female of P. wehsten 
is similar to the viale (as in all the allied species), but browner. The patch of the 
hindwings is more restricted, and there is, besides an anal orange-red spot, a sub- 
marginal spot of the same colour between tlie lower median uervules. Below, the 
hindwings have a series of six discal white patches, of which the fii'st is lunate and 
stands behind the subcostal vein midway between outer margin and cell, the second 
and fourth are about twice as long as broad, the fifth is smaller, the sixth consists of 
dispersed scales, the third is the largest, being almost thrice as long as broad; the 
third patch stands about 4 mm. from the end of the cell. The submarginal spots are 
larger than in the male. 

Hah. New Britain (10 J, 1 ¥). 

Note. — The sexes of P. erskinei, laarch'W8,ptolych%is, woodfwdi, oritae, websten, 
are, as in all other .species of Papilio, distinguishable from one another by some 
differences in scaling. The scales of the whit<' markings of the forewings above 
are much longer and narrower in the male, and have less teeth at the apex, and 
the scales of the upper layer in the black portion of the outer half of the upper 
surface of the forewings are also longer in the male, at least partly, and assume often 
a hairlike character. — K. J. 

83. Papilio erskinei Mathew [J]. 

Papilio erskinei Mathew, /'. Z. S. p. 348. t. 34. f. 1 (cj) (1886) (Ugi I., Solomon Is.). 

One specimen only is knowii. It differs from the other .species with the l)an(l 
of the hindwings not extending along the costal margin towards the base in the fore- 
wings being marked almost exactly as in P. hecataeus (rodm. it Salv., which is one 
of the sexually dimorphic species of the Solomon Islands. 

Hab. Solomon Islands: L'gi Island (in coll. Godman it Salvin). 

8-1. Papilio laarchus Godm. & Salv. [cJ,?]. 

Papilio laarchus Godman iV: Salvin, Ann. Mag. X. IJ. (6). I. p. 214 (?) (1888) (Rnbiana I.) 
Grose Smith & Kirby, Jihop. Exol. I. Pap. p. 17. t. 8. f. 1. 2 (J) (1889). 


As I must treat P. arid tirose Smitli as a subspecies oi'laurchua, there are two 
geograjiliieal races of this insect known : — 

(a) : P. laarchus (iodm. & Salv., forma typ. [(?,?]. 

d. The forewings have an oblique subapical white band above and lielow : 
towards the outer third of the inner margin there stands a cloud of white scales or 
a rather large patch ; a second white patch is found in mauy specimens on the lower 
median nervule ; and in one of my examples these two markings are merged 
together and form a band which corresponds to the posterior part of the band of 
P. ivoodfordi Godm. & Salv. The anal orange spot is often absent. 

Below, the hindwings have, besides the large anal mark, from to 4 submarainal 
spots; on the disc there is often a series of bluish spots, inside which stand in main- 
individuals some wliitish markings; of the latter those between the subcostal and 
lower discoidal veins are often rather large and lunate. 

?. On the upperside, the hindwings have sometimes an orange submarginal 
spot lietween tlie lower median nervules ; below, they have always a complete series 
of submarginal markings, which vary, however, much, in size. 

Hah. Solomon Islands : New Georgia (Kubiauaj (25 c?, 9 ? j. 

Qj) : P. laarchus ariel tirose Snnth [c?]. 

Fiipllii, Uriel Grose Smith, But. M„. Mag. XXV. p. 30.S (^J) (1889) (Isabel 1.) : id. & Kirby, /(■//. y*. 
Exot. I. Paii. p. 15. t. 13. f. 1. 2 (jj) (1890). 

One specimen is known. It differs from P. lajirchus Godm. & Salv. in the much 
smaller subapical spots of the forewings, and in the two complete series of discal 
spots on the underside of the hindwings. 

As the subapical spots of the forewings are not constant in size in P. laarchus, 
and as both the blue and the whitish spots of the hindwings beneath are often ]iartly 
well marked in that species, I cannot accept P. arid as a distinct species. 

Hub. Solomon Islands : Isabel Island (in coll. Grose Smith). 

8.3. Papilio ptolychus Godm. & Salv. [c?,?]. 
cJ. Pupilhijdidtjchiis Godman & .Salvin, Ann. Man. N. 11. (C). I. p. 99 (1888) Guatlalcau.'ir I.) 

(?. Differs from P. laarchus (iodm. & Salv. especially in the forewings having 
four- white .spots posteriorly close to the outer margin, besides the subapical white 
band, and in the band of the hindwings being as narrow as in P. hridt/ei jSIathew. 

Some specimens have on the upperside of the hindwings a small, ochraceous, 
submarginal spot between the lower median nervules ; below, the series of submarginal 
spots is always comi)lete, but the spots are often very feebly marked. 

?. Similar to the m«/e; the marginal .spots to the forewings and the submarginal 
markings to the under surface of the hindwings are rather larger ; above, the hind- 
wings have three submarginal spots in my single example. 

Hab. Solomon Islands: Guadalcanar Island (9 J, 1 ?). 

80. Papilio woodfordi (iodm. A Salv. [cJ,?]. 

Piijiilh Wiiudfordi Godman & .Salvin, Ann. Mai/. N. II. (Ci). I. p. 100 (1888) (Alu & FaiU'O, 
Solomon Is.) ; Gro.se Smith & Kirby, Jihap. Exol. I. r,ip. p. L>1. t. 10. f. 1. i (^) (1890). 

The broad white liand of the forewings is divided in certain specimens longi- 
tudinally from the second discoidal nervule lo the inner margin of the wing by means 


( 302 ) 

of a blackish band ; the inner ftortion of the white band, wliicii is narrow and con- 
tinuous with the portion near the apex of the cell, is often obliterated, and then 
the band is interrupted before the upper median nervule. The position of the 
jjosterior part of the white band is not always the same, the black marginal area 
vaiying in breadth from 5 to 10 mm. at the lower median nervule. 

The hindwings are in some individuals more strongly toothed at the end of the 
upper median veiu than in others ; there is no orange anal mark, as in P. jAolychus, 
but often a small white anal spot. 

The markings of the underside are rather variable. Tiie forcwings exhibit often 
small and ill-defiued submargiual white spots, which in some individuals form a kind 
of submargiual band, 'i'iie submarginal spots of the hindwings vary in number, 
shape, and colour. 

?. All my specimens have an orange anal spot on the u]iperside of the hind- 
wings, which is sometimes larger than in P. ptobjchiis ; one example has also some 
submarginal markings on the hindwings above. Below, the submarginal marks of 
the hindwings are larger than in the laale, though they var^' in size, and are mostly 
of an orange-yellow colour. 

Hitb. Solomon Islands : Shorthiud Islands (Alu, Fauro) (10 cj, 6 ?). 


IX. GAMBRISIUS-GROUP. 

Sexes tailless, dissimilar (sexually di- or polymorphic species). 

87. (?; Papilio amphitrion (^'nmi. 

Papilio Eques Achious amphitrion Cramer, Pap. Ex. I. p. 10. t. 7. f. A. u (1775) (America ! luc. err.) ; 

Fabr., Si/st. Eiit. Suppl. p. 2.i3. n. 60 (1776) (^p.ji.) : Goeze, Eiit. Bei/tr. Ul. 1. p. 75. n. 20 

(1779) ; Fabr., Spec. Lis. p. 24. d. 96 (178!) (p.p.) : id., .Uaiit. /««. p. 12. n. 112 (1787) {p.p.) ; 

Jablonsky & Herbst, Mahtrs. Sclunett. III. p. 9r,. n. 78. t. 81. f. 1 (1788) ; Fabr., Eiit. .Si/st. III. 

1. p. 37. u. Ill (179.3) (p.p.). 
Nentoriili's amphitrion, Hiibiier, Vcr:. l/ek. Schm. p. 86. n. 890 (I81G). 
Papilio amphitrion Godart, Enc. Mcth. IX. p. 30. n. 13 (1819) (Amboina) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins_ 

B. .V.I. p. 23. n. 101 (1852); Wall., Ti: Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 58. n. 76 (l%(>h) ; Butl., 

Cat. Diurn. Lep. descr. Fabric, p. 254. n. 65 (1869). 
Papilio amphitnjon De Haan, Vcrh. Not. Gesch. Xed. over:, bez. p. 32 (1840) : Doubl. Westw. & 

Hew., Gen.'niurn. Lep. I. p. 12. n. 79 (1846). 
Papilio amphytrion, Feldcr, Vcrh. z. b. Ges. Wien p. 321. n. 419 (1864). 

The figure which Cramer gives of his amphitrion difl'ers from (jambrisiua 
especially in the pattern of the underside of the hindwings ; specimens agreeing with 
Cramer's figui-e are unknown to science. Boisduval (I.e.) describes as amphitrimi an 
insect which is, according to a typical specimen in Mr. Oberthiir's collection, a variety 
of gambrisius and not amphitrion Cram. As Cramer refers to Seba (t. 8. f. 7. 8) and 
gives as habitat " America," while Seba says " India occidentalis," and as, further, 
the neuration of the figure is erroneous, I cannot help thinking that Cramer's figure 
was, if taken from nature, drawn from a nintilatcd and painted-up specimen, perhaps 
from the same sjx'cimen from which Seba's figures are taken; we know that Cramer 
purchased a number of specimens of Seba's collection some forty years after Seba's 
plates were drawn, and it is most jirobable that Cramer's figm-es of /'. amphitrion as 
well SLS of Trollies hypolitus (i. 10. f. A. b) (see p. 200) were drawn up from Sel}a's (strongly 
mutilated) individuals and restored with the help of Seba's figures. Anyhow, Cramer's 
urnphitrion must for the present remain a doubtful species. 


( 303 ) 
88. Papilio gambrisius Cram. [J,?]. 

Seki, Tlies. IV. p. 12. t. 8. f. 7. 8 (J) (17il6) (Iml.occ. : iUiF.a:nji/ulnmi Cram. ?); id., t. U. f. 19 & 

20(?)(1765) (Amboiua). 
J. PuplUo Eques Ach'iriis i/amlmsius Cramer, Piiji. Ex. II. p. 95. t. 157. f. A. if (1779) (Amboiiia) : 

Goeze, Ent. Beijtr. III. 1. p. 85. n. 60 (1779) : Jablonsky & Herbst, Xalurs. Sdimett. III. p. 92. 

n. 77. t. 33. f. 2. 3 (1788). 
Papilio Eqiics Achiims nmplii Irion, Fabricius, Si/sl. Eat. Sujipl. p. 2.'i3. n. tjd (1775) (p.p.); ill., 

.Sprc: Lis. p. 24. n. 96 (1781) (p.p.) ; id., .Vonl. Jus. p. 12. n. 112 (1787) (j>.p.) : id., Eiil. S,/st. 

III. 1. p. 37. n. ill (1793) (p.p.). 
?. Piipilio Eijiics Achivus fusroiiii/er Goez.e, Ent. Beytr. III. 1. p. 88. n. 74 (1779) (type: Sc-ba 

I.e. t. 44. f. 19. 20). 
? . Papilio Eques Achirns ilrusius Cramer,* Pap. Ex. III. p. 63 & 64. t. 229. f. A. & t. 230. f. ,\ 

(1782) (Amboina) ; Jablonsky & Herbst, Xatiirs. Schmelt. III. p. 89. n. 76. t. 33. f. 1 (1788) ; 

Esper, Ausl. Schmett. p. 194. n. 87. t. 47. f. 2 (1785-98). 
(J. Papilio amphyirioti, Beauvais, Ins. .\fi: d- Amer. p. 208. t. 2e. f. la. lb (1805) (" St. Domingo " 

try. loci) 
2 . Nestoridcs drusius, Hiibner, Verz. belc. Sclim. p. 86. n. 888 (1816). 
cJ. Nestorides ganihrisius, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schm. p. 86. n. 889 (1816). 
J. Papilio ganihrisius, Godart, Enc. .Veth. IX. p. 31. u. 14 (1819) ; Boisd., Spec. Gen. Li'ji. I. 

p. 213. n. 29 (1836) (Amboina) : Doubl. Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. L,p. I. p. 12. ii. 75 

(1846) : Gray, Cat. Lep. Inx. B. .1/. I. p. 22. n. 96 (1852) ; VoUenhov., Tijdsi.hr. c. Ent. III. 

p. 74. n. 30 (1860) (p.p.). 
? . Papilio drimachus Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 31. n. 16 (1819) (Amboina). 
? . Papilio drusius, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. I. p. 218. n. 34 (Amboina : " ? of i/anihrisius 

Cram. ? ") ; De Haan, Verh. Xat. Gescli. Xed. orerz. hcz. p. 31 (1840) : Doubl. Westw. & Hew., 

Gen. Diurn. Lep. I. p. 12. n. 80 (1846) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Lis. B. .\[. I. p. 23. n. 102 (18.52) : 

Vollenhov., Tijdsclir. r. Ent. III. p. 74. n. 31 (18611) (Amboina). 
cJ ?. Papilio ganihrisius, Felder, Verh. 2. h. Ges. Wien p. 320. n. 417. it p. 368. n. 247 (1864) 

(Amboina ; Ceram) ; Wall., Tr. Linn. Sue. Loud. p. 58. n. 75 (1805) (Amboina ; Ceram ; Burn) ; 

Oberth., Et. d'Enl. IV. p. 50. n. 90 (1879) (Burn) ; Pageustecb., JahrO. Xass. Ver. Xat. p. 203 

(18«4) ; Standing. & Schatz, Exot. Schm. I. p. 7 (1884) ; Ribbe, fris II. p. 209. n. 9 (1890) 

(Ceram) ; Ha;ise, Cnters. iih. Mini. p. 42 (1893). 

cJ. The spot^ in the apical region of the forewings are variable in number and 
size ; one of my Ceramese specimens has only two sijots, situated between the 
discoidal nervules, of which the posterior one is minute. The white area of the hind- 
wings occupies about the apical fourth of the cell in some examples ; in others, 
chiefly in those from Ceram, it ju.st penetrates into the apex of the cell. On the 
underside of the hiiidwings the two discal series of ill-defined spots are sometimes 
complete, sometimes they are partly obsolete ; the orange spot near the anal angle 
is very variable in size. The forewings have a length of 80 mm. in my largest, of 
58 mm. in my smallest specimen. 

{ft,-) : cJ-ab. (thhrevlatuii noui. no\-. 

(J. Pii/iitiu amphilrion Boisduval (nee Cramer, 1775), Sj/ec. Gin. Lip. I. p. 217. n. 33 (1836) 
(Celebes) ; Oberth., El. d'Enl. IV. p. 50. n. 91 (1879) (one of Boisdimil's specimens). 

Band of the hindwiugs abbreviated behind, consisting of seven (inclusive of the 
cellular one) instead of eight patches. 

This form is said to be from Celebes; no sjiecimeiis have been found since l83(i. 
It ahbrevialiis reallv inhabits the island of Celebes, it must stand as a sub.species. 

?. The breadth of the white band of the hindwiugs varies obviously; .Mr. I'h. 
Crowley possesses a specimen in which the band is so narrow that the spot between 
the subcostal and the upper discoidal veins is three times as long (transversely) as 

P. drusius Cram, is alreatly enumerated by Goeze in his Hut. Jiei/tr. III. 2. Vorrede, which is dated 
" Vor del- Michaelismubse, 1780." Which is tlie proper date of publieation o£ L'ranicr'.s Vol. III. .'— K. J. 


( •'50-1 ) 

broad. Tlie subiiiarginal spots on tlie uiuleiside of the hiiulnings are feeble ami 
partly obliterated in a ? from Saparua Island. 

Hcd). Southern Moluccas: Amboina (o c?, 1 ?), Saparua (2 ?), ("erain 
(2 (J, 2 ?), Buru(l i). 

In the Felderian collection are a S and a ? labelled "Type, Cramer, coll. Lennep "' ; 
these specimens agree well with Cramer's tigm-es, but I must doubt that they really 
are Cramer's types; Cramer mentions sometimes the collection of Lennep, and some 
of I^nnep's specimens are indeed figured by Cramer ; but most of l^ennep's speci- 
mens, which Felder obtained at a sale in Holland, do uot e.xactly agree with Cramer's 
figures of the respective species. 

89. Papilio tydeus Feld. [J,?]. 

Fajiilio tydeus Felder, Wieii. Eiit. Mon. IV. p. 229. n. 74 (^) (1860) (BatjaiO ; id., Vvrh. z. b. Gee. 
Wien p. 321. n. 422 (18fi4) (Batjan ; Morotai : Halmaliera) ; id., Reiie. Novani. Leji. I. p. 111. 
n. 85. t. 1(5. f. c ( J), t. 17. f. a ((J), b. c ( ?) (ISCo) ; Wall., Tr. Linn. .Sw. Lomh XXV. p. 57. 
n. 73. t. 4. f. 2 ( ? ). 3 (J) (1865) (Batjan : Morty) : Oberth., El. tlEnLXX. p. 50. n. 8'J (1879) 
(Temate ; Halmaliera) ; id., Ami. .\lus. Civ. r,V(//."xV. p. 473. n. 14 (1880) (Teraate ; " Andai " 
loc. en:) ; Stauding. & Schatz, Exol. Srhmi-n. I. p. 7 (1H84) ; Haase, Uiilers. iih. Mini. p. 43 
(1893). 

Both sexes are very con.stant in comparison with the allied sjjecies. 

S. The white band of the hindwings does not touch the apex of the discoidal 
cell ; the submarginal ochreous orange spots on the underside of the hindwings are 
dilated inwardly along the nervules ; the three anterior ones are sometimes less 
clearly marked ; the number and size of the snbdiscal blue and grey markings are 
inconstant. 

?. One form of this sex is known, which is allied to the pale form of P. ctegeus 
ortnenths Gu6r; it is at once distinguishable from the latter by the shajie of the 
submarginal spots of the hiudwings. 

Hah. Northena Moluccas: Batjan (\V. Doherty, March l.s'Ja) (5 <?, 2 ?), Ternate, 
Halmahera (W. Doherty, August 1892) (10 S, 7 ?), Morotai (1 S). 

90. Papilio aegeus Don. [c^,? , metam.]. 

?. Pajiilio aegeus DonovdU, Lis. of .V. //,.//. texte & pi. 14 (1805) (N.S. Wales) ; Godait, Eiir. 

Metk. IX. p. 32. n. 17 (1809). 
(J. Papilio e.rectheus Donovan, I.e. texte & pi. 15 (1805) ; Godart, l.r. p. 31. n. 15 (1819) ; Lucius, in 

Ohenu's Em: d'Hisl. Xal., Paji. t. 4. f. 2 (1851). 
$ . Nestorides aegeus, Hiibner, Samml. E.x. Srhm. II. t. 108 (1816-36). 

(j. Nestoridcs ere.theiis, Hiibner, I.e. t. 109 (181G-36). * 

cJ ? . Papilio aegeuH, Felder, Va-Ji. s. b. Ges. Wieii p. 321. n. 421. & p. 368. n. 249 (1864) (Australia) ; 

Semper, Joum. .Vits. Uodeffi: Heft 14. p. 42. n. 132 (Separ.) (1878) (N.S. Wales ; Pt. Denison ; 

Bowen ; Gayndah ; Peak Downs : Cape York) ; Stauding. & Schatz, Exol. Schm. I. p. 7. t. 4 

(cJ,?)(1884). 
S ? . Papilio erecllieiis, Lucas, Lip. Exol. p. 17. t. 9. f. 1 (1835) : Boisd., Spec. Giii. Up. I. p. 215. 

n. 31 (18.36) {p.p.) : Doubl. Westw. & Hew., Gci. Diuni. Lip. I. p. 12. n. 77 (1846) (Australia) ; 

Gray, Cat. Lep. Lis. B. .1/. I. p. 22. n. 99 (1852) (exd. o/var. b) ; Oberth., Et. d'Ent. IV. ]). 49. 

n. 87(1879): Mathow, Pm: Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales p. 264 (1885) (Thursday I.); id., Eiit. 

Mo. .Mag. p. 23.'> (1885) ; id., Tr. Ent. Sou. Loud. p. 172 (1888) (life hist.) : Olliff, Ami. .Vag. 

.V. //. (6). I. p. .S59 (1888) (life hist.) ; id., Proi: Limt. Soc. .\.S. Wales p. 395 (1888) (Mount 

Belender-Kcr, Queensland) ; id., l.r: p. 1252. fig. (1888) (ai. of ? ) ; Edwards, Vivt. Nairn: 

Vni. p. 20 (1891) (life hist.). 
cJ ? . Papilio gambrisius, De Haan, I'erli. Xal. Gesch. Ned. overz. bn. p. 30(1840) (p.p.) : Vdllciihov., 

Tijdschi: v. Ent. III. p. 74. n. 30 (1860) {/;./).). 
<J ? . Papilio trechtheuH, Koch, Lido-Auatr. Lep. Fauna p. 41 (1KG5) ; Haaso, I'niers. iib. .Mini. p. 42 

(1893). 


( 305 ) 

I\Iy endeavours to find constant differences between P. aeijeus Don., onnenus 
Gudr., adrastios Feld., pandioyi Wall., and othello Grose Smith did not meet with 
success ; the distinguisliing characters, as they are pointed out by Wallace, Felder, 
and Grose Smith, are not of specific value, since they do not apply to all the specimens 
from the respective localities, and appear also in specimens from other places. Four 
local races are, however, pretty well distinguishable, though it is often difficult and 
even impossible to say to which race a specimen without locality belongs : — 

(rt) : P. fcegeus Don. from Australia and the islands between Queensland and 

New Guinea (occurring also in British New Guinea?) ; 
(b): P. aegem ormcnus Gue'r. from New Guinea and the adjacent islands; 

Waigeu ; Key ; Aru ; Woodlark (?) ; 
(c) : P. aegeus adrastus Feld. from the Banda Islands ; 
(d): P. aegeus bismarckianus subsp. nov. from New Britain. 
^^'allaee's P. pandion is not separable subspecifically from P. aegeas 07-menus 
Guer. ; Ijoth these forms flying together, and being connected by every intergraduate. 
pandimi must be treated as a mere aberration. 

Grose Smith's P. othello is based on an extreme male of ali. pandion, and on two 
feiwdes, belonging to two different forms, which were obtained by Mr. W. Doherty 
on the island of Biak, Geelvink Bay; though one of the/«7yirt/es {^ -ah. jjohjdorinus 
Haase) is, indeed, aberrant in having the submarginal red spots on the u])perside of 
the hindwings very much reduced in size and the white patches on the forewings 
much purer white, I cannot believe that the island of Biak, which is so close to the 
main islands of New Guinea, is inhabited by a race of its own; the male and the 
aecoTiA female ( ? -ab. amanga Boisd.j do not differ from certain New (f uinea specimens. 
Montrouzier's P. ormenus, from ^\'oodlark Island, may be different from P. aegeus 
ormentis Guer. ; but as Montrouzier's description (of the females) is not sufficient to 
enable one to tell any difference between the Woodlark and the New Guinea Papilio. 
I think it best to put the Woodlark Papilio as a query synonym to P. aegeus ormeiias 
Guer. 

P. gamtn-isius Cram., P. lydeus Feld., and P. inopinatus Butl. are close relatives 
of P. aegeus Don., but are constantly different, and liave therefore to stand as distinct 
species. These species are monomorpbic in either sex, and so is P. aegeus Don. and 
P. aegeus adrastus Feld., while P. aegeus ormenus (ludr. is polymorpliic. This 
highly interesting, liut now well-known fact, that a species is so very variable in one 
part of its range, whereas it is comparatively constant in others, is exemplified by 
many other Papilios, of which I mention here a few :— 

Papilla clytia, \j., which is jiolymorpic in India, is raonouiorphic on the Andaman 
Islands, Palawan, and the Philippines; its nearest ally (P. echidna De Haau) is also 
monomoriihic. In P. niemno^n L. and agenor L. the female is remarkably jjoly- 
morphic; in the Loo Choo Islands, however, occurs only one form of this sex. The 
fetnale of P. rumanzovius Eschsch. is polymorpliic on the Philippines, monomori)hic 
on Sangir I.sland ; etc. 

("J : P. aegeus Don., forma typ. [J, ? , metam.]. 

<?. The subapical white band on the forewings is always present and ratlier 
constant in form. The length of the costal [lortion of the white liand of the hind- 
wings is variable ; this band enters sometimes the apex of the cell, in none of my 
specimens it extends beyond the lower median vein ; the anal vermilion spot is 
always present above and below. 


( 306 ) 

On the underside the submaigiiial series of vermilion spots is nearly always 
complete, but the spots are very variable in size ; the blue lunules stand closer to 
the vermilion spots than in the other subspecies of P. aegeus, and the huffish luuules 
are on a level with the anal spot, whereas in 7-*. aef/eus ormenus and adrastus they 
are in most specimens situated farther towards the cell. 

?. Monomorphic. The single character by which the females from Austral ui 
are distinguishable from those of oriiienus a.nd (odrastus is the white area of the hind- 
wings being extended ou the underside to the costal margin, or at least being con- 
nected with that margin by means of a thin white arched line. This line is not 
present iu an}' of my New Guinea examples, but it is almost obliterated in certain 
specimens from North Queensland. 

Hah. Australia : New South Wales (7 c? , 8 ? ) ; Victoria ; Queensland (2.j J , 1 o ? ) ; 
Torres Straits (Thursday Island, 1 ?); (?) Britisli New Guinea. 

{b): P. aegeus ormenus Gucr. [cJ,?]. 

(J. Papilio unneiiua Gu^rin, Voy. Co(iiiille t. 14. f. il (1829) ; Boisd., Voi/. Aslroi, Le/i. p. UK n. 4 

(18;t2) (Offak) ; id.. Spec. Gin. Le/i. I. p. 214. n. 30 (183G) (New Guinea) ; Gui'rin, /..-. teste III. 

p. 274 (1842) ( Oftak) ; Doubl. We-stw. & Hew., Geii. Diiini. Lri,. I. p. 12. n. 76 (1841')) : <iray, Cui. 

Lep. Ins. B. M. 1. p. 22. n. 77 (18.i2) ; id., Lut Up. Ins. li. .1/. 1. p. 29. n. III4 (\H:>6). 
?. Pa;<i/io ama«</a Boisduval, Voij. Astro}., Lip. f. 39. n. 3 (1832) (New Guinea) ; id., Syjcc. Ghi. 

Lip. I. p. 216. n. 32 (1830) ; Doubl. Westw. & Hew., I.e. p. 12. n. 78 (1846) : Gray, ('«/., etc. 

p. 23. n. 100 (1852) ; id., List, etc. p. 30. n. 107 (1850). 
cJ ? . Papilio gamhrisius, De Haan, Verh. Xat. Gesch. Ned. oven. bez. p. 30 (1840) (j>./i.) : ^"ollenliov., 

Tijdschr. v. Ent. HI. p. 74. n. 30 (I860) (/,.y-.). 
? . Papiiio onesimus Hewitson, Exot. Butt. II. Pap. t. 3. f. 8 (1858) (New Guinea). 
cJ?. Papilio ormanis, Felder, Wien. Ent. .Mon. III. p. 265. 267 (18511) : id., /.c. IV. p. 229 (note) 

(1860) (Aru Is.) ; id., Verh. .:. b. G,s. Wif.n p. 320. n. 417. & p. 368. n. 248 (1864) (.' exi-l. of 

Woodlarh I.): WaU., Tr. Linn. Soc. Lnnd. XXV. p. 55. n. 71. t. 3. f. 1. 2. 3. 4 ( ^J, ? ? ) 

(1865) (Waigeu ; Aju ; Key; Matabello : Goram) : Kirsch, .\littJi. .!/«». Dresden I. p. 112 

n. 6 (1877) (New Guinea) : Oberth., Et. d'Ent. IV. p. 49. n. 88 (1879) (New Guinea : Am) ; 

id., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genovu XV. p. 473. n. 15 (1880) (Aru : New Guinea) ; Standing. * Schatz, 

Exot. Schmett. I. p. 7 (1884) ; Ribbe, lri-: p. 78. n. 6 (1886) (Aru Is.) ; Riiber, Tijdsehr. r. Ent. 

p. 273 (1891) (Key. Goram) : Haase. Unters. lib. .Uim. p. 42 (1893) : Standing., //•« VII. 

p. 107 (1894) (ormenus GuiT. is a local form of P. (legeus Don.). 
$. Papilio adrastus Felder, Verh. z. h. Irfs. ir/e?i p. 321. n. 420 (1861) (p.p.: nom. mid.): id., 

lieise Novara, Lep. I. p. 110. n. 84. t. 16. f. b (1865) ( ? , me^) (New Guinea); But]., P. Z. H. 

p. 471 (1877) (New Guinea) ; id., Ann. Mwj. .V. //. (4). XX. p. 125. n.24 (1877) (New Guine;i). 
J ?. Papilio pwidinii Wallace, I.e. p. 56. n. 72 (187^) (New Guinea ; Salwatty ; Mysol) ; Butler, 

P. Z. S. p. 471 (1877) (New Guinea) ; Kirby. .Un. Mag. X. If. (6). TV. p. 166. n, 18 (1889) 

(Louisiade Arcb.). 
?. Papilio aegeus, Kirsch, Mitlb. .Mus. Dresden I. p. 112. n. 7 (1877) (Ansus ; Kordo). 
? . Papilio ereelheus, Godman & Salvin, P. Z. 8. p. 648 (1878) (Brit. New Guinea). 
? . Papilio ormenus var. adrastus, Oberthiir, Et. iVEnt. IV. p. .'lO. snb n. 88 (1879) (Dorey ; Andai) : 

id., Ann. .Wus. Civ. Gmura XV. p. 473. sub n. 15 (1880) (Andai). 
$ . Papilio ormenus var. amanga, Ribbe, Iris p. 78. n. 7 (1886) (Aru Is), 
(j ? . Papilio ereetheus, Mathew, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 176 (1888) (Brit. New Guinea). 
1^?. Papilio gambrisius var. ormenus, Snellen, Tijdschr. r. Ent. XXXII. p. 395 (1889) (Ron; 

Andai). 
? . Papilio ormnius var. pobjdorina Haase, I.e. p. 42 (1893). 
(j ? . Papilio otMlo Grose Smith, Nov. Zool. I. p. 332. n. 3 (1894) (Biak I.) : Stauding., Irh VII, 

p. 104 (1894) (nthello Grose Smith = pandion Wallace), 
(?)(J?, Papilio ormenus, Montrouzier, .inn. Sc. Phi/s. Nat. Lymi p. 394 (1856) (Woodlark I. 

common) ; id., Essai s. I. Eaune d. Woodl. (Separ.) p. 117 ({J ? ) (1857). 
(?) ?. Papilio tjodarii Montrou/.ier, Ann., etc. p. 398 (? , ncc S) (1856) (Woodlark I.) ; id., E.i.tai 
etc. p. 120(5, w<: cJ) (18.57). 

S. Distinguishaljle from F. aeyeiui aud 1'. avyeus adraalas In the broader white 


( Si)7 ) 

area of the hindwings, which, moreover, extends beyond tlie lower median nervule ; 
in my c? from the Key Isknds the band just reaches that vein, as in adrastus and 
aegeus. The anal orange-chrome spot of the hindwings is frequently present above ; 
the submarginal spots of the underside of the hindwings vary in number; tlie series 
is seldom complete. 

The grey scaling in the apical region of the underside of the fonnvings, bv 
the absence of which Wallace distinguished the Waigeu examples from those from 
New Guinea, is eipially developed in specimens from both localities; sometimes the 
grey streaks are more, sometimes less conspicuous; seldom tliey are quite absent. 

According to the development of the white subapical band of the forewings one 
may diffei'entiate three aberrations of the nude : — 

(«-) : Typical ormenns Guerin, I.e. 
Band broad. 

(6') : <?-ab. pandion Wallace, I.e. 

Spots composing the band reduced in size, partly obsolete. 

(c^) : J-ab. o^Ac/Zo Grose Sniitli, /.c. 
Band absent from the upperside. 

I liave the two first fornrs from Waigeu, all three from the mainland of \ew 
Guinea; my cJ from the Key Islands belongs to (J-ab. pandion, those from Aru to 
wmenns\ in one of the latter the band consists of three rather large .spots. 

¥. Polymor])hic. There are four principal forms which run into one another: — 

(fFj : ¥-ab. inornntus ab. nov. 

Forewings entirely brown above. Type from the coast near .\rfak. 

(e-) : Typical ormenibs Gucrin ; Wallace, I.e. t. 3. f. 1. 

Similar to the nvxle, but the white area of the hindwings convex interiorlv, and 
not extended towards the base anteriorlv. 

This form seems to me to be confined to Waigeu. Oberthiir, I.e., records under 
this name a specimen from Amberbaki, New Guinea, which has no subapical wliile 
band on the forewings. 

(/■) • ?-ab. polydorinus Haase, I .c. ; Wallace, I.e. t. 3. f. 3. 

Similar to the ? oi P. aegeus'Don., liut the white patch of tlie hindwings does 
not extend beyond the subcostal nervule. 

Light parts of the forewings often ratlier white: white jiatch of hindwings 
variable in .size; submarginal chrome-orange spots also very variable. 

This form is known from A\'aigeu, Aru, Key, New Guinea, and adjacml i-lamls. 

{()-) : ?-ab. ((maiicjK Boi.sd., I.e. (syn. : onesimn.s Hew., I.e.) ; \\'allace. I.e. t. 3. f. -1. 

Outer half of the forewings, except the margins, white or whitish. Hindwings 
very variable in pattern ; white, with base, anterior and outer borders blac'k ; with a 
series of submarginal spots wliicli are often partly or entirely absent, sometimes 
enlarged and confluent posteriorly, and tlien broadly connected along tlir nervules 
with the discal white area. 


( 308 ) 

This form is known from Waigcii, Aru, K<'\, New (iuiiiea and iuljaccnl islands. 
and D'Entrecasteaux Islands. 

Hah. Waigeu (6 J, 6 ?); Am (3 c?,3 ?); Key (1 J); New (ruinea (6() S, 01 ?) 
and adjacent islands; D'Entrecasteaux Islands (many males and females of most of 
the above enumerated aberiafions). 

(c): P, aegeus adrastus IVld. [c?,?.] 

(?). (J. /'apilio errrhtheiis, Blanchard (»(C fiu<5iiii, 1829), Voy. n« Pole Siitl. IV. p. .S77. t. 1. f. I. U 

(1853) (/>.;..). 
Pajiilio erer.theus var. b, Gray, Cal. Lep. his. H. .1/. I. p. ii. sub n. 99 (18.")2). 
(J. PapiUn adrnslus Felder, Vrrli. z. b. Ges. Wieii p. 321. n. 420 (1864) (/>.;'.) : id., lieise Novara, 

Lep. I. p. 110. n. 84. t. 16. f. a (<?). (wc fig. b ?) (18G5) (Banda Is. ; ^). 
(J?. PaiiiUo adrimlus, Wallace, Ti: Linn. .SV. Land. XXV. p. o7. n. 74. t. 4. f. 1 ( $ ) (1865) 

(Banda Is.) : Sbiuding., Iris VII. p. 107 (1894). 

(J. The subajiical white band on the forewings is always present, but the sjiols 
composing it are more variable in size than in P. ae^/eus Don. The white band of 
the hindwings is similar to that of P. iiegexis, i.e. much narrower than in P. aegeim 
ornienus, and not extending beyond the lower median nervule. The spot between 
the subcostal and upper discoidal veins is anteriorly not quite so long as tlie portion 
of the subcostal nervule outside this spot. In /'. uerjeus ormemm it is much longer 
than that portion of the ner\Tile (the measuring oi six specimens gives an average of 
10 ; 11 in P. aegeus adrastiis, a.g&m»t an average of 10 : oh in P. aegeus ormenua). 
The red anal sjiot .seems always to be well developed on both sides of the wing. 

On the underside of the hindwings, Felder's type-.specimen has a comjilete .series 
of chrome-orange spots, the middle ones of which are, however, rather feeble ; mostly 
the specimens have, besides the anal mark, only one submarginal spot. The discal 
bluish lunules, which usually are on a level with the anterior part of the anal spot, 
.stand sometimes farther towards the outer margin, and then are in the same position 
as in aberrant examples of P. aegeus Don. 

?. Felder's type-specimen of this sex is said to be from New (iuinea; it agrees, 
except in size, exactly with a specimen obtained b\' W. Dohert}' in the Banda 
Islands. Koth the Felderian and the Dohertyan specimen differ from the ? figured 
by Wallace (I.e. t. 4. f. 1), and from a specimen in .Mr. Crowley's collection, in the size 
and form of the white area of the hindwings and the extension of the white on the 
forewings ; indeed, they are scarcely distinguishable from the Waigeu female figured 
by Wallace (I.e. t. 3. f. 1), e.xcept by the ])aler tint of the sul)marginal spots of the 
hindwings. But as the colour of these spots is (piite the same in most of my Waigeu 
and New Guinea examples on the one hand, and in the Banda sjiociineus on tlie other 
hand, I must confess that I cannot tell any constant difference between P. aegeus 
ddraslus- ? and P. aegeus cn-menus ? -ab. poh/donnus Ilaase. The material of 
P. aegeus adAxtstus-^ is too scarce in collections. In future, when a good series of 
? ? can be compared, a difiference between the two females may be found. The 
name of adrastus must be restricted to the specimens from the Banda I.slands; 
Felder's female is, therefore, no adrastus, but an ormenvs. 

Hah. Banda Islands (W. Doherty, August 1892) (ti J, 1 ?). 

(d) : P. aegeus bismarckianus subsp. nov. [ S ]. 

?. PapUio websteri Grose Smith, Am,. May. N. IT. (6). XIII. p. 496 (?,«(•<; S) (1894) (New 
Britain) ; id. & Kirby, liliop. Exot. II. Pap. p. 37. t. xv. f. 2 (189.5) ( ? , iiec (J) (1895). 

.Mr. Grose Smith received this insect, together with a number of males, from 

New Britain, and described it accordingly as the female sex to those males under the 


( 309 ) 

name nf P. wehsferi. Recently we olitaiiied again a number of male websteri and also 
some feimiles which agree with these nudes exactly in the same way as the females 
of laarchus, orita,s, etc., agree with their males, and, therefore, are undoubtedly 
Webster i-females. Of the ormenus-Wke female described by iMr. Grose Smith we 
received also two specimens, and I come to the conckision that this ormevus-\\]ie 
female represents a New Britain race of aegeits of which we do not yet know the 
male. T cannot believe that the insect which I propose to call hmmarcl'laaas is 
a second form of tlie female sex of P. websteri, as it agrees too well with certain 
specimens of P. aeijeus orinenu.s (fuerin, and as it is scarcely probable that one 
female-form of a species agrees with one group of species (with aegeus, hecataeus, 
prospero, etc., which have male and female dissimilar), while the other female and 
the male agree with another group of species (with wooilfonli, laarchus, oritas, etc., 
which have the sexes similar). 

Siiriilar to P. aegeus ormetivs 'i-ab. poli/ilvriitus Haase, but the band of the 
forewings pure white above and below, and more regularly arched ; the spot between 
the ujiper median veins stands far from the discoidal cell ; the posterior or the two 
posterior spots are broader than long ; the spot in the end of the cell is small or 
(type) obliterated above. The white patch on the hindwings is of the same size above 
and below, and is somewhat larger than in Wallace's fig. 3 of t. 3 (I.e.); there is 
a small white lunule behind the costal margin, as in P. aegeus Don. (Jn the upper- 
side there are two orange submarginal spots, besides an orange anal mark ; below, the 
submarginal spots are much smaller than in the above-cited figure. The two blue 
spots between the median veins are small, and in the type .straight, in the second 
specimen arched, but with the concavity directed towards the disc, not towards the 
outer margin. 

Hub. New Britain (2 ? ). 

91. Papilio inopinatus Butl. [c?,?]. 

PiijiHio hiopinaUin Butler, P. Z. S. p. 370. n. 15 ( J, ? ) (1K.'<3) (Maroe I., Tenimber I.«.) ; Ruber, 
Tijihclii: r. Ent. p. 274 (1891) ; Grose Smith & Kirby, Hh„p. Exnl. II. Pa/,, p. 27. t. 12. f. 1 
(^). 2(?)(189B). 

S. The costal part of the white band on the hindwings is rather variable in 
length ; in the single (damaged) specimen from ]5abber I.sland I have, it extends 
farther to the ba.se of the wing than in any of the Tenimber specimens. The 
number of the vermilion red and blue spots on the underside of the hindwings is 
very inconstant ; the anal sjiot is always jiresent below and aliove. The forewing of 
my .smallest male is -is mm. long, that of my largest 70. 

?. The discal white patch of the allied species is absent from the u]i]ierside of 
the hindwings; below it is indicated by a variable, buflBsh, irregular band tinged 
with tawny. The submarginal spots to the hindwings are very inconstant in size and 
shape. Varies in the length of the forewings from 58 to 76 mm. 

Hab. Tenimber Islands (Timor Tjaut) (\X. Dohorty, .Tune to ,luly 1>02 ; .Micholitz, 
February to :\Iarch 1892) (9 d", 8 ?); Babber Island (Baba) (W. Doherty, July 1892) 
(1 cJ); bammer(l S, 1 ? ). 

92. Papilio bridgei -Mat hew [cJ, ?]. 

Piipilia l,ri,h/,i Mathew, P. Z. S. p. 349. t. 34. f. 2 ((J) (1886) (Treasury I.) ; Godm. & Salvin, 
Ami. .Vnc,. .V. If. (6). I. p. 214 (1888) (.\lu I.. Solomon Is.). 


( 310 ) 
Of this species two local forms are known : — 

(a): P. bridge! Mat lunv, forma typ. [c?, ?]. 

S- The tvpe-specimen in the collection of Messrs. Oodman i^ Salvin came 
from Treasury Island, where Mr. Mathew obtained only tliis single individual ; it 
is very small, and has the spots of the macular band of the forewings minute. The 
indi\iduals from the Shortland Islands are much larger tlian the type, and ha\e 
the hand of the forewings broader. I have, however, one specimen from Ahi Island, 
Short land Islands, which is inferior in size to Mnthew's tyjie, and exhibits (he same 
small spots on the forewings; another individual from .Mu stands just intermediate 
between the type and the usual large Alu form. 

The posterior spot of the band on the forewings above, situated behind the 
submedian vein, and the three anterior ones between costal margin and fifth 
.subcostal ner\Tile, are sometimes obliterated. The band of the hindwings is not 
quite constant in breadth, especially the posterior patches vary in size ; in- one of 
my examples there is a minute white spot in the end of the cell. 

Below, the forewings have sometimes a more or less complete series of feeble 
white submarginal si)ots. On the disc of the hindwings there stand often, besides 
the blue markings, some small tawny ochraeeous spots between the median and 
discoidal nervules. In an Alu .specimen, collected by ^Ir. Woodford, the space 
between the fourth, fifth, and sixth submarginal spots and the corresponding blue 
discal markings is denselj- overpowdered with tawny ochraeeous scales. 

5. The Tnarkings vary from white to bufi"; they are very inconstant in size, 
and never so well defined above as in P. hecataeus (iodin. iS: Salv. and pronpero 
Grose Smith. The marginal spots of the forewings beneath are mostly confluent 
with the small submarginal spots, and assume the form of the head of a nail (nearly 
as in the Tnale o{ P. polytes L.). Sometimes these nail-head-shaped spots are also 
marked above, but in most specimens only the marginal, not the submarginal, spots 
are present on the upperside. 

Though the males of P. hridgei Alath. are well distinguishable from those of 
P. hecataeus Godm. & Salv. and jyrosijero Grose Smith, the fenvdes are scarcely 
different enough to be specifically separated. The only constant character by which 
I can distinguish hridcjei-'i from the same sex of the other two "species" is 
unimportant enough: the spots of the band on the upperside of the forewings are 
rather ill defined, and the two spots between the second discoidal and second median 
veins are rather longer. 

Hab. Solomon Islands: Treasury Island, ShortlanJ Islands (15 cJ, 8 ?). 

{V) : P. bridge! tryoni .Mathew [c?]. 

cJ. Papilio tnjom Mathew, Tr. Eiit. Soc. I.oml. p. 31.T (1889) (Ugi I., Solomon Is.). 

The male only is known. It difl'ers from that sex of P. h)-id(/ei Mathew in the 

l)and of the forewings consisting of five spots instead of seven to ten. I have a 

specitneu from Isabel Island (k.ste Capt. Webster) which has six spots. This ])roves 

that P. tryoni is not a distinct species. 

Huh. Solomon Islands: Ugi Island, Isalx-l Island (1 S). 
I 

93. Pap!l!o hecataeus Godm. & Salv. [cJ, ¥]. 

(J ? . Papilio hicahiem Godman tS; Salvin, Ann. .Mag. X. IT. (fi). I. p. 213 (1888) (Guadalcanar I.). 

cj. The fifth and sixth spots of the macular band of the forewings are .sometimes 
very small. Below, the subapical spots of the forewings vary much in size : near the 


( 311 ) 

hinder angle stands sometimes a feeble white mark. The series of submarginal spots 
to the underside of the hindwings seems to be complete in all specimens, though the 
three anterior ones are occasionally much reduced iu size ; above, the cell of the hind- 
wings has in two of my individuals a white spot at the apex. 

S. The patch within the cell of the forewings is inconstant in size; the spot 
before the upper median nervule is liable to obliteration on tlic upper surface ; below, 
the forewings have in one of my specimens two faint white submarginal spots, one 
before, the other behind the second discoidal nerxnle. The white discal patches of 
the hindwings are not quite constant in size. 

Hah. Guadalcanar Island, 8olomon Islands (~ 6 , A ? ). 

94. Papilio prospero Grose Smith [d", ?]. 

cJ ? . Piiiiilh prosperu Grose Smith. Eiil. Mn. M,„j. XXV. p. 302 (1889) (Rubi;ma Lagoon) : id. & 
Kirby, Rhop. Exot. I. Pup. p. 19. t. 9. f. 1 (J). 2 ( ? ) (1890). 

i. Difl'ers from P. hecataeus Godm. & 8alv. in the spot before and that behind 
the upper median nervule of the forewings being absent, in the broader white band 
of the hindwings, and in the three anterior spots of the submarginal row of the 
hindwings below being obliterated. 

The spot before the lower median nervule of the forewings is mostly indicated, 
seldom entirely absent ; the band of the hindwings enters apparently always the apex 
of the cell; in one specimen in my collection the three anterior submarginal spots 
on the underside of the hindwings are present, but extremely small. 

As the third and fourth si)Ots (counted from behind) of the macular band of tlie 
forewings are in some individuals of P. hecaUiena very much reduced ; as further 
the band of the hindwings of P. hecataeus is inconstant in breadth ; and as the three 
anterior submarginal spots of the hindwings beneath are sometimes indicated, it 
is not improbable tliat in future intermediate specimens between the males of 
P. l/ecataeus and prospero will turn up. 

? . I have before me three specimens from Kubiana (Xew Georgia), one collected 
by Mr. Woodford and two olitained liy Capts. Webster and Cotton. The.se individuals 
differ from jNIr. Grose Smith's type-specimen in the cellular patch of the forewings 
lieing much larger, even larger than in P. hecataeus ; in the discal patches of both 
wings being as large as in this latter species, not smaller; and in tlie marginal spots 
of the hindwings being of mucli inferior size than in the type of pi-ospero. In 
Woodford's example the submarginal spots of the hindwings are smaller than in 
my other si)ecimens and in the tvpe. The marginal spots of the forewings of 
P. prospero- ? (type) are merged together with the sulimarginal spots, exclusi\e 
of the two spots before and behind the fifth subcostal nervule, which stand separate; 
the two specimens collected by Capt. Webster exhibit the same character, but the 
markings are smaller and the two anterior submarginal spots are wanting. In ^\'ood- 
ford's specimen only two submarginal spots are developed above, and stand separate 
from the marginal markings before and behind the second discoidal nervule ; below, 
these two spots are confluent with the marginal ones, and there are two others before 
them, standing separate, and three behind them being joined to the marginal spots. 

These /«»ia/es prove the same that I remarked about the raale, namely, that 
the differences between P. hecataeus and prospero are scarcely of specific \alue, and 
that P. prospero most probably will sink in future to the rank of a subspecies of 
P. hecataeus Godm. & Salv. 

Hah. Xew Georgia (Kuliiana), Solonum Ishnids (G cf, •> ? ). 


( 312 ) 

X. .AIEMXOX-GROUP. 
t-'exes dissimilar ; base of wings below with red spots. 

Note. — In P. loivei, viayo, and tnemnon the red j)atch at the base of the 
forewings, above and beneath, consists of narrow scales, which are rounded at the 
apex or bear a sinus in the middle of the apical margin. In P. deiplwhuH, deijijylus, 
deipliontes, and rumamoviiis these scales are of usual breadth, with the ajiex 
3 to G dentate. P. oenonuitis occupies a somewhat intermediate position, but stands 
nearer, in that respect, to P. memnon than to P. deiphobus. From P. ascalaphus 
those red patches are always (?) absent. — K. J. 

95. Papilio inemnon L. [c?,?, metam.]. 

Seba, Thes. IV. p. 22. t. 16. f. 10. 11 (176.')) (Batavia). 

cJ. Popilio Eqiies Trojanus memnon Linnu, Si/st. Xnl. ed. x. p. 4(50. n. 12 (17o8) (Asia) : id., Mus. 

Liul. Ulr. p. 193. n. 12 (1764) (irtr. ercl. ; "in Luzonum insulis" ex. en:) : id., Si/st. Nat. 

ed. xii. p. 747. n. 13 (17G7) (si/n. excl. ; "China" ex en:) : Houtt., Xalurt. Hist. I. 11. p. 196. 

n. 12 (1767) : MiUler, Xalm-s. V. 1. p. .569. n. 13 (1774) {ear. excl); Cramer, I'aj). Exut. I. 

p. 142 (/).;'.). t. 91. f. c (1776) (Batavia) ; Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. p. 141. t. 12. f. 5 (1776) : Goeze, 

Ent. Beijtr. HI. 1. p. 35. n. 13 (1779) {sijn. ex jiarte) : Fabr., Sjie.c. Iw. II. p. 6. n. 23 (1781) 

(sijn. excl. ; "China" ex err.) ; Jablonsky, XlUurs. SclimcU. I. p. 210. n. 10. t. 6. f. 2. 3 (1783) ; 

Fabr., Jlant. Ins. II. p. 4. n. 2,5 (1787) ; Roemer, Gen. Ins. Lhin. et Fobr. p. 17. 1. 12. f. 5 (1789) 

("China" ex err.) ; Gmelin, Syst. Xat. I. i>. p. 2232. n. 13 (1790) {ex jiarte) : Esper, -Iks/. 

Sehmett. p. 86. t. 20. f. 3 (1790); Fabr., Enl. Si/st. III. 1. p. 12. n. 36 (1793) {sijn. excl.; 

" China " ex err.). 
?l'i. Papilio Eques Trojanns achates Sulzer, .Itnjel.: Ge.srh. Ins. p. 141. t. 12. f, 2 (1776) (Asia) ; 

Cramer, I.e. III. p. 84. t. 243. f. A (1782) (" Coromandcr' ex err.) ; Jablonsky, I.e. II. p. 179. 

n. 41. t. 15. f. 1 (1784) ; Fabr., Muni. Ins. II. p. 3. n. 19 (1787) {/>.j>.) : Roemer. G,n. Ins. 

Linn, et Fabr. p. 68. t. 12. f. 2 (1789) ; Gmelin, Si/sl. Xal. I. 5. p. 2229. n. 284 (1790) (p.p.) : 

Fabr., Ent. Si/st. III. 1. p. 9. n. 24 (1793) {p.p.). 
(J. Papilio Eques Trojanus atrorenatus Goeze, Ent. Beytr. III. 1. p. 44. n. 23 (1779) {lype: Seba, 

Thes. IV. t. 16. f. 10. 11). 
$"'. Papilio Eqnes Trojanus laomedon Cramer, Pap. E.rot. I. p. 78. t. 50. f. .\. li (1776) 

(" Coromandel " loc. err.) ; Esper, Ausl. Schmetl. p. 37. sub n. 13 (1786). 
?l". Papilio Eques Trojanus memnon VHT. Uiomcdon, Jahloiisky, Xaturs. Schni. I. p. 21."(. sub u. 10 

(1783). 
?l'i. Papilio Eques Trojanus aiweus Cramer, I.e. III. p. 44. t. 222. f. a. b (1782) (W. Sumatra) ; 

Jablonsky, Xalurs. Schmett. II. p. 15. n. 13. t. 8. f. 1 (1784); Esper, Ausl. Schmetl. f. 135. 

n. 61. t. 33. f. 1 (1788). 
¥1^'. Papilio Eques Trojanus achalind's Esper, Ausl. .'<chme!l. p. 118. n. 52. t. 18. f. 2 (" (J " 

ex err.) & t. 19. f. 1 (1786). 
?<". Papilio agenor, Donovan, Ins. of China t. 24. f. 2 (1798). 
J. PaiMio deiphobus var., Thunberg, Mus. Xal. Ujis. XXII. p. 8 (1804). 
i"K Achillidcs achates, Hiibner, Verz. beh: Schm. p. 85. n. 879 (1816) (p.p.). 
;;»'. Iliades ancaeus, Hubner, I.e. p. 88. n. 927 (1816). 
?»l. Iliades laomedon, Hubner, I.e. p. 89. n. 928 (1816). 
(J. Iliades memnon, Hiibner, /.-;. p. 89. n. 930 (1816). 
J ? . Papilio memnon, Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 29. n. 10 (1819) {p./>.) : Horsf., Cat. Lep. /h.s. .Vus. 

E. I. C. I. t. 3. f. 3 (/.). 3a {p.) (1828) ; Swainson, Xool. Illuslr. (2). III. t. 95 (1833) ("type 

of subgenus Pa2)ilio " ; Java) ; Boisd., Spec. Gen. Lep. I. p. 192. n. 6 (1836) {p.p.) ; De Haan, 

Verh. Nat. Gesch. Xed. overz. bez. p. 23 {ex p.). t. 3. f. 2. 3 [?"•] (1840); Doubl. Westw. & 

Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. I. p. 10. n. 30 (1846) (p.p.); Gray, Col. Lep. hu. H. ,1/. I. p. 13. n. 47 

(1852) (/)./;.) ; id.. List Lep. Ins. B. M. I. p. 14. n. 51 (1856) {p.p.) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat 

Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. I. p. 99. n. 202 (p.p.). t. 2. f. 7 (/.). 7a {p.) (1857) ; VoUonhov., Tijdsrhr 

r. Ent. III. p. 72. n. 14 (1860) {p.p.) ; Feld., Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien p. 324. n. 459. & p. 372. 

n. 274 (1864) (p.p.) ; Reak., Tr. Ent. Soc. Phil. p. 449. n. 4 (1864) (pp.) ; Wall., Tr. Linn. 

Soc. Lo,.d. XXV. p. 46. n. 43. t. 1. f. 1 (<?). 2 [?l»]. 3 [?">]. 4 [?"'] (1865) (Java; 


I 31o ) 

Sumatra; Borneo: Lomhok); Jiutl., Oil. Diiirn. Lip. diiscr. Fiihrlc. p. 25G. n. 74 (IHii!)) 
(,■.,;■/. nfmrs.) : Piepers, Tijilsili,: ,-. Knt. XIX. p. ].')7. n. 72 (1876) (Batavia) : Salv. t^ Godm., 
/'. Z. S. p. 041 (1«7«) (liilliton I.) ; Obertli., Et. d'Eiil. IV. p. 34. n. 10. 11 (1879) {p.p.) : 
Stauding. \- Schatz, E.n.l. S,-h„i. I. p. 8 (1884) ; Kheil, Rhop. Nias p. 37. n. 141 (1884) (Nias I.) ; 
Piepers, Tiji/schi: r. Enl. XXXI. p. 350. t. 8. f. 5 (/.) (1888) (Java; life hist.) ; Hagen, Bfrl. 
Ent. Zelt. XXXVII. p. Iy5. u. 108 (1892) (Banka I.) : id.. Ins VII. p. 23. n. 21 (1894) 
(Sumatra). 

<J. PapUiii arbalrs Ziuken, Xur. .id. Jr. Xnt. Cm: XV. p. lol. n. li (1831) (Java). 

^. Popiliu memnoii, Aurivillius, Kimijl. Se. V'lt. ,1/,. J/amll. XIX. .0. p. 17. n. 12 (1882). 

?'-". PajAllu iidiali's, Heylarts, Tijrhrlii: i: Enl. .\.\XIV. Vn-«I. p. 28 (1891) C J " e.e rrr.); 
Snell., ihhl. Vcrsl. p. ll.i (1891) (cwim Heylarts). 

? '". Piipilio expiri, Hagen {nn- Butler. 1877), Irix VII. p. 23. u. 22 (1894) (Sumatra). 

?'". PiipUio mrmnon var.Jam/iiix Haase, Unlersuch. lib. Mhii. p. 57 (1893). 

5 '". Pujiilio mi-iiinoii var. miiiiiim Haase, ?.c. p. 57 (1893). 

If we tfeat tlie various " specie.s " erected bv Mes.srs. Butler & Di.^tant as 
synonyms or as aberrations, for reasons e.xplained under P. inemnon agenor L. 
there remain fom' "species" which run into one another, and are accordingly 
enumerated here as subspecies; to this number we have to add a fifth local form 
peculiar to the Loo Choo Islands. 

(a): P. ineninon L. from Java, Nias, .Sumatra, Xatmia Islands, and Borneo; 

(i) : P. memnmi oeeani Doherty from Engano Island ; 

(c) : P. merivaon merajni Doherty from Sumba, Sambawa, .\donara ; 

(d) : P. riiemtion agenor L. from Malacca, iSiam, Burma, Continental India 
(exclusive of South and West India), Tonkin, China (and Soutli Jai)an ?) ; 

(e) : P. Tnemnon j/i^yeri subsp. nov. from the Loo Choo Islands. 

In all these local races, exclusive of P. meninon oeeani Doh. and P. niemnon 
inerapu, Doh., of which only a small series of specimens is known, the males vary in 
the forewings, being provided above with a red spot at the base of the cell, or being 
without that mark : on the underside tlie amount of red at the base of the wings is 
also variable; in the single known male of P. 'inemnon oeeani the red colour is 
almost (not wholly, as "W. Doherty says) wanting. The length of the bluish grey or 
grey lines on the uiijierside of the wings is variable in specimens from the same 
locality. 

The females are dimorphic in the shape of the hindwings, the latter being 
tailless or tailed; in colour and patteiTi they are polymoi'phic ; we must, however, 
exclude again oeeani and inenqju, of which we know so little. The Loo Choo 
Papilio has only one form of the female sex, which, moreover, seems to be very 
constant ; this case of monomorphism in one sub.species and polymorphism in the 
other recalls to mind a similar development in the local forms of P. clylia L., 
P. polytes L., P. riimanzoviits Eschsch., etc. (see p. 305). 

The tailed and tailless females of P. memnon L. and P. memnon agenor L., as 
well as the various colour varieties, are not confined to certain localities within the 
respective ranges of the.se subspecies; all. enperi Butl. of P. memnon agenor 
alone is apparently local; in certain places, however, and at certain times of the 
year, the one or the other of the aberrations is more pre\alent. I do not know of 
any breeding experiments by which it is clearly proved that one female produces 
several forms. 

Tliough I have treated the female of P. polytes L. as tri- and tetramorphic, 
I think it will be best to treat the female of the (iresenl Papilio as dimorpliic, not- 
withstanding its being still more varialilc than tliiit insect; as it is ini|)Ossible to 
draw exact parting lines between the luiinc-rous colour \arietics of /'. infnrnon-'^ 


( 314 ) 

and agenor-'i , it will be iiiuch more convenient to accept two ? ?-forniae, a tailless 
and a tailed form, each including a great number of aberrations, than to enumerate 
several dozens of abenations as ? ¥ -formae. 

(a) : P. memnon L., forma typ. [cJ, $ , metam.]. 

S- The streaks of greyish blue scales on the upperside of the hindwings are 
extended inwardly us far as the apex of the cell ; the cell is entirely black, or there are 
greyish blue scales in the apex along the veins, or the apical third is covered with 
greyish blue scaling ; this latter character occurs chiefly in Nias specimens. The 
black interspaces between these streaks are somewhat dilated at their outer end, so as 
to form a series of submarginal black spots which con-espond to the sulimarginal 
spots of the underside. Below, the gi'ey, or bluish grey, or huffish streaks of the 
forewings are longest and broadest in the Xias examples, shortest and thinnest in 
those from Borneo. The bluish grey area of the hindwings is broadest again in the 
Xias individuals, where this area extends mostly far beyond the inner row of black 
spots, which sometimes is, however, also the case in specimens from other localities; 
near the anal angle there is not often a tint of ochreous. 

? . Dimorphic. Very variable in pattern. 

(«') : ?-f. Uiomedon Cramer, I.e. Tailless. The principal aberrations, whicli 
partly have received names, are as follows: — 

(((.'-) : Typical coloration. Above, forewings with red basal patch ; hindwings 
without white, lighter in the outer half than at the base, with a series 
of submarginal and another series of fainter subdiscal black spots ; 
abdomen blackish. 

Qy): Like («-), but forewings with a large subapical white iiatcli. 

{c^ : ? -ab. erebiniw Haase, I.e. 
P. laomrilon var., De Haan, L<: t. 3. f. 2 (1840). 

Like (/)-), Imt hindwings above coloured almost as in tlie rntile, with a yellow 
mark at anal angle ; posterior half of abdomen yellow. 

(dr): Like (6^), but abdomen as in (c). 
(«') : ? -ab. mieeus Cramer, I.e. 
Like («'), but patch at base of forewings white or yellowish white instead 
of red. 

(/-') : 'i -ah. javanus Haase, I.e. 
P. acliates var., De Haan, I.e. t. 3. f. 3 (1840). 

Hindwings with the apex of cell, and six or seven spots round cell white; discal 
series of black spots absent above, as in the following aberrations. 

((/): Wallace, I.e. t. 1. f. 2 (1865). Like (/■), but cell of hindwings 
without white. 

(k'): Hindwings white, base and a series of submarginal spots black; 
abdomen black. 

(i^) : Like {h-), but abdomen yellow, with a dorsal black median line. 


( :''i''5 ) 

(/•■) : Like (//'), but forewings with a large subapical white patcli. 

In all these aberrations the anal angle of the hinchvings is mostly tinged witli 
yellow. The basal red spots on the underside of the hindwings vary in number from 
two to four. 

(I/): ?-f. achates Sulzer, I.e.; Wallace, /.c. t. 1. f. 4. Tailed. Hindwings with 
two-thirds of cell and six or seven large spots round the cell white ; these discal spots 
very variable, the intermediate ones often partly or totally obliterated. Patch at the 
base of the forewings above red or wliitish buS'. Abdomen yellow, with a black dorsal 
line. 

Hah. Java [6 c^, 14 ?'", 5 ?<=']; Xias [13 c?, 11 ?'", 1 ?'-'>]; Sumatra 
[3 J, 4 ?'"]; Natuua Islands [2 cJ, 1 ?'"]; Borneo [1.5 S, 6 ?'"]. 

I have a riinle and a ?-f. laomedon Cram, fi-om Sumatra, caught in cojiula, and 
still united to one another. 

(b): P. memnon oceani Doherty [<?,?]. 

J ? . PiipiVio (Iliinlrs) •u-.aiii Doherty. JuKnt. As. Sor. Benr/. p. 31. n. 49 (1891) (Engano I.V 

.Mr. W. Doherty obtained one pair of this insect only; further researches must 
show whether oceani can stand as a subspecies, or whether the two type-specimens 
are mere individual aberrations; as P. meninon from Java, Nias, Sumatra, Borneo, 
and Bunguran are the same, it is rather striking that the island of Engano should 
have a local form of its own. It can certainly not stand as a species; the distin- 
guishing characters are so variable in P. memnon that many viemnon are almost 
identical with the female of oceani. 

c?. Bluish streaks of the hindwings above, and luteous grev streaks of the 
forewings below, much reduced ; red spots on the hindwings below obliterated, that 
of the forewings indicated by a number of red scales ; inner series of black spots of 
the underside of the hindwings barely .indicated, chiefly owing to the grey area not 
extending, as in P. memnon, along the nervules, so as to surround or partly surround 
those sul.idiseal spots. 

}. Tailless. Basal red patch of the forewings above small (not absent, a-; is said 
in Doherty's description) ; those of the hindwings below also small, but larger than in 
some specimens of /■'. memnon. The other characters mentioned by Doherty ajijx'ar 
also in certain P. memnon ?-f. laomedon Cram. 
Hall. Engano Island (1 J, 1 ? ; ti/pes). 

(c): Papilio memnon merapu Doherty [c^]. 

J. Pujiilio (lliajris) mrmpii Doherty, Joiini. As. Sor. Buhj. p. 191. n. 108 (1891) (Sumba). 
cf ?. P"y»7m mcwnon, Snellen (jicc Linnd, 1758); Tijihchr. r. Ent. XXXIV. p. 251. n. 50 (1891) 
(Flores). 

Doherty described this insect from large male specimens wliich were of the size 
of the largest P. meninon agenor h. and P. memnon prt/eri Kothsch. subsp. nov. 
I have not had an opportunity to comjiare specimens from Sumba, but I think that 
the specimens from Sambawa and Adonara in my collection, though of the 
usual size of P. memnon, i.e. smaller than typical merapu, cannot be s(^parated 
from tnerapu; I am the more convinced that I am right in this surmise as the other 
Papilios known from Sumba and Sambawa are identical. The Sambawa and Adonara 
specimens agree quite well with Doherty's description, except in size. 


( 316 ) 

S. The liliii-h <^ro\ area of the liiiidwiiigs is niosllv imit-li narrower above than 
in P. raemvon ; lielow it is also narrow, bnt in some specimens not narrower than in 
certain P. meinnon, and more or less tinged with ochreous; in one of the two 
Adonara specimens in my collection the ochreous colovu' is very conspicuous. The 
white marginal internervular fringes are larger than in meriinon. 

Snellen (/.c.) says that the mules from Floras differ from P. memnon in the outer 
region of the underside of the hindwings being reddish yellow instead of grev ; he 
does not say whether the female is also different. 

? . This sex has been discovered by Dr. Staudinger's collector on Sambawa ; it 
is very peculiar in pattern ; mononiori)hic. 

Vpperside: forewings brown, darker at the ba.'*e, with a red patch in the base 
of the cell; marginal fringe white between the nervules. Hindwings of the ground- 
colour of the forewings or deeper brown; a discal macular band bufhsh white or 
yellowish buff', rather narrow, not toiuhing tlie cell, in one specimen only slightlv 
marked, being much shaded with brown; the band consists of seven spots; the 
postcostal s])ot is sublunate, about twice as broad (transversely) as long, absent 
from one individual : the anal one is tinged with orange or yellow, and is joined 
to the last marginal marking. Submarginal black spots longer than in P. memnon 
L., those between the median bi'anches longer than the corresponding white discal 
markings. Marginal spots clearly marked in three specimens out of four before me 
(two belong to Dr. Staudinger). 

Underside: with the basal red markings well developed. Hindwings with tlie 
discal band whiter, better defined, owing especially to the ground-colour of the 
wing being much darker than above: the middle spots of the band bear a small and 
faint blackish brown centre; though the markings are |iroiliK'c(l along the nervules, 
they are not joined to the marginal spots. 

Hub. Suniba; Sambawa (W. Doherty, September 1891) fO (J, 2 ?); Flores ; 
Adonara AV. Doherty, November 1891) (2 6). 

(d): P. memnon agenor L. [<?,?]• 

Houttuyn, \al,n-l. Ili^t. I. 11. p. \'M\. sub ii, I'J. t. s7. f. 1 (^J) (ITfi") (China). 

J'". Papili'i Kques TrnjamiK iifiiiinr Liiiiii', Sunt. Nal. ed. x: p. 4(30. n. 13 (17;)H) (Asia) : Clerck, 
rroui-s liis. I. t. If), f. 1. 2 (17.69) : Liunc'. Miis. Lutl. VU: p. 1!I4. n. 13 (17l")4) (China) ; id., 
Siisl. Xul. ed. xii. p. 747. n. 14 (17t)7) ; Houtt., Xnturl. fTist. I. II. p. l'J7. n. 13 (17G7) (/<./(.) ; 
ftiitller. .\.il:irs. V. 1. p. 570. n. 14 (1774) ; Fabr., Si/hI. Kiit. p. 441".. n. 18 (1776) (China) : 
Cramer, I'liji. Ex. I. p. h'2. t. 32. f. a. n (177;')) (China; Coromandel ; inr ISatavia) ; Goeze, 
/■;»/. B,,jh: III. 1. p. 35. n. 14 (1779) (>.'/". n /»irl,')  Fabr., Sj,,;: /;«. II. p. 7. n. 25 (1781) 
(China ; .i.i/«. ex part,) ; Jalilonsky, Xiiliirs. .SV7i/«<«. II. p. 20. n. 14. t. 8. f. 3 (1784) : Fabr., 
Man/. /;«. II. p. 4. n. 27 (1787) ; Vimelin, Si/sl. Xal. I. 5. p. 22,32. n. 14 (1790) (.«/«. ,.,■ j>,n-lr) : 
Esper, Avsl.Schmflt. p. 108. n. 46. t.2n. f. 1 (1792) ; Fabr., A'«/. .%,'/. III. 1. p. i;i. n. 3'.i (1793) 
(ni/n. ex pari,') ; Thunberg, Mus. Xal. f>. XXIII. p. « (1804). 

(^ . F,i/Nli,i Etjai's Tr,ija»ttft meinnftn var., Linn<', .1A".^\ Ln,h T^/r. p. 19.'*i. siih n. 12 (171)4) ; Jtiiller. 
Xalnrs. V. 1. p. 570. t. 17. f. 2 (1774). 

(^ . Papilio Eqws Trojanua iitent}ia>i^ Fabriciiis, Si/st. Ent. p. 446. ii. 17 (1775) {^;/>i. excL) ; id., Spfir. 
/,ig. II. p. 6. n. 23 (1781) (f.r parte) : E-sper, An^l. S,-hmelt. p. 35. n. 13. t. 8. f. 1 (" ? " ex rrr.) 
(1785) {ex p.) ; Fabr., E„l. S,/st. III. I. p. 12. n. 3C. (1793) (--.'•;-.) ; ThunberK, Muk. Xal. Cpa. 
XXIII. p. 9 (1804). 

(^. Papilio Eque,i TrojtmuA amhoffean Cramer. Pap. E.e. I. p. 1-12. t. 91. f. .\. li (1776) (China) : 
Goeze, E,it. Deytr. III. 1. p. 43. n. 16 (1779). 

cj. I'apiHo Eque.s Tr,,j,iuitn memnon var. ,tii,lr't,f''0,*. .Tablonsky, Xatitr)t. Scfimetl. I. p. 213. sub n. lo 
(1783). 

cJ. Piijniio Efjiies Trnjamis memnon var. amhogeua (!). Gnielin. .%<^ Xal. I. 5. p. 2232. sub n. 13 
(1790). 

^. PopUin Erjues Tr,ijainis priileuor. Espor. .\,(i:l. H,-Iiinell. p. 120. n. .'>3. t. 29. f. 2 (1792). 


( 317 ) 

¥®. PrqiiUo Eqiifs Trnjamix alfauin- Cramer, Pap. AV. II. p. 1U7. t. lili',. f. a (1770) (China): 

Goeze, Ejit. Bnjtr. III. 1. p. 44. n. 20 (1770) ; Esper, Ausl. Hrhmill. p. l.U. n. (50. t. .'54. f. 2 

(1795?). 
9'-''. PajiiHii Eqiim Tnijiiiiiis oWia/cs Cramer (we Sulzer, I77il). /'(/_/<. /■>. II. p. K'O. t. 182. f. .a. ii 

(1779) (China; " Java." ex err.) ; Goeze, JCiit. Beijtr. III. 1. p. 42. n. 11 (1779) ; Fabr., Ny<.-r. 

Im. II. p. 5. n. 19 (1781) {p.p.) ; Jablonskj-, Natiirs. Schmell. II. p. 179. d. 41 (1784) {p./:) : 

Fabr., .Maul. Ins. II. p. 3. n. 19 (1787) (ji.p.) ; Gmelin, Sysl. Xal. ed. xiii. I. b. p. 2229. n. 284 

(1790) (p.p.) ; Esper, Ausl. Schmelt. p. IIG. n. 51. t. 28. f. 1 ("<J" ex err.) (1792?) ; Fabr., 

Eiif. .S;jsl. III. 1. p. 9. n. 24 (1793) (p.p.). 
J'"'. PiijiUiu Ei/iiis Trnjtiims iilphenor, Fabricius {nee, Cramer, 1779), Sjiec. Ins. II. p. 4. ii. II 

(1781) ; Jablonsky, X<,liirs. Schmelt. II. p. 205. n. 44. t. 16. f. 1 (1784). 
?'2|. ArhlUklrs ar/H,l,'.-<, Hulmer, Verz. be!:. Helim. p. 85. n. 879 (1816) {p.p.). 
? i-'l. Aehillnh's aleiiiiur, Hiibner, I.e. p. 85. n. 880 (1810). 
$1". IIUulvn agennr, Hiibner, I.e. p. 89. n. 929 (1810). 

cJ. Iliailes niestur Hiibner, I.e. p. 89. n. 930 (1816) {nor. num. loeo andro;/eii.t Cram.). 
cJ ?. I',ipilio mjenor, Godart, Ene. Jlelh. IX. p. 28. n. 9 (1810) (/-.;/.) ; Oberth., Et. iVEnl. XVII 

p. 1 (1893) (Tonkin). 
J. PdjiHio thiiuberiji Siebold, flisl. Xat. Jap. p. 16 (1824) (Japan). 
1^ ?. Papilio memiam, Boisdnval, Sjirc. Gin. hep. I. p. 192. u. (J (183ii) ( l>.p.) : De Haan, Verb. 

Nat. Geseh. Netl. orerz. bez. p. 23 (1840) {p.p.) \ Doubl. Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. I. 

p. 10. n. 30 (184G) {p.p.) ; Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. .M. I. p. 13. n. 47 (1852) {p.p.) ; id., List 

Lep. Inn. B. .1/. I. p. 14. n. 51 (1856) {p.p.) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. .Uus. E. I. C. I. 

p. 99. n. 202 (1857) (^j.^j.) ; VoIIenhov., TijdscJir. r. Ent. III. p. 72. n. 14 (1860) {p.p.) : Feld., 

Verl). z. b. Ges. WUn p. 324. n. 459. & p. 372. n. 274 (18G4) {p.p.) ; Reak., Tr. Ent. Sve. Pl,d. 

p. 449. n. 4 (1864) {p.p.) ; Butl., Cat. Diwrn. Lep. clescr. Fahrie. p. 25G. n. 74 (1869) {p.p.) : 

Druce, P. Z. .S. p. 109. n. 7 (1874) (Siam) ; Ehves, ibW. p. 873 (1881) ; Pryer, Rhop. Mlwn. 

p. 4. n. 8 (1886) (Nagasaki) ; Leech, P. Z. S. p. 405. n. 8 (1887) (S. Japan) : id'.. Ball, a/ China, 

etc. p. 544 (1893) (China & S. Japan : nee Loo Choo Is.). 
$ '■>. PaiiiUo aehales, God.art, Ene. Milh. IX. p. 64. n. 107 (1819) {p.p.) : Moore, P. Z. H. p. 697 

(1878) (Hainan) : Holland, Tr. Amer. Ent. Soe. XIV. p. 122. n. 68 (1887) (Hainan). 
J ? . Papilin amlrnr/ens, Moore, P. Z. S. p. 757 (1865) (Bengal) ; id. & Wall., ibid. p. 356 (1866) 

(Formosa) ; Moore, ibid. p. 841 (1878) (Hatsiega) : Oberth., Et. d'Ent. IV. p. 34. n. 11. & 

p. 111. n. 11 (1879) {p.p.) ; Robbe, Ami. Sac. Eut. Behj. p. 120. n. 11 (1892) (Darjeeling). 
(J J. Pa/iiliii andnxjeus {[), WnUace {neeandrogcii.i Cvamev), Tr. Linn. Sac. Land. XXV. p. 47. u. 44 

(1865) (Malacca ; India) ; Nice'v., Journ. As. Sac. Benij. p. 53 & 59 (1881) (Sikkim) ; Ehves, 

Tr. Ent. Soe. Land. p. 428. n. 408 (1888) (Sikkim ; common in the lower valleys, up to 

5000 feet) ; Nicev., Jnnrn. Bambay N. II. Soe. p. 387. n. 95 (1890) (C'hiu-Lushai) ; Watson, 

ih/d. p. 53 (1891) (Chin-Lushai). 
(J ?. Papilio arp-nor, Aurivillius, Ku?u/I. Sr. Vet. Ae. HaiuU. XIX. 5. p. 18. n. 12a (cj). 13 [?•••] 

(1882) : Standing. & Schatz, /•>.,'/. Schmelt. I. p. 8 (1884) ; Dist., Rhap. Mai. p. 339. n. 7. t. 29. f. 1 

[ ?"'] (1885) (Mai. Pen.) ; Holland, Tr. Amer. Ent. Sac. XIV. p. 122. n. 66 (I8S7) (Hainan). 
J ?'". Papilio esperi Butler, Tr. Linn. Soe. Land. (2). Zoo!. I. p. 553. n. 17. t. 68. f. 7 I 9 ) 

(1877) (Mai. Pen.) : Dist., !.c. p. 341. n. 7c. t. 28. f. 1 ((J). 6 ( ? ) (188.5) (Mai. I'en.l : Holland, 

Tr. Amer. Ent. Soe. XIV. p. 122. n. 67 (1887) (H.ainan). 
S ?"'■ Papilin mestor, Butler {nee Hiibner, 181G). I.e. p. 553. n. 18 (1877) (Miila-cai ; Dist.. /..-. 

p. 341. n. 7d. t. 28. f. 2 (^J). 7 ( ? ) (1885) (Mai. Pen.). 
(J?'='. Papilio achates, Butler {nea Sulzei', 1776), I.e. p. 553. n. 10 (1877) (Malacca]; Dist., I.e. 

p. 342. n. 7e. t. 28. f. 3& 4(J). 5 (?) (1885) (Mai. Pen. ; Siam; India). 
? I". Papilio p!a,cnir Distant, Wwp. Mai. p. 340. n. 7a. t. 27b. f . 7 ( ? ) (1885) (Mai. Pen.). 
cJ ? I". Papdio eili.r Distant, I.e. p. 340. n. 7b. t. 29. f. 4 ((J). 5 ( ? ) (1885) (Mai. Pen.). 
(J?. Papilio {lliadex) androipjus. Wood -Mason & Nicev., ./onrn. As. Sue. Hen;/, p. 373. n. 173 

(1886) (Ctichar) ; Elwes & Nicev., ibid. p. 437. n. 138 (1886). 
(J ? . Iliades achuteg, Moore, Jonrn. Linn. Sac. Land. XXI. p. 50 (1889) (Morgui<>t its Archipelago). 
cJ ? . Iliades agenor, Swinhoe, Tr. Ent. Soe. Loud. p. 312. n. 380 (1893) (Khasia Hills). 
(J?. Papilio (I Hades) agenor, Niceville, Gazetteer of SHclcim p. 172. n. 475 (1894) (Sikkim ; very 
common from April to December, up to 5000 feet ; the tailed ? is the commonest form). 

This insect, thousfh so vovv closely iilliiil lo iiDil often i)idistiii<;nisli;il>le l)oni 
P. memnon L., has been considered bv Linne to lie a di.stinct si>ccies, because lie 
described F. memnon from the tiKile, ;\w\ <i<ienor from the female; the mule cf 


( ol8 ) 

ngenw he treated as a mere aberration of P. memnon, of which he did not know the 
other sex. Cramer named in 177G the 'iiiale of a f/enof P. E. Tr. (tmlrof/eos; iiubner, 
lieing aware that Cramer had described and figured in 1775 anotlier (American) 
I'apiHo under the name of P. E. Tr. (indrocieus, gave the name of lliades mestor 
to Cramer's figure (cj of agenor l^.). Some recent English and foreign authors 
curiously follow Wallace in using the name of androgeis (instead of and/rogeos) for 
our Papilio, though Linne's name of agenor has the priority of eighteen years. 

Messrs. Butler & Distant have erected five species, besides P. agenor L., all 
found in !Malay Peninsula. 1 cannot see any reason why Messrs. Butler & Distant 
are correct in mating the male and female sjiecimens as they have done ; is 
there any reason against the male of Butler's esperi, for example, being really that of 
cilix or achates or pfioenix? I think there is none, as the supposed (litt'ercut males 
of the.se " species" run all into one another; it is quite impossible to separate the 
nudes of these species, if one has a long series of specimens, unless one picks out the 
typical specimens and burns the intermediate ones, or describes every third specimen 
as a distinct species. The females, like those of P. memnon, exhibit a niucli 
greater variation than the males, and one miglit be justified in saying tliat at least 
the tailed and tailless specimens belong to two different species. But taking into 
consideration, firstly, that in the allied P. polytes L., in P. agamemnon L. and 
others, the tails appear and disappear, and are of no .specific value at all ; secondly, 
that a tailless male which is indi.stiuguishable from the males of agenor must be 
mated with that tailed /enw^t/e; and thirdly, that, if Messrs. Butler & Distant 's species 
were really distinct, some dozens of species would have to be erected for P. memnon 
and agenor, which would be quite against the rule that the nearest allied forms of 
insects and other creatures do not occur together on the same spot, I feel quite 
certain, e\en without the exact proof by rearing experiments, that P. esperi, achates, 
phoenix, etc., are mere aberrations of the highly variable P. nienmon agenor L. 

The specimens of P. memnon agenw L. from India. Siam, Malay Peninsula, 
China, and South Japan cannot be separated subspecifically ; we must, however, note 
that in .South Japan (Kiu-Shiu) the females are always tailless and form al.so in colour 
a connecting link with P. memnon pryeri subsp. nov. from the Loo Choo Islands ; 
these Japanese P. mentnmi agenor L. have been described from the nude sex, which 
is indistinguishable from agenw, as P. thunhergl by Siebold (I.e.) ; it may be that 
the Ja[iauese females at least are dittVrent enough to separate them subspecifically 
from agenw, and that therefore, notwitli.standing that I treat here P. thiinbergi Sieb. 
as a synonym of P. 'nieinnon agenor I.,., in future P. thuidie.rgi Sieb. will have to 
stand as a separate subspecies, /-". memnon thiinbergi Sieb. ; the series of specimens 
from Japan I could comjiare was not large enough to enable me to solve this question. 
The /e)H/(/e which Pryer (/.c.) figures is certainly not a Jai)anese one; it is exactly 
identical with ray female specimens of P. agenor pryeri mihi, which were collected 
by Mr. Pryer in the Loo Choo Islands. 

Owing to the occurrence of every intergraduate lietweeu the m/des and between 
most of the aberrations of the femnles of I', memnon and a^jenor, the latter mu-l 
rank as a subs[)ecies of P. memnon. 

cj. Differs from P. memnon L. in the greyish area of the imdersidc of tlie hind- 
wings being ob.solete, except in the anal region, where the grey colour is tinged with, 
or replaced by, ochreous or red; the black spots are.well defined only near the anal 
angle ; the amount of red or oehreuus on the hiudwings varies very much. .Most 


( :^19 ■) 

sppciniPiis havp a subdiscal series of spots on the hindwiiigs beneatli, consisting of 
rather disjiersed lilue scales, which appear sometimes also in P. memiion. The 
amount of bluish grey scales on the upperside varies considerably; specimens with 
only a few bluish grey scales above are — 

(p) : ab. depelchini Robbe. 

(J. Piqiilio (iii(lrngii,.< var. ilipih-hmi Robbe, Ann. Soc. Enl. Bili/. p. 125. n. 12 (1802) (Kurseong, 
Sikkim). 

I have a mnlf and a ferivde of this aberration from Sikkim which are very peculiar 
in the almost total absence of bluish grey scales from the upperside of the wings and 
in tiie greenish metallic gloss of the hindwings; the hindwings of both specimens 
are produced into a tooth at the end of the ujjper median nervule. as it is mostly the 
case in P. inemnon pryeri Kothsch. 

Two other males, from Sikkim and the Khasia Hills, are \'ery remarkable in 
pattern ; they remind one rather strikingly of the pattern of P. polymnestor Cram, 
and Idmpsacus Boisd. I propo.se to name these specimens — 

(iiv') : (S-ab. primif/enius ab. nov. 
Upperside: hindwings in the anal region with a series of four (Kliasia Hills 
specimen, type) or two fSikkim specimen) black .spots, wholly encircled with almost 
white .scaling; bluish grey streaks much whiter than in the usual form of the nude. 

Underside : hindwings with an anal and three submarginal complete grey rings, 
the anal one and a grey subdiscal lunule between the two lower median nerxules 
tinged with red at their basal sides : in the Khasia Hills specimen there is a second grey 
lunule before the middle median nervule, and in each of the three anterior cellules 
stands, close to the white marginal fringe, a grey spot, which is partly joined to a 
submarginal indistinct lunule, so as to form an incomplete submarginal grey ring ; the 
subdiscal series of blue spots is complete; in the Sikkim specimen these spots are 
rather well defined. 

The specimens were obtained in Sikkim in May 1886 (Aloller leg.), and in the 
Kl a^ia Hills in April 1889 (Kev. Hamilton leg.). 

In one male from Burma in my collection the forewings have a large red basal 
mark, as in the female, and the hindwings, besides an anal red ring, a small and 
indistinct submarginal sjjot of the same colour before the lower median vein on the 
upperside. 

?. Dimor[ihic in shai)e of the hindwings; polymoriihic in pattern. Specimens 
of the tailless form with the disc of the hindwings white are often indistinguishable 
from the corresponding aberrations of P. memnon. The anal angle of the hindwings 
is tinged with red or oehreous. 

(c') : ?-f. agenor I.,., I.e. Tailless, with the following principal colour 
varieties : — 

(>r) : Typical coloration. Hindwings white, exclusive of basal half and 
submarginal black spots. (l'"igures: Clerck, Icon. I. t. 1 .i ; Cramer, 
I.e. t. 32). 

(o-) : White of hindwings occupying also part of cell. 
{p-} : ?-ab. phoenix Distant, I.e. 
White area reduced to five patches, the posterior ones of which are strongly 
tinged with red, chiefly at their outer borders. 


( 320 ) 

(q-) : ?-ab. loc. esperi Hutl., I.e. (?, nee cJ). 

Korewings with a liirge wliite sul.apical patch ; hindwings almost as in the mfile. 
I restrict this name to the female, as the nude specimens wliich Hutler mates with 
this/e»w/e are not wortli a varietal name. This coDspicuous aberration seems to be 
confined to the Malay Peninsula, and I enumerate it, therefore, as " ab. loc." {(tberrntio 
alicidus lod). 

(i'^) : ? -ab. hutlerianus nom. nov. 
Papilio nifslm- Butler (;i-r Hiibner, 181G), I.e. ( ? , n/'c ,^) : DLst., I.e. t. 28. f. 7. 

Forewings with a large white patch at the hinder angle; hindwings almost as in 
the male, hut with a red anal ring. 

Hiibner's name of mestor was given to the male as figured liv Cramer. I.e. t. 91. 
and cannot at all be applied to an aberration of the female which Dr. A. G. Butler 
has quite arbitrarily mated with Cramer's figure. 

(s"-) : ? -ab. cilix Dist., I.e. ( ? , vec <S). 

Differs from ?-ab. phoenix Dist., especially in the hindwings having only two 
distinct white .spots besides an anal red ring. 

If .Messrs. Godman & Salvin's P. cUix comes in the .same genus with /•■. memnon 
L., Distant's name of cilix must sink. 

(<2) : ab. depelckini Robbe (see the corresponding form of the c?). 

Similar to the male of ab. depelehini Kobbe, but paler, with a strong olive-green 
glo.ss on the hindwings, the latter with an incomplete anal red ring. 

(«-) : Like (r-), but hindwings with a white baud along the abdominal 
margin. 

(v-) : Like fi/-), but anal red mark witlioul a lilack centre. 

Some of these aberrations reseinblc certain malefi of 1'. rketeiicn- Westw. ; this 
superficial resemblance has, however, nothing to do with mimicrv. 

((/'): ?-f alennor Cram., I.e. Tailed, the white spots morn or less stronglv 
tinged with red. 

(iv-) : Typical coloration. Spot at base of forew'ings abo\e red. Hindwings 
with a small white spot within the apex of the cell and five sniiiU 
white spots round the cell. 

(.(•-; : ?-ab. dislantianns nom. nov. 

P. E. Tr. a,'hol,.o Cramer {mc Siilzer, 1776), I.e. (17711) : Ui.tler, I.e. ( ? . n,r A), Dist., I.e. t. 28. f. T) 
(1885). 

White spots of the hindwings enlarged. 

Hal). India (excei)t Xorth-West, Central, and South India, and Cevlon), Burma, 
and Siam [31 J, 20 ?"', 8 ?(,,]; Malay Peninsula [7 cJ, C ?'", 2 ?'-']; Formosa 
[2 (?, 1 ?'", 1 ?»] ; Hainan ; China [5 c?, 4 ?'", 3 ?«] ; South Japan [26, 1 ?"' ; ?''' 
does not occur]. 


( :^2l ) 
(e): P. memnon pryeri snhsii. nov. [J. ?]. 

^. Pii/jilio mtiiiiiini var.. De Haan, I'rrh., Xiil. (iinrh. NeiJ. orerz. Ijez. p. 24. t. 3. f. 1 ( I84il) (" Japan " 

hir. CIV.). 
5 . Pajiilio tnfmnnn, Pryer («<•<• Linae), RJiop. Nilimi. t. 2. f. 1 (188G) ("Japan" c:r err.). 
J ? . Pupilio memnoii, Leech, Biilterjf. of China, etc. p. 545 (1803) {p.p. ; Loo Choo Is.). 

In most specimens of either sex the hindwings are produced into a short tooth 
at the end of the upper median nervule. 

(?. Large. Streaks of bluish grey scales on the upperside much reduced, chiefly 
on the hindwings, where a rather broad marginal area is without such scales. The 
exterior black spots on the underside of the hindwings in the anal region are larger 
than in P. memnon I>. and ar/enor L. ; the transverse red bars, bordering them 
inwardly between the median nervules, stand farther from the margin than in those 
local races. 

? . Monomorphic ; large, tailless, 

Vppei'side: forewings white; ajjcx, outer and costal margins narrowly black; 
jiatch at base, veins, and internervular folds also black ; red mark at base large. 
Hindwings black, gi'eenish glossy, bluish at the costal margin, with six cone-shaped 
white discal marks ; cell without white ; submarginal black spots large, that between 
the lower median nervules more than twice as long as broad, and, like the more 
rounded anal spot, partly or entirely encircled with reddish ochreous. 

Underside : forewings as above, but rather more white. Hindwings with the 
discal white markings smaller than above. Behind the costal margin stands a seventh 
spot, which is mostly lunate, often ochreous red, and aj)pears also sometimes on the 
upperside. Ochreous colour at anal angle yellower than above. 

Abdomen entii'ely black. 

Hah. Loo Choo Islands (15 t^, 6 ?j. .^ 

9(i. Papilio lowi Druce [J,?]. 

(J. Piipilln hmii Druce, P. Z. S. p. .S58. n. 28. t. .T?. f. 6 ((J) (1873) (■'Borneo " loc. err.). 

J?. P.tidlin h.wil, Staudinger. h;s I. p. 278 (1888) (Palawan): id.. !.r. II. p. 12 (1889) 

(Palawan). 
^ ?. Papilio [lliu(lfs) Inirii, Semper, Philipj,.. Taijfalt. p. 208. n. 407 (18i,l2) (Palawan, September 

to December). 

6. Resembles P. 'memnon L., but is tailed. The grey area on the underside 
of the hindwings assumes sometimes the same peculiar ochraceous colour which we 
find in P. 'memnon merapu Doh. from the lesser Sunda Islands. 

?. Monomorphic in sliape of the hindwings, being always tailed; dimorphic in 
colour. 

(n-): Typical coloration. Hindwings with a large discal white patch consisting 
of a large cellular and seven large extracellular spots ; with one series of black spots. 

(h^): Hindwings without white, with two series of black si)ots. 

Hah. Palawan (8 <?, 3 ?); Balabac (1 (?, 2 ? ; A. Everett le;;.). 

T)ruce described this species from Borneo, from Mr. Low's collection ; this locality 
is most i)robably eiToneous. The material collected by Mr. Low in many of the 
P^astern islands (see Druce, I.e.) had been in the bands of several collectors before 
it came (for the most part) to Mr. Druce; so it is quite probable that the localities 
have partly been mixed up. Certain insects mentioned in .Mr. Druce's paper bear the 
locality "Palawan." 


97. Papilio mayo Atkins. [cJ,?]. 

J. Pii/jilio )i,ii,,., Atkinsnn, P. /.. S. p. 73(;. t. (;3. f. 1 (1873) (Andiiman Is.) : Arooro, P. Z. S. 
p. 592 (1877) (Andaman Is.) : Oberth., Et. lY E„l. IV. p. 34. n. 'J (1879) (Pt. Blair) : Wood- 
Mas. & Nic^r., Journ. As. Sac. Beiig. p. 237. n. G7 (1880) (Andaman Is.) (•' rcpre-sentative of 
P. polymtieMor " !). 

?. Paiiilin c/iariclis Hewitson, Ann. Mag. .Y. ]I. (4). XIV. p. 3iJG (1874) (Andaman Is.): id. 
E.r. liutl. V. Pap. t. 14. f. ih (187.-.) : Moore, P. Z. S. p. 592 (1877) (Andaman Is.) : Wood-Mas. 
& Nicdv., I.e. p. 237. n. 66 (1880) (Andaman Is. ; "representative of P. aixlrogiux" !). 

(J J. Papilio mai/n, Wood-Mason & Nici'v., I.e. p. 252. n. 'Jo (1881) (Andaman Is.) : Standing. 
& Sohatz, Exol. Sriimetl. I. p. 8 (1884) : Ilimse, Ciiffrsiirli. iilj. Mini. p. 55. t. 6. f. 38 ( ? ). 39 ((J) 
(1893). 

c?. With a beautiful bluish white band across the hindwings; the latter have 
on the underside a complete series of discal lunules, which are partly red and partly 
pale blue, or all whitish blue; the number of the submarginal red markings is as 
variable as in P. rnemnon L. The b\iffish grey or grey streaks of the forewings are 
short and do not touch the outer margin of the wing on either side. Tlic hindwings 
have a short tooth, as in P. nienmcm pryei-i mihi. 

?. Monomorphie. Eesembles P. memnon agenor ?-f. alcanor Cram., but the 
tails have a huffish red tip, as those of P. rhodifer IJutl., which it is said to mimic. 

Hah. Andaman Lslands (18 c?, 3 ?). 

Does not apparently occur on the Nicoliar IsUuiils, where P. doubledayi 
snmhilanga Doh. instead of P. rhodifer Hutl. flies. 

98. Papilio rumanzovius Kschsch. [J,?, larva, pupa]. 

Petivcr. Gitzoph. Nat. t. 11. f. 8 (1702) : Ray (Rajus : Wray). Hint. IiwH. p. 135 (1710). 

(J. Piipilio Eques Trnjunus punllions Linne', .l/«.«. Liu/. L'lr. p. 195. n. 14 (1764) (mh s;/n. : 

fig. Petiv.). 
J. Ptijiilid Eques Trojtinm ihiphohiis, Houttuyn, Xaliirl. llisl. I. 11. p. 192. n. 6 (17ri7) (snli «)/n.) : 

MuUer, Niiturs. V. 1. p. 5(i8. n. 7 (177G) (/'.;/. ; Pliihppines). 
$"'. Papilio Equcs Trojanus lysander Fabricius, Ent. Si/sl. III. 1. p. 9. n. 25 (1793) (p.Ji. ; 

" Magiiituilo," etc.). 
?"i. PapiUii rumanzoi-ia Eschscholtz, Kulzihiu's Jinsr III. p. 2114. D. 4. t. 2. f. 4a. 4b (1821) 

(Manila) ; Thon, Xaturg. Schmetl. p. 17. t. 5. f. I'l. 7 (1H37) (Manila) : Gray. List l.,p. ]n.i. II. 

.\r. I. p. 17. n. 53(1856). 
^. Papilio l-ruaeiislirnia Eschsclioltz, I.e. p. 205. n. 5. t. 3. f. 5a. 5b ( 1821) (Manila). 
(J. lliadi:i einalthion Hiibncr. Saiiiinl. Ex. Selun. II. t. 117 (poxl 1H22). 

(J ?ni. Papilio floi-itlnr Cio&.\rl, Em: M(lh. IX. Suppl. p. 809. n. 10-11 (1823) (Philippines). 
(J?i2i_ Papilio rmallhion, Boisdnval, Spre. Oni. Up. I. p. 19!!. n. 7 (I8;!6) (Manila); Doubl. 

Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diiii-n. Lip. I. p. 10. n. 31 (1846) (Manila) : Gray. Cat Li/>. /««. H. M. 

I. p. 14. n. 48. t. 5. f. 4 [ ? '-■'] (\S:,2) (Manila) : id., List /.,■/,. I,ix. IS. .V. I. p. 10. «. 52 (1856) ; 

Reak., Pr. Ent. Soe. Phil p. 447. n. 3 (ISfU) : Olierth.. Et. il'Eiil. IV. p. 38. n. 20 (1879) 

(Manila). 
? '". Papilio deseonilni Roger, Bull. fioc. Linn. Borileatix I. (1826). 
?i". Papilio (lescomhesi Hoisduval, Spee. Ghi. Lip. I. p. 197. n. 8 (183C) (Manila) ; Doubl. 

Westw. & Hew., I.e. p. 10. n. 32 (1846) : Gray, Cat., etc. p. 14. n. 49 (1852). 
cJ. Papilio einalthion, De Haan, Verli. .\iil. (iixcli. Xrd. nrer:. hez. p. 24 (1840) (Lruienslernia 

Esch.soh. - emaltliioii Hiibn.). 
5'". Papilio memnon var. riimiinzoria, De Haan, /.<■. p. 21 (I84ii). 

(^ ? . Pa/illlii einalthion, Felder, Verh. z. h. Ges. Wiin p. 324. n. 456 (18(!4) (Luzon : " rinnanzoria 
5 forma altera est") ; Wall., Proe. Linn. Soe. Ljoml. XXV. p. 48. n. 47 (1865) ( ? dimorphic) ; 

Hopff., Sirlt. Ent. Zeil. p. 21. n. 19 (1874) (Siao Is.). 
? . Pa/jilio emallhion, Butler, .Inn. Mag. X. 11. (5). XI. p. 423. n. 82 (1883) (Mindanao), 
j ?'". Papilio kruspiiMemia, Oborthiir, Et. rl'Ent. IV. p. 38. n. 19 (1879) (Sangir Is. : Manila). 
(J ? . Papilio (Iliades) ruinanzoeia, Semper. Pliili/i/i., Tagfall. p. 279. n. 40(i. t. It. f. 9 (_!.. p.) 

(1892) (Philippines ; Siao & Sulu Is.). 
(J ? . Papilio {I Hades) d.ipUontex, Semper, I.e. p. 280. sub n. 40li (1892) (Sangir Is.). 
$*''. Papilio einalthion var. nemperinuA Haase. T'nlern. iih. .Mini. p. 55 (1803). 


^ o-j:; ) 

The figure of Petiver (I.e.) Liniie erroneously refeired to P. niemnmi. Kabricius 
described a» P. li/,s<iMder an American insect (P. hd.rrisiiimw Swains, or an allied 
form), and in his E)i.t. Syst. (1793) he adds to the original diagnosis the description 
of an insect which must be the present Papilio. As the names of 'iite'itviiwii- L. and 
li/s<tiider P^abr. must be applied to those other insects, the Pliilippiue Papilio has to 
>tand as P. ruinansovius Eschsch., which has the priority of date over Jllibner's 
name oi emalthion, that most authors have incorrectly adopted. 

Both se.xes are tailless, as in P. ckiphontes Feld., with which it lias been 
confounded by Semper (I.e. p. 280). Semper .says that this species, which he records 
from the PliiliiJpine, Sulu, and Siao Islands, is represented on the Sangir Islands by 
P. deiphmUes Feld., which according to Semper differs in the female sex from 
P. 'niytvmzovius by the absence of the red Imsal patch from the upperside of the 
forewings. W. Doherty, however, procured a good series of both sexes on Sangir and 
Talaut (north of Celebes) which undoul:itedly belong to P. nimamov-iiis: the feninles 
have a red basal spot above on the forewings, though this spot is indicated only by 
some red scales in one specimen, and is never so large as in P. rimicmzovius. This 
basal mark is, however, of no specific value at all ; my specimens of P. deiphontes, 
S and ? , have all a trace of this spot ; it is in every specimen repi'esented at least 
bv some red scales, which are mostly covered by black ones ; in the Sangir specimens 
of P. ru.inanzovius this spot is sometimes absent, sometimes present ; in the 
Philijipine specimens it is apparently always present. The chief distinguishing 
characters of P. rimuimovias are as follows : — 

Forewings conspicuously narrower and longer, more sickle-shaped than in 
P. deiphontes ; hindwings also longer. 

Hindwings of the male with the bluish grey outer region liroader than in any of 
the allied species, forming a broad band which interiorly is convex from between the 
upper discoidal nervule to the anal angle ; anal angle witli an incomplete scarlet ring. 

Hindwings of the feviale above with two or more marginal scarlet spots, besides 
the more or less ring-shaped anal mark ; these spots do not touch the margin, except 
the two pcsterior ones situated between the median nervules ; below, all these spots 
are truly marginal, but they are not so broad at the margin itself as in P. deiphontes. 
In the latter species the hindwings have a complete scries of truly marginal spots. 

c?. None of my specimens have any red scales at the base of the forewings above ; 
the anal red, incomplete, ring of the hindwings above is mostly represented by two 
lunate spots. Below, the amount of scarlet at the base of the wings and the size of 
the scai-let spots in the marginal region of the hindwings are very variable ; mostly 
there is a discal spot between the lower median nervules, which is often connected 
with the corresponding marginal spot by means of a thin line along the nervules; 
sometimes the anal red mark or the discal spot is extended towards the liase, so as to 
join the basal scarlet patches, as in certain females. 

? . Dimorphic in colour. 

(a'): ?-f. riinumzoviua Eschsch., I.e. ; fig. : Esclischoltz, I.e. 

Hindwings with a white discal patch which is very variable. Below, the hind- 
wings exhibit, as in most specimens of P. deiphontes, deipylus, and deipkobus. 
anteriorly some discal spots which are partly joined to the marginal spots. One of 
my Sangir specimens has a complete series of marginal spots to the hindwings above. 


( 3:i4 ) 

{b'): S-f. loc. semjjerinus Haa=e ; fig.: Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. I. t. 5. f. 2 
(1852). 
Piijjilio emuWi'iOH var. semperimii